Multimodal transportation

Multimodal transportation has become increasingly essential as

globalization and international trade expand, driving the need for more

efficient and seamless transportation methods. This involves using

multiple forms of transportation to transport goods across long

distances.

In this blog, we will explore multimodal transportation, how it differs

from intermodal transport, and its benefits and challenges to the

trucking and logistics industries.

What is Multimodal Transportation?

Multimodal transportation refers to using two or more modes of

transportation under a single contract or bill of lading to move goods

from one point to another. This allows for easy transitions between

different modes of transport without the need for separate contracts

for each segment. Multimodal transport is often used in international

shipping, where goods must travel across multiple regions and

countries using different transportation methods.

The critical advantage of multimodal transportation is that it provides a

single point of accountability, meaning one carrier is responsible for

the entire shipment, even though multiple modes are used. This

simplifies logistics, improves coordination, and reduces potential

delays.

Intermodal vs. Multimodal Transport

While intermodal and multimodal transportation involves multiple modes of
transport, the primary difference lies in the contracts and
management. In intermodal transportation, each journey segment is
handled by different carriers, and separate contracts are required for
each mode of transport. With multimodal transportation, only one
contract and carrier oversee the entire process, making it more
streamlined and cohesive.

In intermodal transport, goods are usually transported in standardized

containers that remain intact as they move between modes (from a

truck to a train). In contrast, multimodal transport does not necessarily

require standardized containers, and the transfer of goods between

modes may involve unloading and reloading.

Different Modes of Multimodal

Transportation
1. Road Transportation
Road transportation is crucial in multimodal transport, serving as the
primary means for picking up and delivering goods. Trucks and other
road vehicles are essential for the first and last mile of transportation,
making door-to-door deliveries possible. This flexibility allows trucks to
access urban areas, rural locations, and regions without direct
connections to rail, ports, or airports. In addition to accessibility, road
transport offers a high degree of flexibility in route planning, making it
ideal for short and medium distances. However, road transport can be
impacted by traffic congestion, road conditions, and fuel costs, which
may limit efficiency when used as a standalone mode for long
distances.

2. Rail Transportation

Rail transportation is one of the efficient and cost-effective methods

for moving large quantities of goods over long distances, especially for
bulk commodities like coal, minerals, and agricultural products. Trains

can carry large volumes of goods in a single trip, making them an

eco-friendly option due to lower fuel consumption per ton than trucks.

Rail transport is often used to connect major hubs, such as ports and

inland terminals, allowing for the seamless transfer of containers

between ships and trains.

Rail is ideal for heavy or bulky cargo, and its structured schedules

make it a reliable option. However, rail networks are more flexible than

road transport, as they are limited by fixed routes and schedules,

making them less suitable for time-sensitive deliveries or remote

locations.

3. Maritime Transportation
Maritime transportation is known as the backbone of international

trade, accounting for the movement of more than 80% of global goods

by volume. It is an efficient and cost-effective solution for transporting

goods over long distances. Specialized vessels transport various

goods, from manufactured products to raw materials. Maritime

transport is particularly suitable for heavy, bulky, or non-perishable

goods like automobiles, machinery, and raw commodities (e.g., oil,

coal, grain). Although slower than air or rail transport, maritime

shipping’s ability to carry massive quantities of cargo at lower costs

makes it essential for global supply chains. Ports are critical hubs in

multimodal networks, where goods can be transferred to trucks or

trains for further distribution.

4. Air Transportation
Air transportation is the fastest mode of multimodal transport,

making it ideal for urgent, time-sensitive shipments. It is commonly

used for high-value, lightweight, or perishable goods like electronics,

pharmaceuticals, and fresh produce. While air transport is significantly

more expensive than other modes like sea or rail, it offers unparalleled

speed, which is vital for businesses that need to meet tight deadlines

or ship items that cannot withstand long transit times.

It is a key component of multimodal systems when goods must be

moved quickly across long distances, such as from one continent to

another. Airports serve as multimodal hubs, where goods are

transferred to road transport for local delivery or other modes for

onward transit. However, air cargo is limited in volume and weight

capacity compared to maritime and rail transport, and weather

conditions can sometimes disrupt schedules.

5. Intercontinental Transportation
Intercontinental transportation involves the movement of goods

between continents. This combines different modes of transportation

to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective solution. Most

intercontinental shipments are handled by maritime transport, where

goods are shipped across oceans to significant ports. From there,

containers may be transferred to rail or trucks for distribution within the

destination continent. Sometimes, air transport is used for faster

delivery when the goods are high-value or time-sensitive. This

requires careful coordination of various transport modes and logistics

partners and compliance with international trade regulations, customs

clearance, and security protocols. Multimodal networks are essential

for ensuring smooth transitions between modes and minimizing delays

in the global supply chain.

6. Pipelines
Pipeline is a primarily used to transport liquids and gases, such as

crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, and chemicals, over

long distances. Pipelines provide a continuous, energy-efficient

method for transporting large volumes of these materials across vast

land areas, often over hundreds or thousands of miles. They are a

vital part of the energy infrastructure, enabling the safe and

cost-effective movement of raw materials from production sites to

refineries, storage facilities, and distribution centers.

While pipelines are typically used for liquid and gas transport, they are

essential to multimodal systems when integrated with other transport

modes. For example, oil and gas products may be transported by

pipeline to a port and loaded onto ships or trucks for final delivery.

These are highly efficient and reduce the need for road and rail

transport, but they require significant infrastructure investment and are

limited to specific types of cargo.

Multimodal transportation

Multimodal transportation refers to the movement of goods or passengers using two or

more modes of transportation in a coordinated and seamless manner. The goal is to

optimize efficiency, reduce costs, enhance reliability, and improve overall transportation

system performance. The various modes of transportation involved in multimodal

transportation may include:

​ Road Transportation:
●​ Trucks
●​ Vans
 ●​ Cars
​ Rail Transportation:
●​ Trains
​ Air Transportation:
●​ Airplanes
​ Water Transportation:
●​ Ships
●​ Boats
●​ Ferries
​ Pipeline Transportation:
●​ Pipelines for liquids or gases

The integration of these modes is facilitated by efficient logistics, information systems,

and infrastructure to ensure a smooth flow of goods or passengers from the point of

origin to the final destination. Here are some key aspects of multimodal transportation:

​ Interconnectivity:
●​ Different modes of transportation are connected seamlessly to allow for
the smooth transfer of goods or passengers from one mode to another.
​ Logistics and Coordination:
●​ Efficient logistics planning and coordination are essential for successful
multimodal transportation. This involves scheduling, tracking, and
managing the movement of goods or people across various modes.
​ Information Technology:
●​ Advanced information technology plays a crucial role in multimodal
transportation, providing real-time data on the status and location of
shipments, as well as optimizing routes and schedules.
​ Containerization:
●​ The use of standardized containers allows for easy transfer between
different modes of transportation. Containers can be easily moved from
trucks to trains to ships, for example.
​ Cost Efficiency:
●​ Multimodal transportation is often more cost-effective than relying on a
single mode. It can reduce transit times, lower shipping costs, and
improve overall supply chain efficiency.
​ Environmental Considerations:
 ●​ Multimodal transportation can be more environmentally friendly compared
to single-mode transportation. For example, using trains or ships for
long-haul transport can be more fuel-efficient than relying solely on trucks
or planes.
​ Global Trade:
●​ Multimodal transportation is particularly important for international trade,
where goods often need to move across various modes of transportation
and through different countries.
​ Regulatory Considerations:
●​ Different modes of transportation are subject to various regulations.
Successful multimodal transportation requires compliance with applicable
laws and regulations for each mode involved.

Overall, multimodal transportation is a complex but essential concept for modern

supply chains and transportation networks, providing a flexible and efficient solution for

the movement of goods and people across diverse geographical areas.

A multimodal trade route involves the use of multiple modes of transportation to facilitate the

movement of goods and services between different regions or countries. These routes are

designed to leverage the strengths of various transportation modes, such as road, rail, air, sea,

and even inland waterways, to optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance overall logistics

capabilities. The integration of multiple modes enables the seamless transfer of goods from

one mode to another, contributing to the effectiveness of global trade. Here are some key

elements and examples of multimodal trade routes:

​ Land-Sea Routes:
●​ Combining road or rail transport with sea transport is common in multimodal
trade routes. For example, goods may be transported by truck or train to a
coastal port and then transferred to a ship for international shipping.
​ Rail-Air Routes:
●​ Rail and air transport can be integrated to create efficient trade routes. For
instance, goods transported by rail can be transferred to an air cargo service for
faster international shipping.
​ Inland Ports and Waterways:
 ●​ In regions with navigable rivers and inland waterways, multimodal routes may
involve the use of barges or ships to transport goods to inland ports, where they
can be transferred to trucks or trains for further distribution.
​ Air-Sea Routes:
●​ Combining air and sea transport is crucial for international trade. Air transport is
often used for expedited shipments, and goods can be transferred to or from
ships at major airports or seaports.
​ Transcontinental Routes:
●​ Multimodal trade routes may span continents, utilizing various modes of
transportation to cover long distances. For instance, goods may be transported
by truck to a rail terminal, then by train to a seaport, and finally by ship to another
continent.
​ Containerization:
●​ The use of standardized containers plays a significant role in multimodal trade
routes. Containers can seamlessly move between different modes of
transportation, making the transfer process more efficient and reducing the need
for repackaging.
​ Infrastructure Development:
●​ Successful multimodal trade routes often require well-developed and
interconnected transportation infrastructure, including roads, railways, airports,
seaports, and logistics hubs.
​ Global Supply Chains:
●​ Multimodal trade routes are essential components of global supply chains,
connecting manufacturing centers with consumer markets and enabling the
movement of raw materials, intermediate goods, and finished products.
​ Trade Agreements and Regulations:
●​ International trade agreements and regulations play a role in shaping multimodal
trade routes. Harmonizing regulations and reducing trade barriers can enhance
the efficiency of these routes.

The development and optimization of multimodal trade routes are crucial for promoting

international trade, economic development, and global connectivity. Governments, businesses,

and logistics providers work collaboratively to enhance infrastructure, streamline regulations,

and improve the efficiency of these routes to meet the demands of a globalized economy.

