Hyper focal distance

Camera
o the nearest distance a lens is focused
o lightproof box with a means of forming
at with a given diaphragm opening,
an image, with a means of holding a
giving the maximum depth of field.
sensitized material and with a means of
regulating the amount of light that Parallax
enters the camera at a given time.
o the difference between what is seen
o optical instrument that records images
through the viewfinder and what is
that can be stored directly, transmitted
exactly recorded on the film.
to another location, or both. These
images may be still photographs or Relative Aperture
moving images such as videos or
o The speed of light gathering power of
movies.
lens equal to the duration of the focal
Circle of Confusion length to the diameter of its lens pupil,
or the relative brightness of the image
o Overlapping circle patches of light
produced by the lens as compared with
representing each patch of light on the
the brightness of the object.
subject.
o This circle of confusion represents Early Forms of Camera
unsharp images, but the human eyes
1. Pinhole camera. A camera of single
see them as acceptably sharp.
design and construction, usually home-
Depth of Field made consisting of a box having a small
aperture functioning as a lens at one end,
o distance between the nearest object
the image being projected on the film at
and the farthest object that appears to
the other end.
be focused when the lens is focused in
2. Box camera. A simple camera, little more
infinity.
than a pinhole camera. It has a lens and a
Film Speed Control shutter. The pinhole was replaced by the
lens to enable the photographer to gather
o This control is utilized by manipulating
more light to be recorded.
the ASA/ISO/DIN dial of the camera.
3. Camera Obscura. A box used for
Basically, the shutter and the
sketching large objects which literally
f/numbers both control the system of
means dark chamber. It contains a mirror
the rays of light that enters. However,
set at 45° angle. A double convex lens like
the effects in taking photographs are
in a photographic camera is placed in the
different. In an automatic setting
front end. The image of the objects is
camera, the camera has a sensor that
transmitted through the lens and appears
reads or determines the ASA number
in the mirror. The mirror reflects it upward
of the film loaded.
to a ground glass screen on the top of the
box. There it can be sketched easily.
4. View camera. The biggest and the most
Focus
sophisticated among the different types of
o object distance is estimated or cameras.
calculated to form sharp or clear − This is a version of press cameras; they
images. have removable lenses which can be
 focused by moving either the front or PANORAMIC CAMERA. Used for landscaping
the rear of the camera and are photography. It is easy to use by
equipped with long bellows. encompassing a 120°, 180°, 360° view of one
− The back can be moved or swing both exposure.
vertical and horizontal axes and its lens
STILL VIDEO CAMERA. Images can be
board raised, lowered or tipped. This
stored on video tapes equipment with a
flexibility enables the photographer to
floppy disc – a disc that can hold about 50
control the image formed by the lens.
images or more.
− Practically useless for candid or action
photography, however useful in the COMPACT CAMERA. This is a camera which
reproduction of small objects. has appropriate dimensions for putting them
5. Press camera. A camera loaded with sheet into the pocket of a jacket instead of a special
film. They are traditional of folding camera bag.
bellows design with a lens standard in an
Main Parts of a Camera
extendable baseboard. It can also be
loaded with roll film and 70 mm film LENS. A disc of transparent glass generally
magazines and often coupled with range bounded by two spherical surfaces capable of
finders. forming an image.
Types of Cameras
SHUTTER. An adjustable mechanism that
REFLEX CAMERA regulates the amount of light reaching the film
by varying the length of time. Light is allowed
o Single lens reflex camera. The term
to be recorded on the film. This is a control
single lens means that only one lens is
by which you can determine how long in time
used for both viewing the scene and
the lens will remain open for light to be
taking photograph of it, thereby
recorded on the film.
preventing parallax.
