Machine Learning (CO3) - Important Questions
1. Define Machine Learning. Explain the three types of learning:
Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement Learning with suitable
examples.
Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that allows machines to learn
from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed. It
uses algorithms to find patterns in data and make decisions or predictions.
Types of Machine Learning:
1. Supervised Learning:
- In supervised learning, the model learns from labeled data, which means the input data is
already tagged with the correct output.
- The algorithm tries to find a relationship between input and output.
Example:
- Predicting house prices based on features like size, location, and number of rooms.
- Email spam detection (spam or not spam).
2. Unsupervised Learning:
- Here, the model learns from unlabeled data, meaning there is no predefined output.
- The goal is to find hidden patterns or groupings in data.
Example:
- Customer segmentation in marketing.
- Grouping similar news articles or movies.
3. Reinforcement Learning:
- The model learns by interacting with the environment and receiving rewards or penalties
based on its actions.
Machine Learning (CO3) - Important Questions
- It learns a policy to maximize the reward over time.
Example:
- Training a robot to walk.
- Game-playing AI like AlphaGo.
2. What is Linear Regression? Explain its working with an example.
Linear Regression is a supervised learning algorithm used to predict a continuous value. It
shows the linear relationship between the input variable (X) and the output variable (Y).
How it Works:
- Linear regression fits a straight line (best-fit line) through the data points.
- The equation of the line is: Y = a + bX
Where:
Y is the predicted output,
X is the input,
a is the intercept,
b is the slope of the line.
Goal:
To find the best values of a and b so that the difference between actual and predicted values
is minimal.
Example:
Suppose we want to predict a student's score based on the number of hours studied.
If we have data like:
- 2 hours -> 40 marks
- 4 hours -> 60 marks
Machine Learning (CO3) - Important Questions
- 6 hours -> 80 marks
The model will find a line that best fits this data and use it to predict scores for new study
hours.
3. Discuss the working of Support Vector Machines (SVM). Where is it
used in AI applications?
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm used for classification and
regression tasks. It tries to find the best boundary (hyperplane) that separates data into
different classes.
How it Works:
- SVM finds a line or plane that maximizes the margin between two classes.
- The points closest to the boundary are called support vectors.
- SVM works well in high-dimensional spaces and is effective when the number of features is
large.
Example:
Imagine we want to classify emails as 'spam' or 'not spam'.
SVM finds the best dividing line so that spam emails are on one side and non-spam emails
are on the other side.
Applications in AI:
- Face recognition
- Email classification
- Medical diagnosis
- Handwriting recognition
Machine Learning (CO3) - Important Questions
- Text and sentiment classification
4. Compare and contrast Logistic Regression and Linear Regression.
Where are these models used?
| Feature | Linear Regression | Logistic Regression |
|----------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Output Type | Continuous values | Categorical values (0 or 1) |
| Equation | Y = a + bX | Uses sigmoid function |
| Use Case | Predicting prices | Spam detection, yes/no tasks |
| Type | Regression | Classification |
| Output Range | Any real number | 0 to 1 (probability) |
Where They Are Used:
- Linear Regression:
- Predicting house prices
- Forecasting sales
- Predicting temperature
- Logistic Regression:
- Spam detection
- Disease prediction (yes/no)
- Credit card fraud detection