Evolution of multimodal transportation

Multimodal transportation refers to the movement of goods or people using multiple modes of

transport within a single journey. This approach aims to optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and

improve overall transportation systems. The evolution of multimodal transportation has been

influenced by technological advancements, globalization, and the need for more sustainable and

efficient logistics. Here's an overview of its evolution:

​ Early Modes of Transportation (Pre-Industrial Revolution):

●​ Before the Industrial Revolution, transportation relied on manual or animal-driven
methods, such as walking, horse-drawn carts, and boats.
​ Railways and Steamships (19th Century):
●​ The introduction of steam-powered railways and steamships revolutionized
transportation, allowing for faster and more reliable movement of goods and people
over long distances.
​ Intermodal Containers (20th Century):
●​ The widespread adoption of standardized intermodal containers in the mid-20th
century facilitated seamless transfers between different modes of transportation,
such as ships, trains, and trucks.
●​ This standardized containerization significantly improved the efficiency of loading
and unloading, reducing transit times and costs.
​ Expansion of Air Transportation (Mid-20th Century):
●​ The growth of the aviation industry expanded multimodal options, integrating air
travel with existing land and sea transportation modes.
●​ Air cargo became an essential part of global supply chains, complementing the
movement of goods by sea and land.
​ Information Technology and Logistics (Late 20th Century):
●​ The advent of information technology played a crucial role in coordinating and
managing multimodal transportation.
●​ Electronic data interchange (EDI) and other digital systems facilitated real-time
tracking, scheduling, and communication across different modes of transport.
​ Globalization and Supply Chain Integration (Late 20th Century to Present):
●​ Increasing globalization led to the need for more efficient and interconnected
transportation systems.
●​ Supply chain management strategies emphasized the importance of seamlessly
integrating various modes to optimize the overall logistics process.
​ Emergence of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) (Late 20th Century to Present):
●​ Intelligent Transportation Systems leverage technology to improve the efficiency and
safety of transportation networks.
●​ Real-time data, sensors, and advanced traffic management systems contribute to
more effective coordination between different modes of transportation.
​ Sustainable and Green Transportation (21st Century):
●​ Environmental concerns have led to a focus on sustainable transportation solutions.
 ●​ The promotion of public transportation, electric vehicles, and alternative fuels
contributes to a more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient multimodal
transportation system.
​ Smart Cities and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) (Present and Future):
●​ The concept of Smart Cities integrates various modes of transportation into a
unified, user-friendly system.
●​ Mobility as a Service platforms aim to provide seamless, integrated transportation
services, allowing users to plan and pay for multimodal journeys through a single
interface.

The evolution of multimodal transportation continues to be shaped by advancements in technology,

sustainability considerations, and the ongoing efforts to create more efficient and interconnected

global transportation networks.

Basic Intermodal System

A Basic Intermodal System involves the coordinated use of multiple modes of transportation, such

as rail, truck, and sea, to move freight containers efficiently. The primary objective is to leverage the

strengths of each transportation mode to optimize the overall logistics and supply chain operations.

Here's an overview of the components and processes involved in a basic intermodal system:

​ Containerization:
●​ Freight is typically transported in standardized containers, promoting easy handling
and transfer between different modes of transportation without the need for
unpacking and repacking.
​ Rail Transport:
●​ Trains play a crucial role in long-distance transportation. Rail transport is often more
cost-effective and environmentally friendly for moving large volumes of cargo over
extended distances.
​ Truck Transport:
●​ Trucks are employed for the first and last miles of transportation, connecting
intermodal terminals to the origin and destination points.
●​ Intermodal drayage involves the movement of containers between the intermodal
terminal and local distribution centers or manufacturing facilities.
​ Maritime Transport:
●​ Container ships are used for transporting goods across oceans and seas, connecting
different regions and continents.
●​ Ports serve as key hubs for loading and unloading containers onto and from ships.
​ Intermodal Terminals:
●​ Intermodal terminals act as transfer points where containers are shifted between
different modes of transportation.
 ●​ These terminals are equipped with cranes and other handling equipment for the
efficient transfer of containers.
​ Technology and Tracking:
●​ Intermodal management systems incorporate technology for real-time tracking,
monitoring, and coordination of container movements across various transportation
modes.
●​ GPS and other tracking technologies are used to monitor the location and status of
containers throughout their journey.
​ Customs and Regulatory Compliance:
●​ Compliance with customs regulations and international trade standards is crucial for
the seamless movement of goods across borders.
●​ Intermodal systems must adhere to safety, security, and environmental regulations.
​ Logistics and Planning:
●​ Efficient planning is essential to optimize routes, schedules, and resources across
different modes of transportation.
●​ Coordination among various transportation providers is critical for smooth
operations.
​ Cost Efficiency:
●​ Intermodal transportation aims to achieve cost savings by utilizing the most
cost-effective modes for different segments of the journey.
●​ Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) considerations involve evaluating the overall cost of
working with a particular intermodal system.
​ Environmental Considerations:
●​ Intermodal transportation can offer environmental benefits by promoting the use of
more fuel-efficient modes, such as rail and ship.
●​ Modal shift strategies encourage the use of environmentally sustainable
transportation options.
​ Safety and Security:
●​ Ensuring the safety of both cargo and personnel during the transfer and
transportation process.
●​ Implementing security measures to protect against theft, vandalism, or unauthorized
access to containers.

A Basic Intermodal System is designed to provide an integrated and efficient approach to freight

transportation, offering a balance between speed, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. It enhances

the overall supply chain by leveraging the strengths of different modes of transportation based on

their suitability for specific segments of the journey.

difference between Intermodal System and multimodal transportation system

The terms "intermodal system" and "multimodal transportation system" are often used

interchangeably, but they can have subtle differences in their meanings depending on the context.

Generally, both concepts involve the use of multiple modes of transportation for the movement of

goods, but the emphasis or scope may differ. Here are the key distinctions:

​ Intermodal System:
●​ Definition: An intermodal system refers specifically to a transportation system where
standardized containers or interchangeable units are used, and these containers
seamlessly transfer between different modes of transportation without the need for
unpacking and repacking.
●​ Focus: The emphasis is on the integration and interchangeability of containers
between modes, ensuring a smooth transition from one mode of transportation to
another.
●​ Example: The transfer of containers from a ship to a train and then to a truck without
unpacking the cargo.
​ Multimodal Transportation System:
●​ Definition: A multimodal transportation system involves the coordinated use of
multiple modes of transportation (such as rail, truck, air, and sea) to move goods or
passengers. It encompasses a broader concept of using various transportation
modes in a single journey or supply chain.
●​ Focus: While containers may still be used, the focus is on the overall strategy of
combining different modes of transportation to optimize efficiency, cost, and
performance.
●​ Example: A shipment that involves a combination of sea freight, rail transport, and
trucking to reach its final destination.

In summary, the key difference lies in the focus and scope of the systems. Intermodal systems

specifically highlight the standardized containers and their seamless transfer between modes,

emphasizing the interchangeability aspect. On the other hand, multimodal transportation systems

encompass a broader strategy that involves the coordinated use of multiple modes without

necessarily focusing on standardized containers as a central element.

It's worth noting that in practice, these terms are sometimes used interchangeably or may have

slightly different interpretations depending on regional or industry-specific conventions. The ultimate

goal in both cases is to create more efficient, cost-effective, and flexible transportation solutions by

leveraging the strengths of different modes of transportation.

factors in development features of multimodal transportation systems

The development of multimodal transportation systems involves considering various factors to

create an integrated and efficient network that leverages multiple modes of transportation. These

factors contribute to the overall effectiveness, sustainability, and economic viability of the

multimodal system. Here are key factors in the development of features for multimodal

transportation systems:

​ Interconnectivity:
●​ Seamless Transfer Points: Designing terminals and transfer points that facilitate
smooth transitions between different modes, minimizing delays and disruptions.
​ Infrastructure Investment:
●​ Investment in Transport Infrastructure: Adequate investment in roads, railways, ports,
and other transportation infrastructure to support multimodal operations.
●​ Facility Upgrades: Continuous upgrades and maintenance of facilities, including
terminals, to accommodate growing volumes and technological advancements.
​ Interoperability:
●​ Standardization: Adoption of standardized container sizes, communication
protocols, and operating procedures to enhance interoperability between various
modes and stakeholders.
​ Information Technology:
●​ Intermodal Management Systems: Implementation of advanced IT systems for
real-time tracking, scheduling, and coordination across different modes of
transportation.
●​ Data Sharing Platforms: Facilitating data sharing among transportation partners to
enhance visibility and collaboration.
​ Regulatory Compliance:
●​ Harmonization of Regulations: Alignment of regulations and policies across different
modes of transportation to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and streamline cross-border
movements.
​ Environmental Sustainability:
●​ Green Practices: Incorporating environmentally friendly practices, such as optimizing
routes, promoting energy-efficient vehicles, and minimizing carbon emissions.
●​ Modal Shift: Encouraging the use of more sustainable modes, such as rail or water
transport, for longer distances.
​ Security Measures:
●​ Cargo Security: Implementation of robust security measures to protect cargo during
transfers and movements across different transportation modes.
●​ Information Security: Safeguarding data and communication channels against
potential cyber threats.
 ​ Customer Service and Experience:
●​ Visibility and Transparency: Providing real-time information to customers about the
status and location of their shipments.
●​ Efficient Customer Support: Offering responsive customer support to address
queries and issues related to multimodal transportation.
​ Risk Management:
●​ Contingency Planning: Developing contingency plans for potential disruptions, such
as weather events, strikes, or issues.
●​ Insurance and Liability: Addressing insurance and liability issues to protect
stakeholders against unforeseen events.
​ Public-Private Collaboration:
●​ Public Investment: Collaboration between public and private sectors for funding and
developing critical transportation infrastructure.
●​ Policy Support: Government policies that encourage and support the growth of
multimodal transportation.
​ Flexibility and Adaptability:
●​ Adaptable Infrastructure: Designing infrastructure that can accommodate changes in
transportation patterns, technological advancements, and shifts in demand.
●​ Mode Switching Options: Providing flexibility for shippers to switch between modes
based on cost, time, and other considerations.
​ Economic Considerations:
●​ Cost Efficiency: Striving for cost-effective operations by optimizing routes, reducing
transit times, and minimizing unnecessary handling.
●​ Economic Impact Assessment: Evaluating the economic impact of the multimodal
system on regional and national economies.

By addressing these factors, stakeholders can work towards the development of a well-integrated

and efficient multimodal transportation system that meets the evolving needs of the global supply

chain.