The control ring will be of two types:
o Twin lens reflex camera. Employs two
mechanical and electronic. Remember, if the
separate lenses – one for viewing and
shutter speed is controlled electronically
one for focusing, and the second
there is a considerable drain on camera
usually mounted under the first,
batteries when using for a long time.
transmit the light to the focal plane for
recording. The camera has
o Blade or between the lens shutters. It
permanently fixed lenses and an
is made up of overlapping blades
automatic parallax adjustment. Its two
powered by a spring. Located between
lenses focus in unison so that the top
the aperture and the lens or in
screen shows the image sharpness and
between the lens. It will give speed up
framing as recorded on the film in the
to 1/500th of a second. They have a
lower section.
delayed action fitted.
POLAROID STILL CAMERA. This camera is o Focal plane shutter. It consists of two
restricted in its uses but is ideal in instant metal blinds that open progressively or
photograph when there is no requirement for made of a black cloth and generally
enlargements. located very near the focal plane.
These shutters are preset; they must
UNDERWATER CAMERA. This is designed
for underwater photography.
 be cocked before release. It can be set shutter remains open as long as the shutter is
and synchronized at all speeds. pressed down. For long exposure, this is
usually required in dim places to permit
Note: At first the shutter is manufactured as a
enough light to accommodate to make
separate accessory which could be filled in
satisfactory pictures.
front of the lens or more rarely between the
lenses. In time, cameras were made with the Aperture or Diaphragm control. An
shutter included as part of the lens assembly adjustable mechanism device in the lens
or camera body. assembly which controls the amount of light
passing through the lens to the film. The
Important Controls in the Camera
diaphragm works like the pupil of the eye. It
Focusing Control. The most important control maybe enlarged or contracted. If it is
in the camera. enlarged, it allows more light to enter. The
adjustment is done by moving the ring of the
Focusing Ring. A large knurled ring around
diaphragm toward the desired size of the
the barrel of the lens, when turned, the lens
opening. It is generally represented by
will either move away or toward the camera
number known as f/stops.
body, depending upon the direction of
rotation until ring cannot be turned further. Types of Focus

At this stopping point, all distant objects are 1. Scale bed type or focusing scale.
in focus regardless of difference in their These distances correspond to the
distance, is termed as infinity focus or simply distance from the camera lens to the
infinity. When the lens is set in infinity, the subject. To focus with this method,
lens-to-film distance is at the shortest one has to use a measuring device and
distance to bring the most distant objects into actually measures the distance from
focus. the lens of the camera to the subject.
Whatever distance was measured, will
Stamped on the surface around the focusing
be the setting of the marker or pointer
ring are series of number called distance
of focus.
scales. It indicates the distance the camera is
2. Microprism or range finder type.
focused.
These are finely etched prisms which
Shutter speed control. It controls the length break up the image. They are brought
of time reduced by the light ray to reach and together as you focus.
affect the film inside the camera. The o Split image. Two prism which splits
common shutter speed exhibited on the your image in half as you focus
shutter speed dial are 1, ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/15, both halves rejoins to form a clear
1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000, image.
1/2000, 1/4000, 1/8000, T/B. The shutter o Co-incident image. This is usually
speed can stop the movement of an object. used on compact cameras with a
fixed lens.
T stands for time. Pressure on the shutter o Ground glass type. A ground glass
release button causes the shutter to open. It screen is a matt glass. The whole
will remain open until the shutter release image on the screen will
button is pressed a second time to close it. progressively become sharp. It is
B stands for bulb. When you press the found at the back of the camera or
shutter release button with the setting B, the in the case of modern cameras, also
 coupled with the viewfinder. The DISTANCEN SCALE. A device that shows the
point of focus is where the image is approximate distance from the optical center
sharpest. It may also be a of the lens to the point of focus on the object.
combination of three. FILM REWIND LOCK. A device that secure
the film for any accidental rewinding.
Parts of a Camera BACK COVER RELEASE KNOB. A device
LENS. A specially shaped piece of glass which used in opening the back cover for film
reflects light from outside onto the back of reloading.
the camera and creates a reversed, upside LENS LOCK RELEASE LEVER. A device used
down image on the film at the back of the to secure the lens.
camera. DATA DISPLAY. Often a liquid crystal display.
FOCUSING RING. Moves the lens back and (LCD), permits the user to view settings such
forth which allows the photographer to create as film speed, exposure, and shutter speed.
a sharp image of the subject. LENS CAP. It covers and protects the lens
DIAPHGRAM or APERTURE. A small during storage.
opening in a camera usually circular in shape SPROCKET TEETH. As part of the film
and usually varies in the form of iris transport mechanism, this is where the
diaphragm that regulates the intensity of light sprocket holes will be engaged in.
which passes through the lens. TAKE UP SPOOL. This is a metal or plastic
SHUTTER SPEED DIAL. It will control the cylinder, generally located on the right side of
length of time when light is allowed to strike the camera, looking from behind. There will
the sensitized material. be either a notch, gears or both on the
SHUTTER. An adjustable mechanism that cylinder. In film cameras, the take-up spool
regulates the amount of light reaching the film pulls the film along so unexposed film can be
by varying the length of time light is allowed placed behind the shutter. Film attaches to
to pass through the lens. either the notch or gears, allowing the spool
SHUTTER RELEASE BUTTON. A part of the to advance film as it turns.
camera which when pressed will keep the FLASH BUTTON. Pressed with the flash
shutter in open position. down, this button releases the flash head to
VIEW FINDER or WINDOW. A viewing pop up.
instrument attached to a camera, used to MODE DIAL or CAMERA DIAL. It is a dial
obtain proper composition. used on digital camera to change the camera's
FILM HOLDER. It holds the film firmly inside mode.
the camera. It is always located at the
opposite side of the lens. Manual modes
ACCESORY LIGHT SHOE or HOT SHOE. It is • P: Program mode offers the photographer
where the flash bulb is inserted for indoor partial control over shutter speed and
photography. aperture.
ISO/ASA/DIN DIAL. A camera device in • A or Av: Aperture priority. AKA Aperture
which when adjusted it will conform with the value allows the photographer to control
sensitivity of the film to light. the aperture, while the shutter speed and
EXPOSURE COUNTER or FRAME ISO sensitivity are calculated by the
COUNTER. A device indicating the number of camera.
exposures made. • S or Tv: Shutter priority. AKA "Time value"
allows the photographer to control the
 shutter speed, while the aperture and ISO Parts and Functions of a Digital SLR Camera
sensitivity are calculated by the camera.
• Sv: Sensitivity value allows the
photographer to control the ISO
sensitivity, while aperture and shutter
speed are calculated by the camera (this is
a Pentax DSLR feature)
• M: Manual mode allows the photographer
to control shutter speed, aperture and ISO
independently.
• U: User mode (like program with preset) Automatic Exposure Modes for Your Nikon D40
or D40X
Automatic modes
o Auto – completely automatic
• Action or sport mode increases ISO and
photography; the camera analyzes the
uses a fast shutter speed to capture
scene and tries to choose settings that
action.
produce the best results.
• Landscape mode uses a small aperture to
o No Flash – same as Full Auto, but with
gain depth.
flash disabled.
• Portrait mode widens the aperture to
o Portrait – Designated to keep both near
throw the background out of focus. The
and distant subjects in sharp focus.
camera may recognize and focus on a
o Child – similar to Portrait mode but
human face.
intensifies color typically found in
• Night portrait mode uses an exposure
clothing.
long enough to capture background detail,
o Sports – selects faster shutter speed to
with fill-in flash illuminate a nearby
capture moving subjects without blur.
subject.
o Close-up – produces softly focused
• Others: Fireworks, Snow, Natural
light/Night snapshot, Macro/Close-up, backgrounds especially suitable for
and Movie mode. close-ups of flowers and other nature
subjects.