Multi-Modalism strategy

A multimodalism strategy, also known as a multimodal transportation strategy, involves the

integrated use of multiple modes of transportation to optimize the movement of goods and people.

This strategy aims to leverage the strengths of each transportation mode, enhancing efficiency,

cost-effectiveness, and overall performance in logistics and supply chain management. Here are key

elements and considerations for a multimodalism strategy:

​ Mode Integration:
 ●​ Seamless Transitions: Facilitate smooth transitions between different transportation
modes (e.g., rail, truck, air, sea) to minimize delays and maximize efficiency.
●​ Intermodal Terminals: Establish well-equipped terminals where freight or passengers
can transfer between modes with minimal disruption.
​ Flexibility and Adaptability:
●​ Dynamic Routing: Optimize routes based on real-time factors such as traffic
conditions, weather, and transportation costs.
●​ Adaptable Infrastructure: Design infrastructure that can accommodate changes in
transportation patterns, technology, and demand.
​ Technology Integration:
●​ Intermodal Management Systems: Implement advanced information technology
systems for real-time tracking, scheduling, and coordination across different modes.
●​ Digital Platforms: Use digital platforms for booking, tracking, and managing
shipments or passenger journeys seamlessly across modes.
​ Data Sharing and Visibility:
●​ Collaborative Platforms: Encourage data sharing and collaboration among
stakeholders to enhance visibility and streamline operations.
●​ Real-time Information: Provide real-time information to shippers, carriers, and
end-users regarding the status and location of goods or passengers.
​ Regulatory Compliance:
●​ Harmonized Regulations: Advocate for consistent regulations and policies across
different modes of transportation to reduce complexities and improve compliance.
●​ Cross-Border Coordination: Facilitate cross-border movements by addressing
regulatory challenges and promoting standardization.
​ Environmental Sustainability:
●​ Modal Shift: Promote the use of environmentally sustainable modes, such as rail or
water transport, to reduce the carbon footprint.
●​ Green Practices: Integrate eco-friendly practices and technologies to minimize the
environmental impact of transportation.
​ Cost Efficiency:
●​ Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Consider the overall cost of transportation, including
infrastructure, handling, and environmental impact, to identify the most cost-effective
solutions.
●​ Economies of Scale: Leverage economies of scale by combining the strengths of
different modes to achieve cost savings.
​ Supply Chain Resilience:
●​ Risk Diversification: Spread the risk by using multiple transportation modes, reducing
dependence on a single mode and mitigating disruptions.
●​ Contingency Planning: Develop contingency plans for handling unexpected events,
such as natural disasters or geopolitical issues.
​ Public-Private Collaboration:
●​ Public Investment: Collaborate with government entities for investments in
transportation infrastructure and the development of policies that support
multimodal strategies.
 ●​ Private Sector Engagement: Engage private sector partners to enhance efficiency
and innovation in multimodal transportation.
​ Customer Service and Experience:
●​ End-to-End Visibility: Provide customers with end-to-end visibility and real-time
updates on the movement of goods or passengers.
●​ Efficient Transfer Points: Minimize dwell times at transfer points to enhance the
overall customer experience.
​ Safety and Security:
●​ Risk Management: Implement robust safety and security measures to protect both
cargo and passengers during the entire journey.
●​ Security Technologies: Deploy advanced technologies such as surveillance systems
and IoT devices to enhance security.

A well-executed multimodalism strategy can result in a more resilient, cost-effective, and

environmentally sustainable transportation system, contributing to the overall competitiveness and

efficiency of supply chains.

Virtual Reality in Multimodal transportation

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has the potential to revolutionize multimodal transportation by

enhancing various aspects of the industry, from planning and design to training and customer

experience. Here are some ways in which VR can be integrated into multimodal transportation:

​ Simulation and Training:

●​ Driver and Operator Training: VR simulations can be used to train drivers and
operators for different modes of transportation, such as buses, trains, airplanes, and
ships. This allows them to practice in realistic virtual environments, improving their
skills and decision-making abilities without real-world risks.
●​ Emergency Response Training: VR simulations can simulate emergency scenarios,
allowing transportation personnel to train for various crisis situations, such as
accidents, natural disasters, or security threats.
​ Route Planning and Design:
●​ Urban Planning: VR can be used to create immersive simulations for urban planners
and policymakers to visualize and assess the impact of transportation infrastructure
changes, such as new roads, public transit systems, or pedestrian pathways.
●​ Traffic Management: VR can help in simulating and optimizing traffic flow in
real-time, allowing transportation authorities to make data-driven decisions to reduce
congestion and improve overall efficiency.
​ Customer Experience:
 ●​ Virtual Tours: VR can provide potential passengers with virtual tours of
transportation facilities, vehicles, or routes, allowing them to experience the journey
before making decisions.
●​ Booking and Reservation: VR interfaces can enhance the booking process, enabling
users to navigate through virtual terminals or vehicles, select seats, and make
reservations in an immersive environment.
​ Maintenance and Repairs:
●​ Virtual Maintenance Training: VR can be used for training maintenance personnel on
how to inspect, troubleshoot, and repair different components of vehicles or
infrastructure, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
​ Remote Operations and Monitoring:
●​ Remote Vehicle Operation: VR can enable remote operation of vehicles or
transportation infrastructure, allowing operators to control and monitor systems
from a centralized location.
●​ Surveillance and Security: VR can be integrated with surveillance systems to provide
security personnel with immersive views of transportation hubs, helping them
monitor for potential security threats.
​ Collaboration and Communication:
●​ Virtual Meetings: VR can facilitate virtual meetings and collaborative planning
sessions among stakeholders in the transportation industry, regardless of their
physical locations.
●​ Data Visualization: VR can be used to visualize complex transportation data, helping
analysts and decision-makers to understand trends, patterns, and potential issues
more intuitively.

Integrating VR into multimodal transportation requires collaboration among technology developers,

transportation authorities, and other stakeholders. As technology advances, the potential

applications of VR in transportation are likely to expand, leading to more efficient, safer, and

user-friendly transportation systems.

Augmented Reality: The Future of Air Cargo Operations*.

Augmented Reality (AR) indeed holds significant promise for revolutionizing various industries,

including air cargo operations. Here's how AR could shape the future of air cargo operations:

​ Efficient Loading and Unloading: AR can streamline cargo loading and unloading
processes by providing real-time visual overlays of cargo placement within the aircraft.
This helps ground crew optimize space utilization and balance the load for better
stability during flight.
 ​ Enhanced Maintenance: Maintenance technicians can use AR glasses or devices to
access real-time data overlays, schematics, and instructions while performing
inspections or repairs on aircraft and cargo handling equipment. This reduces downtime
and improves overall maintenance efficiency.
​ Training and Simulation: AR can provide immersive training environments for cargo
handlers, allowing them to practice loading and unloading procedures in a simulated
setting. This hands-on training can improve employee proficiency and safety without the
need for physical cargo or aircraft.
​ Inventory Management: AR-enabled devices can assist warehouse staff in quickly
locating and retrieving cargo items by overlaying digital labels or directions onto physical
storage racks. This accelerates the inventory management process and minimizes
errors.
​ Navigation Assistance: Pilots and ground crew can benefit from AR-based navigation
systems that overlay flight paths, runway information, and obstacle alerts directly onto
their field of view. This enhances situational awareness and reduces the risk of
accidents during taxiing and maneuvering on the ground.
​ Real-Time Tracking: AR technology can provide real-time tracking and monitoring of
cargo shipments throughout the entire logistics chain. This visibility enables
stakeholders to proactively address any delays or issues that arise, improving overall
supply chain efficiency.
​ Customer Experience: By integrating AR into customer-facing applications, airlines and
cargo companies can offer interactive tracking interfaces that allow customers to
visualize the status and location of their shipments in real time. This transparency
enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty.
​ Safety Enhancements: AR overlays can highlight safety hazards and emergency
procedures during cargo handling operations, ensuring that personnel are aware of
potential risks and know how to respond effectively in critical situations.

Overall, by leveraging the capabilities of AR technology, air cargo operations stand to benefit

from improved efficiency, safety, and customer satisfaction, paving the way for a more

streamlined and resilient supply chain ecosystem.

Intermodal vs. Multimodal: What is the

Difference?
November 13, 2020
When talking about transportation of goods, two terms are commonly used to describe the method of
moving them: Intermodal and Multimodal. At Containerships, we’re experts in multimodal, but we think
you should be clear on what that means. So what exactly is the difference?

Both intermodal and multimodal transportation involve moving cargo from origin to destination using
more than one method of transport. This can be truck, rail, barge, ship, or any combination of those. Both
can also mean that several different carriers operate each leg of the journey.

The difference is in the contract.

In multimodal transportation, one contract covers the entire journey. One carrier takes sole responsibility
and ensures door-to-door delivery is completed, even if other carriers are used in the journey.

In intermodal transportation, there is a separate contract for each individual leg of the journey. This means
that there is more than one responsible entity for the successful delivery of the cargo.

When using a carrier for your cargo, make sure you understand the difference and communicate your
needs properly to your providers to help alleviate any misunderstandings. So now we’ll look in a bit more
detail at the difference between intermodal shipping and multimodal shipping.
Multimodal Shipping

Multimodal is defined as the movement of cargo from origin to destination using several modes of
transportation. In this instance, however, each mode is operated by a single carrier or multiple carriers, but
under a single contract or Bill of Lading. A single carrier for a single journey. The same transport carrier
is responsible for moving the shipment across all legs, in all modes.

The difference between multimodal and intermodal lies in the contract / bill of lading and transport carrier
responsibility / liability of the movement.

If we look back to our example above, multimodal shipping would be where one company or one contract
would handle all legs of the journey. This means that the same company is going to be responsible for
moving your shipment in all legs, in all modes.

This can be set up in a couple of ways. You could go with a company that has all of these modes of
transport available to them. Another way to set up a single contract for yourself is to use an agent. An
agent would do all the negotiation on the back end for you while you only have one contract to keep track
of. The agent would also be responsible for coordinating loading, unloading, and delays.

Advantages

This method holds several advantages, the first being less overheads for you. Companies that handle
multimodal shipping will be able to handle delays in one leg of the shipment in relation to the other legs
without you needing to be involved. This method provides a one stop shop service, so every single aspect
is handled by one provider, giving you ease and peace of mind.

Advantages of multimodal transportation are:​

a) Shipment tracking efficiency: Being able to monitor with one transport carrier from door-to-door;​
b) Access to remote parts of the world with responsibility and liability of the movement with one
transport carrier;​
c) Efficiency in delivery time; and​
d) Minimization of logistics coordination expenses of a shipper
Intermodal Shipping

Intermodal is defined as the movement of cargo from origin to destination using several modes of
transportation. Each mode is operated by a different carrier, and each leg requires an independent
contract. Multiple carriers for a single journey with each leg handled by a separate transport carrier.

Let’s say that you need to move a large amount of cargo to another site. The origin and destination are
both land locked and on different continents. This could mean that your cargo needs to be moved by truck
to a rail yard, by rail to the shipping port, and by vessel to the next port overseas. It will then be moved by
rail from the shipyard to another rail yard, and then by truck from the railyard to the final destination

When using intermodal shipping, each leg of that shipment will be handled by a separate company and
you will have several contracts, one with each carrier, to handle their specific leg of the shipment.

Advantages

There are some advantages to doing this, namely that you can negotiate terms separately with each
company. This, however, means more overheads for you as you will need to keep track of several
contracts with different providers. You may also be responsible for handling coordination of delays, as
one company will not be aware of the delays that another company might be having.

Advantages of intermodal transportation are:​

a) Shippers can choose carriers to take advantage of lower rates for each transport leg;​
b) Shippers gain flexibility and specialized handing of loading and unloading goods at different ports;​
c) Shippers reduce their carbon footprint by choosing environmentally friendly carriers;​
d) There is increased security of the products being transported; and​
e) Shippers have more access to equipment and can better control capacity and selection of transit
schedules.

The advantage of both intermodal and multimodal transportation is that they combine the most efficient
transport modes. This optimises lead times, reduces inventory costs and keeps the level of freight costs
under control. It also results in increased environmental sustainability, reducing the transportation carbon
footprint.
Regardless of your choice, be it intermodal or multimodal, you will require a transportation management
system (TMS) to ensure door-to-door tracking visibility. This will give you the ability to perform routing
scenarios to determine the best overall total shipping cost with the best overall routing transit time. The
transportation management system must have the capability to coordinate with and between transport
carriers and suppliers, along with freight rates and contract management.

Intermodalism Multimodalism and Transmodalism

Intermodalism involves the organization of a sequence of modes between an

origin and destination, including the transfer between the modes. Its main goal is
to connect transportation systems that could not be connected otherwise
because they are not servicing the same market areas due to their technical
characteristics. However, each segment is subject to a separate ticket (for
passengers) or a contract (for freight) that must be negotiated and settled.
Mutimodalism is simply an extension of intermodalism where all the transport
and terminal sequences are subject to a single ticket or contract (bill of lading)
that can be assumed by a single integrated carrier.
Evolutionary Multimodal Optimization: A Short
Survey
Ka-Chun Wong

Real world problems always have different multiple solutions. For instance,
optical engineers need to tune the recording parameters to get as many optimal
solutions as possible for multiple trials in the varied-line-spacing holographic
grating design problem. Unfortunately, most traditional optimization techniques
focus on solving for a single optimal solution. They need to be applied several
times; yet all solutions are not guaranteed to be found. Thus the multimodal
optimization problem was proposed. In that problem, we are interested in not
only a single optimal point, but also the others. With strong parallel search
capability, evolutionary algorithms are shown to be particularly effective in
solving this type of problem. In particular, the evolutionary algorithms for
multimodal optimization usually not only locate multiple optima in a single run,
but also preserve their population diversity throughout a run, resulting in their
global optimization ability on multimodal functions. In addition, the techniques
for multimodal optimization are borrowed as diversity maintenance techniques
to other problems. In this chapter, we describe and review the state-of-the-arts
evolutionary algorithms for multimodal optimization in terms of methodology,
benchmarking, and application.

What Is
Intermodal
Transportation?
History, Benefits,
Examples
Tags: Intermodal, Transportation, Transportation Management
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Intermodal transportation is not as mysterious or complicated as the name would have it
sound. It means transporting one set of goods in a steel container using two or more modes of
transportation, such as rail and truck.

Intermodal transportation is not as mysterious or complicated as the name would have it

sound. The intermodal definition is transporting one set of goods in a steel container using
two or more modes of transportation, such as rail and truck. An intermodal carrier using rail
or truck is not the only means of transit that intermodal utilizes.

Intermodal falls into four general categories: Truck, rail, sea, and air.
Trucks can easily transport steel freight containers. They are usually the first mode of
transportation that intermodal shipping relies on and uses to get the process underway.

Additionally, trucks are typically the last mode of transportation to handle the freight on the
way to its final delivery.

Trains are an even more gainful means of transportation within intermodal transportation.
Trains can transport hundreds of steel containers across thousands of miles with low
transportation costs.

But air and sea are the only modes with the potential to move freight containers between
continents and across bodies of water.

Intermodal transportation has a growing list of benefits, including speeding free trade,
lowering costs for consumers and economies, and reducing carbon dioxide impact on the
environment compared to other transportation means.

Despite its upsides, intermodal transportation does also have some setbacks that draw
some shippers to other transportation solutions.

Sometimes intermodal transportation delivery times can be less than reliable, as weather
can affect all transport means. Additionally, though it can reach far, intermodal is not the
ideal solution for some rural parts of the United States or other countries. Additionally, it
cannot avoid using fossil fuel at some stages of transportation, which is a disadvantage
due to current high energy costs.

Though its transportation modes are not new, the practice of intermodal transportation is.
Before the 1960s, trains and ships did most of the shipping in the United States and
internationally.
The development of new vehicles with new capabilities changed freight transportation in
that decade. Intermodal transport has gone on through the next 60 years to continue
improving, becoming more efficient, and introducing more possibilities for freight delivery.

To see more of the effect, benefits, drawbacks, and history of intermodal transportation,
keep reading, as this article will detail it.

WHAT IS INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION?
Intermodal transportation starts before shipping begins, especially as intermodal providers
begin planning, loading, and determining the type of intermodal shipping process needed.

Logistics companies and intermodal shippers alike use two broader categories of
intermodal freight.

Shippers decide between domestic and international intermodal transportation depending

on the shipment. Domestic is what it sounds like: shipment within a country, province, or
region.

For domestic transportation, most shipping services will use the railroad for reduced costs
or over-the-road truck transportation to get cargo to customers for a reduced price. If the
receiver needs the items faster, the intermodal service will use other modes of intermodal
shipping.

Typically aircraft can get cargo delivered faster than over-the-road services and fulfill
overnight or next-day deliveries. Aircraft are used in domestic shipping in large countries
when the supply chain may be too long because it stretches across the entire country.

Air transport is included in international intermodal transportation, especially if cargo needs

to move between countries quickly.

Air transportation is typically reserved for small cargoes in international intermodal

transportation, as planes are limited in the weight they can carry. But nothing can compete
with their speed, and thus they are used for urgent cargo.

More typically, for less urgent cargo in international intermodal transportation, a truck or
train will get the cargo from its origin to a port. The freight will proceed onto a barge or a
large freighter.
This ship will then take the cargo to another port, where a train will likely transport it to a
destination where a truck can take over and get it to the final destination.

But before this process can even begin, intermodal transportation has to undergo
containerization.

Containerization is packing the cargo into standard-sized steel containers equipped to hold
it without damage. Intermodal containers are large steel containers that look like train cars
but do not have wheels.

Loaders pack the cargo so its weight can distribute evenly across the container’s floor. This
keeps the container stable in transit and keeps its contents from spilling out.

Usually, the intermodal transportation process itself begins by taking these loaded
containers and putting them onto chassis so a freight truck can carry them.

It’s important for you to optimize routing and total shipping costs
before you set sail. Sometimes a combination of different transport
carriers is the best to achieve the total shipping cost. However, that
means more logistics coordination. On the other hand, a single carrier
may achieve the best routing and requires less paperwork. Having
said that, choosing what to use also depends on you and the nature of
your cargo. In this piece, we’ll give an insight on what to choose for
your next shipment.

While moving your cargo from one place to another, it’s important to
decide the best transportation route, in order to get the deliveries from
door to door. This is when the choice between multimodal and
intermodal transportation comes to play.
Understanding the difference between the two is important when
choosing a carrier for your cargo. However, many times, these terms
pose confusion and are used incorrectly or interchangeably. To make
your understanding easy and simple, let’s dive in and look at the
differences between multimodal and intermodal transportation.

Table of Contents

​ What is Intermodal transportation?

​ Types of intermodal transportation
​ When should you choose intermodal transportation?
​ What is Multimodal transportation?
​ Is Multimodal better for you?
​ Documents needed for intermodal and multimodal transportation
​ Intermodal and Multimodal transportation: Common FAQs

What is Intermodal
transportation?
Intermodal transportation is a combination of two or more modes of
transport in order to move cargo from a place in a country to another
place in a different country. The main characteristic of intermodal
transportation mode is that every part of the process is contracted with
different providers. If you’re looking for an in-depth explanation of
intermodal, you can get that right here.

Intermodal transportation with example

Let’s use an example to understand the term better. You want to move

cargo from Munich to Singapore. In the beginning, a truck (hired by

you) would bring an empty container to pick up the cargo. Once the

container is fully loaded in Munich, the truck takes the container to a

railroad yard to move it to Hamburg. It’s then put on a container ship.

Your carrier takes full responsibility until your shipment reaches

Singapore.

At the destination (Singapore), a truck (again hired by you) picks up

the container from the container terminal and delivers your cargo to

the consignee. Here, the containers are unloaded.

In this case, it’s an intermodal operation as it involves several

contracts, between different transport service providers (truck, rail,
sea) and between the buyer and seller.
Note: It’s easy to chase the best terms (separately) with each
company when using intermodal transportation. However, this means
more overhead for shippers, as they need to keep track of several
contracts with different providers. They’re also responsible for
handling the coordination of delays.

Pros and cons of intermodal transportation

An intermodal mode of transportation sure sounds efficient but as a

shipper, you need to be aware of both the benefits and disadvantages.
This will help you understand your needs better and make an informed
decision. You don’t want to end up paying for things you don’t want,
right?