LIGHT METER. It determines the proper o Night Portrait – same as Portrait but
exposure under various light conditions. It is with flash mode set to slow-sync,
usually connected to the diaphragm and/or resulting in a slower shutter speed to
shutter in such a way that a correct exposure produce softer lighting and brighter
is automatically produced when the shutter is backgrounds.
tripped. Parts and Functions of a Digital SLR Camera
SELF-TIMER. It is used for delayed release of
1. AE-L/AF-L Button. It stands for “Auto
the shutter.
Exposure-Lock and Auto Focus-Lock”
and its primary function is to lock
camera exposure and/or focus.
a. Auto Exposure Lock. Lock the
exposure to a value you are
comfortable with.
b. Auto Focus Lock. It can be used
to stop the camera from making
 the lens reacquire focus when a magnified view or shows either a four or
you recompose. nine-image index view of images in the
2. Viewfinder diopter adjustment. A current folder on the memory card. The
small dial or knob adjuster connected chosen display mode remains selected
to the viewfinder. The diopter allows indefinitely, even if the camera is turned
you to adjust the viewfinder sharpness off. To return to normal viewing from the
to match your own eyesight. The thumbnail display, press the Magnify
diopter adjustment controls the focus button. When a thumbnail view is
of the viewfinder only, it does not activated, you can scroll a cursor through
change the focus of the camera lens. the thumbnail images very rapidly with the
Adjacent to the top right side of the rocker pad.
viewfinder eyepiece, this dial adjusts 8. Quality / i / Reset Button: In the bottom
the optical viewfinder to accommodate left corner of the rear panel, this button
eyeglass wearers. (Range is -1.7 to +0.5 zooms in on images displayed in playback
diopters.) mode. Pressing the button repeatedly
3. Mode dial or camera dial. It is a dial increases the magnification level, up to a
used on digital cameras to change the limit of 19x at the largest image size.
camera's mode. (Zoom magnification is limited to 15x or
a. Manual modes 10x on smaller images, basically always
b. Automatic modes taking you in to the same pixel scale on
4. Command Dial. It is located on the the LCD display.) The OK button in the
back of the camera, in the upper right center of the Multi-Selector cancels
hand corner, directly under your right zoomed display.
thumb. Command Dial controls the 9. Memory card door
shutter and aperture settings, and both 10. Multi Selector button. Just to the right of
ambient and flash exposure the LCD monitor on the back panel, this
compensation. In Playback mode, the rocker pad with its center OK button is
Command Dial lets you rapidly scroll the primary user interface for changing
through previously-captured images. camera settings. In Shooting mode, the
5. Playback button. Just off the top left left and right arrows change the selected
corner of the LCD monitor, this button AF point among the three arrayed
displays the most recently captured horizontally across the focusing screen.
image, putting the camera into 11. Delete button. In the lower right hand
Playback mode. Once an image is corner, underneath the Multi Selector, this
displayed, the left/right arrow keys or button deletes individual images in
the Command Dial navigate through playback mode, with a confirmation
the other images saved on the memory screen to give you the opportunity to
card. This button also dismisses the change your mind.
image display. (The camera also drops 12. Power dial. Surrounding the Shutter
out of playback mode immediately if button on the top right of the camera, this
you touch the shutter button.) dial turns the camera on and off.