Let’s have a quick look at some of the pros and cons:

Pros of intermodal transportation:

■​ Choice of carrier: You’ve got the choice to select your own

carriers at every single stage of the shipment.
■​ Reduced cost: You can reduce transportation costs by using
intermodal transportation mode. For example, rail and truck
require less amount of fuel than other modes of transport,
 reducing the cost impact considerably. Moreover, each mode
can fit the shipping containers easily, and also allows one to
switch them smoothly. This lowers the expenses because the
effort to move the shipment from one mode to the other is
lesser.
■​ Cost-efficient and assured quality: Many companies prefer
intermodal transportation considering its reasonable price.
Over the years, its popularity is growing fast, thanks to its
reliable capacity. Another advantage of intermodal
transportation is its quality service. It’s considered one of the
fastest services that assure secure and reliable dispatch of
cargo.
■​ Environment-friendly: It’s a fact that moving a ton of cargo a
mile by rail minimizes carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
emissions by nearly 83%. That’s a huge number! Intermodal
transportation sure helps reduce an overall carbon footprint
during a shipment.

Cons of intermodal transportation:

■​ In intermodal transportation the cargo is shifted multiple times,

resulting in slowing down the entire progress. Additionally,
some modes of transport may be very slow or may not offer a
 direct route. All these factors can result in loss of time and
speed leading to slow movement of freight in intermodal
transportation.
■​ Considering that this mode of transport depends on various
modes of transit, the whole process can suffer if there’s a
disruption in one service. Basically, it acts like a chain reaction.
■​ The risk of damage is a bit higher because of numerous
shifting and handling. Though the chances are significant –
lower, there’s always a possibility. This is when planned
preventive measures can help mitigate unforeseen risks.
■​ Handling containers is no child’s play! You need heavy-duty
equipment, such as a crane or forklift to shift large boxes.
Handling infrastructure and equipment (warehousing facilities,
rail access, inland road, cranes, etc.) are essential for
intermodal transportation but they are capital intensive.
Types of intermodal
transportation
There are two types of intermodal transportation:

■​ COFC – Expanded as Container on Flat Car. If you’re looking

for an inexpensive and effective method of intermodal
shipping, the answer is COFC. Here, four containers can be
loaded onto a ‘well car’ (also known as a double-stack car or
stack car) simultaneously.
 ■​ TOFC – Trailer-On-Flat Car is an intermodal transportation
method where the over-the-road or OTR trailer is placed on
the well-car directly.

Both the COFC and TOFC are useful in intermodal transportation.

They cut down on manual labor and also save up time, effort, and
money for shippers.

When should you choose

intermodal transportation?
You know intermodal transportation is the right choice when,

■​ The weight of your goods is less than 25 tons.

■​ The cargo is considered to have an intermediate value.
■​ It’s a long-distance haul (more than three hundred miles within
a day)
■​ Your cargo flow is continuous and regular and to the same
destination
■​ If you’re looking at reducing your carbon footprint, you know
you need to opt for intermodal transportation.
What is Multimodal
transportation?
Multimodal transport (or combined transport) as per definition is a

combination of at least two or more different modes to move your

cargo from one country to another. The main characteristic of

multimodal transport is that even though it includes various modes of

transportation, it still falls under one single bill of lading. That means

the carrier is fully liable for the entire carriage even though it’s

performed by different modes of transport such as Air, Rail Road, or

Sea.
Multimodal transportation with example

Let’s understand multimodal transportation with an example:

For instance, take a freight between Hamburg to Shanghai under

multimodal transportation. After the cargo is packed in the containers,
the carrier sends their own designated trucking company to pick up
the containers in Hamburg. It then brings it to the Hamburg Port. Once
it reaches Shanghai, it’s again transported to the final destination by
the trucking company that works under the carrier.

The carrier takes full responsibility from the point of pick-up to the
drop-off at the final destination. The whole process needs only one
contract.

Pros and cons of multimodal transportation

Multimodal mode of transportation is efficient in many ways but as a

shipper, you must know the benefits and disadvantages. This will help
you understand your needs better and make an informed decision.
Let’s have a quick look at some of the pros and cons:

Pros of multimodal transportation:

 ■​ There’s a decrease in coordination expenses of a shipper
■​ There’s a centralization responsibility, mainly of the logistics
provider. One carrier is liable for the entire movement
■​ The combination of different means of transport makes the
delivery faster.
■​ Having one single contract is more practical and requires less
logistic effort from the sender.

Cons of multimodal transportation:

■​ You may not be able to choose the sub-carrier on a specific

part of the route.
■​ No negotiation takes place for each carrier.
Is Multimodal better for
you?
If you choose multimodal transportation, it means that you sign a
contract with only one carrier that covers the entire journey of the
shipment. The contracted carrier issues a Combined Transport Bill of
Lading or a Multimodal Bill of Lading. Both intermodal and multimodal
transport optimizes delivery times, reduces inventory costs, and keeps
the level of freight costs under control. But many people tend to lean
towards multimodal transportation because it provides shippers with a
timelier, cost-saving shipping resource. Multimodal freight can be
easier to manage since it’s through a single contract.

So, whichever mode of transportation you choose, evaluate your

needs first before making a decision based on only the benefits. Let’s
have a quick glance at the key difference between Intermodal
transportation and Multimodal transportation:

Intermodal Transportation Multimodal Transportation

Uses different contracts with multiple Uses a single contract with

providers, i.e. each carrier issues a one carrier for transporting

separate bill of lading. As well as other cargo – regardless of the

number of modes of
documents for each interchange.
transport.

The shipping manager of each The manager needs to settle

company has the flexibility to decide for a fixed rate throughout the
on the best rate for every contract. journey.

Shippers take responsibility for the Carrier takes responsibility

shipment. for the shipment.

Shippers reduce their carbon footprint Easy access to remote parts

by choosing environmentally-friendly of the world.
carriers.

Operates with one transportation unit Involves the use of various

throughout the journey. units across different modes.
Documents needed for
intermodal and
multimodal transportation
The most important document required is the Bill of Lading (BOL). You
can read more about what a Bill of Lading is all about in another blog.

A BOL consists of the names of the consignee, carrier, and shipper. It

also has information about the type of goods being transported and
their quantity.

For a multimodal service, there’s only one contract and one Bill of
Lading. The multimodal transport operator (MTO) is responsible for
issuing this document. In this case, it’s called multimodal or combined
transport Bill of Lading.

In an intermodal service, you’ve multiple Bill of Ladings, one for each

carrier. If you want to understand how xChange can help you here,
reach out to our experts and they’ll guide you.
Intermodal and
Multimodal transportation:
Common FAQs
In what situations are multimodal and
intermodal transportation mostly used?

Both multimodal and intermodal transportation requires efficient

logistics coordination. Thus, businesses use these modes often to
ship goods to customers or importers to and from one country to
another. They are your ideal choice if you’re transporting big volumes
of items. However, you can also organize single deliveries.

What types of transport can be combined in

multimodal shipping?

You can combine different means of transportation depending on your

cargo route and time. For faster shipments, the airway is convenient,
while intercontinental shipments might involve sea freight. The most
commonly used types are road, sea and air transportations.

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What Is
Intermodal
Transportation?
History, Benefits,
Examples
Tags: Intermodal, Transportation, Transportation Management
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Intermodal transportation is not as mysterious or complicated as the name would have it
sound. It means transporting one set of goods in a steel container using two or more modes of
transportation, such as rail and truck.

Intermodal transportation is not as mysterious or complicated as the name would have it

sound. The intermodal definition is transporting one set of goods in a steel container using
two or more modes of transportation, such as rail and truck. An intermodal carrier using rail
or truck is not the only means of transit that intermodal utilizes.

Intermodal falls into four general categories: Truck, rail, sea, and air.
Trucks can easily transport steel freight containers. They are usually the first mode of
transportation that intermodal shipping relies on and uses to get the process underway.

Additionally, trucks are typically the last mode of transportation to handle the freight on the
way to its final delivery.

Trains are an even more gainful means of transportation within intermodal transportation.
Trains can transport hundreds of steel containers across thousands of miles with low
transportation costs.

But air and sea are the only modes with the potential to move freight containers between
continents and across bodies of water.

Intermodal transportation has a growing list of benefits, including speeding free trade,
lowering costs for consumers and economies, and reducing carbon dioxide impact on the
environment compared to other transportation means.

Despite its upsides, intermodal transportation does also have some setbacks that draw
some shippers to other transportation solutions.

Sometimes intermodal transportation delivery times can be less than reliable, as weather
can affect all transport means. Additionally, though it can reach far, intermodal is not the
ideal solution for some rural parts of the United States or other countries. Additionally, it
cannot avoid using fossil fuel at some stages of transportation, which is a disadvantage
due to current high energy costs.

Though its transportation modes are not new, the practice of intermodal transportation is.
Before the 1960s, trains and ships did most of the shipping in the United States and
internationally.
The development of new vehicles with new capabilities changed freight transportation in
that decade. Intermodal transport has gone on through the next 60 years to continue
improving, becoming more efficient, and introducing more possibilities for freight delivery.

To see more of the effect, benefits, drawbacks, and history of intermodal transportation,
keep reading, as this article will detail it.

WHAT IS INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION?
Intermodal transportation starts before shipping begins, especially as intermodal providers
begin planning, loading, and determining the type of intermodal shipping process needed.

Logistics companies and intermodal shippers alike use two broader categories of
intermodal freight.

Shippers decide between domestic and international intermodal transportation depending

on the shipment. Domestic is what it sounds like: shipment within a country, province, or
region.

For domestic transportation, most shipping services will use the railroad for reduced costs
or over-the-road truck transportation to get cargo to customers for a reduced price. If the
receiver needs the items faster, the intermodal service will use other modes of intermodal
shipping.

Typically aircraft can get cargo delivered faster than over-the-road services and fulfill
overnight or next-day deliveries. Aircraft are used in domestic shipping in large countries
when the supply chain may be too long because it stretches across the entire country.

Air transport is included in international intermodal transportation, especially if cargo needs

to move between countries quickly.

Air transportation is typically reserved for small cargoes in international intermodal

transportation, as planes are limited in the weight they can carry. But nothing can compete
with their speed, and thus they are used for urgent cargo.

More typically, for less urgent cargo in international intermodal transportation, a truck or
train will get the cargo from its origin to a port. The freight will proceed onto a barge or a
large freighter.
This ship will then take the cargo to another port, where a train will likely transport it to a
destination where a truck can take over and get it to the final destination.

But before this process can even begin, intermodal transportation has to undergo
containerization.

Containerization is packing the cargo into standard-sized steel containers equipped to hold
it without damage. Intermodal containers are large steel containers that look like train cars
but do not have wheels.

Loaders pack the cargo so its weight can distribute evenly across the container’s floor. This
keeps the container stable in transit and keeps its contents from spilling out.

Usually, the intermodal transportation process itself begins by taking these loaded
containers and putting them onto chassis so a freight truck can carry them.

HISTORY OF INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
Before intermodal freight transportation, shipping cargo involved a heavy labor cost in a
process called “break bulk cargo.” Logistics companies and shippers shipped cargo by
packing it by hand in small packages into ships, trucks, and trains.

With no intermodal container to package the items and with none of the various modes of
transit having reliable capacity, the packages had to be loaded and unloaded one by one at
each transfer during the entire transit process.

Packages were constantly lost. It did not matter how fast the rail traveled or how efficient
the supply chains were; this process was not cost-effective and seriously slowed
transportation. This constant slow loading and unloading even composed the majority of
transportation costs.

That is until logistics companies began applying logic used by both the United States
Military and by English rail car owners to create containers that would reduce transportation
costs and increase the capability of intermodal shipping.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTAINERS
The innovators who gave us intermodal freight took container processes already in place
and refined them. In late 19th century England, rail companies used large containers to
move luggage from trains to ships.

English companies also used rail and ships together to ship coal in large containers,
marking perhaps the first historical use of intermodal transport.

The United States Navy took this forward by developing steel containers during the Second
World War to transport ammunition and supplies. By the 1950s, logistics companies started
designing bigger steel containers to keep cargo in the same container as it traveled by rail,
truck, or ship.

THE 1960S: INTERMODAL SHIPPING

BECOMES POPULAR ON THE SEAS
We will discuss containers further and why they are crucial to intermodal freight shipping.
For now, we will mention this part of their history: as containers developed over the late
1950s, they became standardized. By making their standard size 8 feet and 6 inches, steel
containers had a reliable capacity that shippers could anticipate.

Intermodal transport quickly became more feasible and popular with the rail industry and
many logistics companies for its potential to significantly reduce costs. There was no more
unloading and reloading onto the next ship or the next step in the supply chain. Instead, you
only had to move the container to the new mode of transportation.

This phenomenon coincided with the ongoing development of container ships specifically
outfitted for more efficient shipping. In 1931, the first container ship made its debut, but it
had yet to meet the standardization of future intermodal and multimodal transportation. In
the 1950s, United States shippers started using old oil tankers from the Second World War
in tandem with the development of containerization.

By the 1960s, container ships and standard-size containers made international bulk
shipping more efficient. This efficiency meant railroads like Union Pacific could reach even
more people via rail.

The possibilities of intermodal transport increased exponentially when the regional

manufacturing facility and hub became a fixture in the supply chain. These institutions,
linked to the rail yard at a specific point on the route, allowed freight to transfer between
different modes and allowed trucks to add more cargo along a shipping route while
removing congestion from seaports or larger ports.

With these combined developments, intermodal transport became the premier means of
transit for freight on the seas and railroad tracks by the late 1960s.

THE 1980S: FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF

RAIL INTERMODAL FREIGHT
TRANSPORTATION
Intermodal transportation processes and containers improved over two decades. However,
the innovators in charge of the transport still thought something was lacking in efficiency,
and it was possible to ship more freight at lower costs. In 1977, intermodal transport
innovator Malcom McLean started encouraging the use of “double stack cars” on rail lines.

While they did not become standard until 1984, these cars are now standard in intermodal
transport.

The key difference between normal rail cars and double stack cars for intermodal transport
is easy to see. Double stacks carry two stacks of intermodal containers in a “well” car, as
opposed to a flat car, which lowers the height of the containers and concentrates the center
of gravity more safely.
This development significantly increased the efficiency of intermodal transport
exponentially by enabling intermodal shipments to carry more cargo and avoid highway
congestion entirely. Due to this development, final delivery sped up, and rail transportation
became a particularly efficient means of cargo transit.

TODAY: DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMODAL

FREIGHT SHIPPING RAMPS
As intermodal transport continued to progress and containers continued to improve, there
was still one glaring problem interfering with the entire progress of this phenomenon: the
underdeveloped intermodal ramp system and the lack of technology for proper data
analysis regarding freight transportation.

Ramps in the earlier days of intermodal transport were called “circus style” ramps, and they
were less efficient than current ramps because they required trucks to pull containers down,
and they could not move containers using cranes as they started doing in the 1980s. This
improvement in intermodal setup made it easier to remove containers from trains and move
them between two or more modes of transport.

THEN: TRACKING AND INVENTORY

But even in the 1980s, technology still was not equipped to trace intermodal transport and
give customers, moving companies, or partners accurate delivery times. Companies used
paper and pen and kept a paper trail to keep track of massive loads of cargo. This inefficient
means of keeping track of cargo and confirming arrivals at ramps meant that inventory
costs could still be high, and there would have to be a change.

TODAY: TRACKING AND INVENTORY

That change came with the enhanced development of shipping software in the first two
decades of the 21st century, which used the internet and enhanced computer systems also
to foster lower costs for inventory and information tracking.

Now, when a container arrives at a ramp, it is easy to enter into a shared system between
companies. Based on location and means of transport, shippers can now provide an
accurate estimate of when a container will arrive at its final destination.

Companies and intermodal transportation analysts can also use the data from these
information systems to track arrival time and fuel efficiency, and even estimate carbon
footprint.

CONTAINERIZATION
Containerization is the most important milestone in the history of intermodal transport.
Without the development of standard containers, today’s multimodal or intermodal
transportation for cargo would not have emerged.

THE START OF CONTAINERIZATION

We briefly mentioned the beginning of containerization by discussing England’s coal
containers, but now we can go into more detail. In the 19th century, coal companies used
large timber boxes to begin transporting coal between modes of transport.

As this started to profit several companies and improve the industry’s efficiency because it
did not require the complicated sorting that break bulk shipping needed, companies tried to
emulate this first means of intermodal transport.

Some companies even started employing stronger metal containers to use in multimodal
transportation, while in Poland, the first attempt at standardizing containers came to life.
But the First and Second World Wars both got in the way of furthering the development of
containerization. Thus it was put on hold until after World War II.

CONTAINERIZATION AFTER WORLD WAR II:

THE START OF STANDARDIZATION
The United States began using standard-size steel containers to transport supplies and
weapons during the Second World War on oil tankers that would later become container
ships.

But these were not the standard-size “ISO containers” we see today. They were smaller and
yet to be internationally standardized according to certain quality and size customs. They
were also different sizes than the containers other countries were using.

In the 1950s, Europe began trying to create standard containers to use for shipping around
the continent and saw some success. Still, intermodal transport became possible in 1955
when the first intermodal container appeared on the scene, developed by Malcom McLean
and Keith Tantlinger.

These first intermodal containers were 8 ft x 8 ft x 10 ft and had a locking mechanism at

their corners so they could stack high, and cranes could easily lift them. After McLean used
a retired oil tanker to ship containers from New Jersey to Houston to prove the efficiency of
this system, this container size became the de facto of intermodal transport for a long time.

INTERMODAL CONTAINERS IN THE 1950S

AND 1960S
The US government began using the 8 x 8 x 10 box to ship supplies to Vietnam, but within
the United States, several companies were using different sizes of containers. While it
meant intermodal transport could still develop, it meant there was no standardization, and
the capacities of containers were wildly different.

Many companies used 24-foot long containers, others used 35-foot long containers, and
others even tried to develop bigger containers.

Without any standardization, there was no way to rely on the capacity of the container itself,
and shipping became a guessing game according to the company you partnered with.
Additionally, cranes, trucks, and other equipment could not always accommodate the
different containers. Thus, international shipping companies, the railroad companies of the
United States and many European countries, and trucking companies met to standardize
containers in the late 1960s.

STANDARDIZED CONTAINERS: ISO

The International Standardization Organization came up with the dimensions and standards
that transport containers must meet today. Containers must meet these standards so they
can be used in shipping, and once they do, they become certified “ISO containers.”

CONTAINER SIZES AND WEIGHTS

The five standard container sizes used today are as follows:

​ the 20-foot long unit

​ the 40-foot long unit

​ the 45-foot long unit

​ the 48-foot long unit

​ the 53-foot long unit

All containers are generally 8’6″ high and wide. The ISO’s capacity term for the volume of
these containers is the TEU – the “twenty-foot equivalent unit” – and it measures how much
cargo can fit inside the container.

All sizes can hold a maximum of 36,000 kg, including the weight of the container itself.

CONTAINER MARKINGS
All shipping containers approved by the ISO must have several codes marked on their
outside that indicate the manufacturer, the port of origin, its owner, and its use. With such
markings, each person managing the steps in the entire progress of the shipping process
can register the information and help others track the containers if needed.

OTHER STANDARDIZATION
Containers include corner locks developed in the 1950s to make moving them easier.
Though the ISO does not standardize any method of securing steel container cargo, the
standard sizes of the containers allow the shipping or moving companies who use them to
secure them and secure the cargo inside with measured straps and lashing.

MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
Though there are four standard methods of intermodal transport, they differ greatly among
the countries that use this method of cargo transport.

RAIL INTERMODAL
Rail transport is the shipment of masses of packages in containers using pre-existing
railroad tracks to shuttle cargo between destinations. It is often used to get items between
distant ports quickly, but it can also be used to get cargo from one hub to the other, where
cranes can transfer the loads to truck-based transportation.

In 2020, there were 10,800 billion tonne-kilometers of train freight traffic.

At the moment, rail intermodal generally uses the standard 20-foot long containers, though
there are other cases where it uses the other four containers to ship greater volume. Rail is
used more in Asia than it is in other markets, though it boasts strong performance in the
United States.

The ability to contain twice the load with double stack well cars and the rail and truck
network offered by companies like Hub Group and Union Pacific means the United States
can ship efficiently overland via rail and avoid delays due to traffic and congestion.

Within the European Union, countries are currently trying to push for greater use of rail
transport to reduce carbon footprint, as trucks at the moment are their main means of land
transport.

Train transport in Europe, such as in the UK, does not use double-stack well cars and
instead uses flat cars that can fit one layer of 20-foot containers, so they cannot ship to the
capacity American shipping companies can.
CONTAINER SHIP
Shipping by ship is the most versatile of the intermodal methods. Ships transfer freight on
rivers, canals, seas, and oceans and can move freight between major ports both
domestically and internationally.