6. Menu button. Below the Playback button, 13. Shutter release button. In the center of
this button displays or dismisses the LCD the Power dial, on the top of the camera,
menu system. this button sets focus (when in auto focus
7. Thumbnail button. Just below the Menu mode) when halfway pressed and fires the
button, this button either zooms out from shutter when fully pressed. You can
 choose if the Shutter button also locks 5. Pictures need not to be scanned before
exposure, via an option on the Custom viewing on a computer
Settings menu. When an image is 6. Ability to print photos using a
displayed on the LCD monitor, halfway computer and consumer-grade printer
pressing the Shutter button dismisses the 7. Ability to embed meta data within the
display and immediately switches the image file
camera to shooting mode. 8. Ability to capture and store hundreds
14. Exposure Compensation / Aperture of photographs on the same media
Setting Button. Behind and to the right of device
the Shutter button on the top of the 9. It includes AV-out connector and cable
camera, pressing this button while turning to allow the reviewing of photographs
the Command Dial sets the Exposure to an audience using a television
Compensation from -5 to +5 exposure 10. Anti-shake functionality
equivalents (EV) in one-third step 11. Ability to use same device to capture
increments. In Manual exposure mode, video as well as still images
pressing this button and rotating the 12. Ability to convert the same photo from
Command Dial sets the lens aperture. color to sepia to black and white
15. Shooting Information Button / Reset
Considerations
Button. Pressing this button in any
capture mode calls up or dismisses the 1. Changing computer technology may
Shooting Information display on the make digital photographs inaccessible
camera's rear panel. Pressing and holding in the future.
down this button and the Quality / i / 2. Use of digital photographs in court
Reset button simultaneously resets the proceedings.
camera to its default settings. 3. Difficulty of demonstrating an image’s
16. Flash Button. Pressed with the flash authenticity.
down, this button releases the flash head 4. It requires batteries that need to be
to pop up. recharged or replaced frequently which
17. Lens release button. Right next to the lens means photographer needs access to
mount, at about the 3 o'clock position electrical outlets.
(viewed from the front), this button 5. It is much more sensitive to moisture
releases the lens from its mount when and extreme cold.
pressed, so you can rotate and remove it.
18. Hot shoe
19. USB Port Analogue vs. Digital

Analogue vs Digital Camera

Analogue Digital
Advantages of Digital Camera
1. Instant review of pictures
Shutter delay
2. Minimal ongoing costs for those
Speed of differs from
wishing to capture hundreds of There is delay.
response camera to
photographs camera.
3. Permanent storage on digital media is
considerably cheaper than film
4. Photos may be copied from one digital
medium to another
 o It has an LCD screen to compose and
Image is not With review your photographs which
Predictabi
immediately instantaneous
lity enables you to compose your picture
visible. preview.
using both eyes.
o Navigation buttons next to the screen
Cost of
Less expensive Expensive allow you to bring up any picture you
purchase
have taken, zoom in to ensure it is in
focus, erase it or review tiny
Viewing With viewfinder LCD display
thumbnails or each of your images.
o Modes can be set up.
Processing and
Cost of associated Few costs
DIGITAL SLRs
operation darkroom involved.
expenditures. o It behaves like their film-based
counterparts with the same body but
with different electronics on the inside.
Sound With sound. Mostly silent

How a Camera works

Some does not
Battery
need a battery Power hungry
life Basic Steps.
at all.
1. Turn on the camera
2. Load the film.
It can handle Sensor has
Long exposures up to problems 3. Set the film speed.
exposures hours without handling long 4. Set the aperture setting.
any problems. exposures. 5. Set the shutter speed selector dial.
Turn the shutter speed selector dial to
Can potentially the speed desired.
Storages last hundreds of Life is doubtful 6. Focus the lens and frame your picture.
years. 7. Press the shutter release button.
8. If the end of the film is reached, it will
rewind automatically. However, the
photographer may rewind the film
manually by pressing the film rewind
Types of Digital Camera lock found at the back of the camera.

CAMERA PHONES Film Loading

o Cameras built right into the phone.
1. Open the camera back.
o It has zoom ability.
2. Load the film by aligning the film ledger
o Some even come with a flash or light
on the orange dot reference.
source.
3. Close the camera back.
o They are usually shipped with software
and cables that enable you to Note:
download your photographs onto your
If the film was loaded properly, number
computer.
1 will register on the frame counter found on
the data display.
COMPACT CAMERAS
o Far more popular. Holding the Camera
1. Hold the camera steady.
2. Press down the shutter release button