In 2020, 1.85 billion metric tons of freight reached their destination through at least a partial
journey on a container ship. This number shows that container ships account for a
significant portion of the world’s shipping.

In the United States, container ships operate on the Mississippi River and the coasts, often
moving especially between the west coast, China, and Japan to move freight between the
three countries. On the east coast, freight also moves to the Gulf of Mexico from Northern
ports.

Within the European Union, ships account for much of the intermodal transportation traffic,
especially on the Danube and Rhine rivers, which can accommodate shipping between
several countries and even foster the transfer of freight between ships as they lead to the
North and Black Seas.

Unlike rail, ships use two general sizes of containers for shipping due to their high capacity:
the 20-foot long container and the 40-foot long container.

AIRCRAFT
Aircraft is the fastest-developing of the intermodal transportation methods but remains the
most limited for actually fitting containers. While we have no exact specifics on its capacity
within intermodal transportation, we know air freight grew another seven percent in the last
year.

The American market uses this option for urgent freight but often uses smaller containers
that are not ISO containers to ship items in the “bellies” of passenger planes, and Europe
does the same. If not engaging in this practice, they will often use smaller freight containers
that do fit in planes.

Boeing, however, patented a plane five years ago that can fit the 20-foot intermodal
container, and other companies have responded by attempting to do the same, so we can
expect to see this sector develop further.

TRUCK
Trucking is the simplest to understand of the intermodal transportation sectors, but it is the
most susceptible to inefficiency. Trucks can typically only transport one container, but they
can accommodate all sizes of containers. Trucks transport packages and items overland on
highways, roads, and streets.

As mentioned before, they are usually the first and last transport methods used on a
container’s journey.

10.23 billion tons of freight were moved by truck alone in the United States in 2020. The
United States is not alone in trucking being a massive shipping sector either. Several
companies facilitate this massive volume of transport, such as the Hub group.

Europe shipped over a trillion tons of freight in 2021, even when the sector declined last
year, which means trucking is the most used means of intermodal transportation in this
continent.

BENEFITS OF
INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
Now that we’ve outlined how to define intermodal and how Intermodal transportation works,
let’s take a deeper look at its benefits.

REDUCED COST
There is no need for longshoremen to sort the packages within the containers or unload and
reload the freight, which adds costs and time.

POTENTIAL TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE

When intermodal transportation works efficiently, it fosters fuel efficiency. It limits
environmental damage because the fuel is used to transport far more weight than it would
otherwise be able with a single transportation method.

Thus, its carbon footprint is lower than many other means of shipping.
TRACKING
With standard marked containers and improved technology, it is far easier to estimate
arrival dates, track containers, analyze the movement of freight, and see how to speed it up.

INCREASED CAPACITY
Intermodal transportation can ship massive loads of items and containers safely and
reliably,

DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
Like everything, however, intermodal transportation has its disadvantages. These are the
major of them.

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WEATHER
All methods of transportation in intermodal shipping have the potential to be slowed down
by rain, storms, and otherwise dangerous conditions. Ships are particularly vulnerable to
environmental hazards, as sudden storms cannot only stop them from sailing but indeed
knock the freight off of them into the water.

DISEASE VECTOR
Since most ISO containers are not temperature regulated, many contain pests that will
sneak out of the containers and spread diseases at new ports. These containers also have
the potential to ferry invasive species between ecosystems.

RISK FOR DAMAGE

Since the freight is handled quickly and generally not opened, there is a risk of damage that
no one will even see as the process moves. The more freight changes hands as it moves,
the more this risk increases.

INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
EXAMPLE
As an example of the relatively simple process that intermodal transportation can follow, we
will outline here an international intermodal shipping situation, as it utilizes and
demonstrates the domestic shipping network.

International intermodal shipping:

​ Your freight needs to get from Chicago, Illinois, to Shanghai, China and is too large to fly.

​ Step A: You commission a company or companies to complete your shipping for you.

​ Step B: Your freight is containerized into ISO containers.

​ Step C: Hub group, the company you commissioned to transport your freight on its first

leg, loads it onto trucks and brings it to Chicago’s train hub, where a shipping company

takes them on trains that travel to the Port of Los Angeles.

​ Step D: Once in Los Angeles, cranes will load the containers onto ships.

​ Step E: The ship you contract will bring the containers, along with many others, to

Shanghai, China.
WHAT IS THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF INTERMODAL
TRANSPORTATION?
Due to its fuel efficiency, reliance on reusable materials, and reduced use of trucks in the
process to avoid traffic and fuel waste, intermodal transportation is a sustainable means of
shipping.

INTERMODAL VS.
MULTIMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
Intermodal transportation and multimodal transportation have one real difference, and it is
regarding how contracts and planning work. Both are under the umbrella of “intermodal,” but
with standard intermodal transportation, you must contract and plan each separate step.

Multimodal transportation has a single contract system – you make a contract with one
company that will organize the intermodal transportation.

INTERMODAL VS.
TRANSLOADING
The difference between intermodal shipping and transloading is easy to understand.
Intermodal shipping moves entire steel containers without sorting through the contents
inside them. Transloading means unloading the container and sorting through it to put the
freight on different transportation methods so they can head to their final destination.

Five Factors to
Consider:
Intermodal or
Truck
Tags: Intermodal, January 2023, Logistics, Transportation, Trucking

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 By Helen Mann

2022’s capacity crunch is in the rearview mirror, but it’s never too early to plan for the next
upcycle. Here’s how to choose your optimal ground transportation mode.

Most supply chain executives probably aren’t eager to relive the 2021 freight cycle any time
soon. Between pandemic-induced disruptions, equipment and labor shortages, and an
e-commerce boom, it was not an easy time to obtain transportation capacity. Now that the
market has cooled, shippers have the chance to prepare for the next upcycle. This involves
selecting domestic transportation modes.

There are several factors to consider when choosing between over-the-road and intermodal
transportation. Does the rise in online shopping mean that companies should fortify their
trucking strategy? Or would intermodal help offset increasing last-mile expenditures? How
do fuel prices figure into transportation decisions? What about balancing costs and service
levels?
The answer depends on a variety of criteria that differs from one scenario to the next.
Shippers must evaluate their individual needs and priorities to determine an optimal
strategy.

Here are five factors to weigh when deciding between over-the-road and intermodal.

1. COST VS. LEAD TIME.

Typically, intermodal is the go-to option for cost savings, while over-the-road trucking tends
to prevail when there’s a time constraint. Products moved on a truck often spend less time
at rest and have fewer handling points, which translates into shorter lead times.

“Our shippers typically select over-the-road transportation based on transit time and
consistency,” says Frank Hurst, president of Roadrunner, an LTL carrier headquartered in
Downers Grove, Illinois. “They need to know how long it will take to get from point A to point
B so they can plan their operations accordingly.”

When delivery speed is less of a concern, intermodal offers robust capacity with a smaller
price tag.

Over-the-road pricing is calculated, in part, based on length of haul, while rail utilizes flat
rates. Freight that’s traveling at least 700 miles is a good candidate to convert to
intermodal.

“Typically, intermodal will be $300 to $500 cheaper door-to-door than over-the-road,” says
Luke Simendinger, vice president of intermodal services at Chicago-based 3PL and freight
brokerage, Coyote Logistics. “Instead of one truck moving across North America, you might
get 200 loads on a train. There’s significant savings, not only in transportation costs, but in
accessorials, such as fuel surcharges.”

The spread between over-the-road and intermodal costs shrank as the trucking market
cooled in 2022. Trucking spot rates fell by 31.8% in the third quarter, according to Coyote
Logistics’ Q4 Truckload Market Forecast for 2022. And national van rates averaged $2.39
per mile in mid-November, seven cents below the October average, according to DAT’s
Trendlines Report.

Declining rates could convert some freight from intermodal to over-the-road transportation.

“Over-the-road costs are so low now that shippers might be able to get a higher service level
at a price that’s nearly competitive with intermodal,” notes Christopher Thornycroft,
executive vice president of procurement at 3PL Redwood Logistics.

2. SHIPMENT VOLUME.
With its high capacity and standardized transit schedules, rail transportation is best for
shippers who move consistent large quantities of freight.

“The decision tree a shipper uses differs for a rateable high-volume lane that moves every
day of the year versus a single shipment or single pallet quantity,” says Andrew Lynch, group
vice president of domestic marketing and sales at Norfolk Southern, a Class 1 railroad
based in Atlanta. “Those are two drastically different freight decisions.”

One consideration is economic order quantity. Every organization has an optimal order size.
This allows them to meet demand without paying to hold excess inventory.

Rail is suited to move large quantities of freight, but that doesn’t mean customers are
prepared to handle those volumes. “You’ve got to consider your customer’s behavior,” notes
Ken Sherman, president of IntelliTrans, a technology-enabled transportation management
service company headquartered in Atlanta. “Do they want the whole railcar to show up at
once, or will they need one-fourth of a railcar to show up one week apart?”

On the other hand, over-the-road shipping is a better fit for spot freight.

“Intermodal typically works best when there is consistency in order to keep containers
moving,” says Jake Schnell, vice president of sales operations at RXO, an asset-light
transportation provider and freight brokerage based in Charlotte, North Carolina. “When
volume is sporadic or it is a short-term project, over-the-road can provide more flexibility as
volumes ebb and flow.”
3. FLEXIBILITY.
The pandemic highlighted the need to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances. Shippers
had to constantly be prepared to work around unanticipated chokepoints. This need for
resilience applies whether operating in pandemic conditions, or dealing with another
unforeseen event.

Take weather conditions, for example. “A major tropical storm hit Florida and Georgia
recently,” says Schnell. “How will that impact ports in that region?” .

When a storm hits, trucking offers the possibility to take alternate routes. For example, by
using RXO Connect, a visibility tool that provides insights into weather or traffic, carriers can
shift to a corridor with fewer disruptions.

“We might see something happening on a particular corridor and decide to reroute a driver
so we don’t miss a delivery,” Schnell explains. “That applies whether there’s a tropical storm
or a product launch. Obviously if there’s a blizzard, it doesn’t matter if freight is traveling by
rail or highway. There will still be disruptions. However, the flexibility to take alternate routes
doesn’t happen with rail.”

4. COMPLEXITY.
Not every origin or destination point is located in the vicinity of a rail yard. Intermodal
widens access to rail by including a drayage service to or from an origin or destination
point. But the additional moves add a layer of complexity.

“You typically have ramps plus a dray move in this process,” says Sherman. “First, a truck
picks up the container or trailer at the origin. The container is then driven to an origin ramp,
where it’s brought into a rail yard. Next, the container gets put on a well car.”

That process happens in reverse once a container reaches its destination. “Rail service will
get as close as it can to the destination point, but then the container must be deramped,
and taken away by truck for the final delivery,” Sherman explains.

“Over-the-road, in contrast, is the easy button,” he adds. “It has an origin and destination in
just about any market, and there are thousands of carriers across North America.”

Intermodal’s additional moves can be further complicated by a lack of available equipment.

“Chassis availability is important to understand when using intermodal,” says LeAnne
Coulter, vice president of freight management at Penske Logistics, a logistics services
provider based in Reading, Pennsylvania. “You don’t want to be in a situation where you’ve
run out of free days at a port and you don’t know how you will get that container unloaded
and returned.”

To mitigate some of these complications, companies might enlist the help of an intermodal
marketing company, or IMC. “The process looks almost as easy from the shipper
perspective,” Sherman says. “The IMC picks up the freight, just like in truckload, but it goes
to a ramp. All the shipper sees is a different rate and transit time.”

WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A FREIGHT MODE

Source: BlueGrace Logistics

5. CAPACITY.
Most commodities that could be shipped via intermodal transportation could also move on
a truck. But certain products have specific requirements that an organization needs to take
into account.

One is equipment availability. “What kind of equipment does the product require, and what’s
the best way to get it?” asks Anne Reinke, president and CEO of the Transportation
Intermediaries Association, a professional association of third-party logistics providers. “Is
the commodity over-dimensional? Does it require special handling?”

Refrigeration is one example. If you transport strawberries, you need to work with
specialized reefer equipment that is held at a precise temperature.

“Refrigerated moves generally require additional technology, such as sensors that can
detect any changes in the temperature of the container or reefer van,” Reinke adds.
It’s equally important to understand how regional activity impacts freight capacity. For
example, carriers might gravitate toward California during produce season, or haul large
orders of bottled water from the Northeast during the summer months.

“Looking at capacity on a national level doesn’t tell the whole story,” says Reinke. “You miss
a lot of opportunities if you don’t spend time planning in regional areas.”

There are many factors to consider in mode selection, and the tumult of the past three years
has not made the decision any easier. The good news is that companies that plan ahead
and employ an agile mindset will be prepared for the next freight cycle, whatever form it
comes in.

HOW MUCH TRUCK DO YOU NEED?

When loads are too small to fill a 53-foot trailer, a shipper may choose to haul them using
less-than-truckload, or LTL, service instead. In this method of transportation, multiple
shipments are loaded onto a single truck and transported across a multi-stop route.

A benefit of LTL is that instead of paying for an entire truck, shippers are charged only for
the space they use.

“There are generally weight or cube requirements from an LTL standpoint,” explains Scott
Schara, chief commercial officer at BlueGrace Logistics, a third-party logistics provider
headquartered in Tampa, Florida. “Up until roughly 10,000 pounds, there’s a cost benefit to
shipping LTL versus truckload. One pallet is much more cost effective to ship LTL than it is
to ship truckload because you’re paying for the entire truck.”

Transit time is an important consideration in LTL. Shippers must be cognizant of their

schedule requirements, as freight typically won’t move along a direct route.

“LTL freight traditionally goes through breakbulk,” Schara says. “It might get loaded from Los
Angeles to Dallas, get broken down, travel from Dallas to Atlanta, get broken down once
more, and then shipped out again. The nuance of lead time comes into play.”

That process means loads are touched more frequently than full truckload freight—a service
that can come with accessorial charges.

“If there’s a driver touch that wasn’t specified at the time of the quote, if there’s an inside
delivery, if there is a lift gate required, there can be accessorial costs,” says Christopher
Thornycroft, executive vice president of procurement at Redwood Logistics.
“Eventually those charges add up,” he says. “What may start as a quote for $325 could go
up to $600 one week later. You can lose the sense of visibility and control that comes with
over-the-road truckload.”

Using Augmented Reality and Virtual

Reality in Transportation Planning
By Steve Rhyne
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You’re preparing for a public meeting to communicate the pros and cons of two different
bike lane facility alternatives. You want thoughtful feedback that comes not just from the
facts, but from understanding how different each of these bike facilities will feel to users.

Stories, statistics, and static images can be helpful – but why not immerse community
members in an environment where they can see each facility come to life and
experientially understand the stressors? This is the power of advanced visualization
technology. It’s effective, and surprisingly attainable.

We’re here to tell you how. This article explains how augmented reality and virtual
reality are being used in transportation planning and engineering, and the future
opportunities for agencies looking to creatively engage community members in planning
decisions.

Augmented Reality (AR) in Transportation Planning

If you’ve used a Snapchat filter or tried your hand at Pokemon Go, you’ve already
interacted with augmented reality. Augmented reality simply means enhancing an
image, video or scene through the overlay of digital information.

Using augmented reality, you can place one image or video over another so that it
comes to life through the viewfinder of a smartphone or tablet. You can overlay a video
over a static image, or one video over another to review differences between various
alternatives. (It’s not just in the world of Harry Potter where printed photos can have
movement!)
Augmented Reality in Transportation Planning

April Olson tests out an AR setup in the Kittelson office.

AR can also be used to add a dimension to a 2D image. Through pointing a smart device at
a printed piece, a viewer can watch a scene come to life in 3D and gets a better feel for
concepts like height, depth, and distance between objects.
Today, you’ll find AR being across a wide span of industries, from an architect’s office to a
hospital. Some doctors are using AR during surgery to “see inside” their patients before
making an incision, through technologies that blend computer-generated images and data
from MRI and CT scans with real-world views to examine bones, muscles, and internal
organs.

Assembling an AR setup can take as little as a few hours, and when we incorporate it in
community engagement efforts, it makes a big splash. You can use AR to preview how
future conditions will look, show a clear before/after change, or just to get more foot traffic at
your poster board display. AR is also a great tool when you’re in an outdoor environment
and it’s not practical to bring a computer to play video footage, but you still want to
demonstrate operational activity.

When we bring augmented reality into transportation planning projects, we've seen it change
the entire feel of a public meeting.

At public meetings, we’ll often set up a large floor aerial or wall mounted posters displaying
existing conditions. Attendees who install the app prior to the meeting can use their own
devices to view the different alternatives, or they can use one of our provided devices.
Through the app, static images transform into Vissim animations displaying multimodal
activity, and viewers can watch how the alternative is navigated. We tend to see attendees
quickly form comments and questions, demonstrating a high level of engagement.
See It For Yourself

We recently used AR technology to show before/after improvements for a corridor project in

West Linn, Oregon. Using Google Streetview as the tracking image, the smart device
overlays an image with animations of what the corridor could look like in the future.

To see what public meeting attendees saw, all you’ll need is the image below, a smart
device, and the Zappar app. Once you’ve opened the app, simply hold your phone up to
the screen, scan the logo, and the scene will come to life.
Augmented Reality demonstration for West Linn, Oregon

Scan this image with the Zappar app to see the proposed sidewalk and bike lane!

Virtual Reality (VR) in Transportation Planning

The next level of visualization technology is virtual reality, in which a viewer is transported
into an immersive 3D environment. This is most commonly accomplished through use of a
headset, such as the Google Cardboard or Oculus Rift.

Inside this 3D world, the viewer can explore the scene, with varying degrees of interaction.
The simplest setup is essentially a 360-degree photograph. The headset takes two separate
images – one for the left eye and one for the right eye – and melds them together to make it
look three-dimensional. By looking up and down or moving in a circle, the viewer can explore
every angle of the scene.

We recently brought this type of VR setup to an outdoor public meeting in Boise. We

mounted posters on a mobile public outreach van that was parked right next to 11th Street,
the corridor in discussion, and supplemented them with VR headsets hooked up to
smartphones with a 360 rendering of one of the bike lane alternatives. We assembled the
simulation using CAD, 3D modeling, and satellite imagery.

Using augmented reality at a public meeting in Boise

Using augmented reality at a public meeting in Boise

The posters sparked some discussion, but we saw attendees’ entire demeanors change
when they put on the headset. The ideas suddenly had life and the appearance of physical
form, and the conversation flowed quickly.

Similarly, at a public meeting in Orlando, we needed community input on traffic diversion to

neighborhood streets. Rather than trying to interpret travel demand models and telling
community members what they were supposed to see, we used a combination of virtual
reality and Google travel time to set up realistic scenarios that they could see and
experience for themselves. Attendees had so much fun that we had to kindly ask people to
leave at the end of the night.

The highest level of interaction in virtual reality is the ability to move through a scene and
even change it. Complex VR environments are enhanced 3D models that use repetitive
pre-defined animations and interactive “buttons” created in the gaming engine. Using a hand
controller, the viewer can walk around, pick things up, and click to see under-the-surface
infrastructure. In a transportation planning context, you can toggle between seeing the
existing conditions and proposed design to understand the options on the table.

See It For Yourself

While it’s not entirely the same as having the headset on, you can check out the scene we
created for 11th Street in Boise! Click and drag to explore the scene on your computer,
tablet or phone.
Virtual reality demonstration of 11th Street in Boise

Click here to explore the 360-degree image we built to show what the 11th Street bike lane facility
alternative would look and feel like.

Future Opportunities with AR and VR For Transportation

Planning
AR and VR provide highly engaging environments for gathering information. Not only can
this be effective to communicate planning concepts, but there are tremendous practical
possibilities from an engineering standpoint. In an immersive VR experience, you can move
through a design and examine all the elements. You can point to a rail and learn what type it
is, how long it is, and what it costs. You can look at pipes under the surface. You can push
the buttons on a signal pole to make the crosswalk light flash. AR can be used in
construction to help visualize complex designs and see how things fit together. Building
Information Modeling (BIM) data can be incorporated into these experiences, giving you the
ability to make engineering decisions and test out designs in new ways.

AR and VR are the future of the visualization field, and we have loved introducing it to our
clients and applying it to projects where appropriate. If you want to talk about this topic in
more detail, reach out to any one of us who have been involved!