4.

14 SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

20. What are the different ways in which a vector can
be multiplied byanother vector ?
These are two wavs in which a vector can be
multiplied by another vector :
known as
() One way produces a scalar and is
scalar product.
vector and is
(i1) Another way produces a new
known as vector product.

Define scalar product of two vectors.

Give its
27.
geometrical interpretation.
Scalar or dot product. The scalar or dot product
of two
’
defined as the product of the magnitudes
vectors A and B is
cosine of the angle Obetuween then. Thus
? of Áand B
and
B=|A|| B|cos = AB cos
’
¢
 4.20 PHYSICS-XI

(iù
Instantaneous power (P). 1t is
scalar product of force (F) defined as the
R

and the
taneous velocity (v )of the instan-
A
body. Thus
P= .
Fig. 4.44 Scalar product of A and B is a scalar : (iii) Magnetic flux (0).The
¢. B = AB cos 0. a surface is magnetic flux linked with
defined as the scalar
As A, Band cos 0are all scalars, so the dot product of
magnetic induction( B) and the area product of
Thus vector(Å
A and is a scalar quantity. Both A and B have
directions, but their dot product has no direction.
Geometrical interpretation of scalar product. As NOTE As the scalar product of two vectors
is a scalar
shown in Fig. 4.45(a), suppose two vectors Aand B are y O 0oK, poVer and magnetic uY avs2lar
quantities.
represented by OP and 0Q and Z POQ =.
415 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR
AB= AB cos = A(B cos 0) = A(OR) TWO VECTORS
PRODUCT OF
=Ax Magnitude of component of 29. Mention important properties of
the scalar
B in the direction of A product of vectors.
Properties of scalar product :
(i) The scalar product is commutative i.e.,
A cos
Å-B- B.Å
B (ii) The scalar product is distributive over addition
R 1.e.,

-B cos 0

(a) (b
(1) JE Aand B are two vectors perpendicular to
each other, then their scalar product is zero.
Fig. 4.45 (a) B cos is the projection of B onto Á.
(b) Acos0 is the projection of A onto B. Á. B= A B cos 90°=0.
From Fig. 4.45(b), we have (iv) If A and Bare two parallel vectors having same
A. B= AB cos =B(A cos 0) direction, then their scalar product has the
maximum positive magnitude.
= B(0S) Á. B= A Bcos 0° = AB
= Bx Magnitude of component of A
in the direction of (v) If Áand Bare two parallel vectors having
opposite directions, then their scalar product
Thus the scalar product of two vectors is equal to the has the maximum negative magnitude.
product of magnitude of one vector and the magnitude of A B= ABcos 180°=- AB
vector.
component of other vector in the direction of first
itself is equal
28. Give some exanples of physical quantities that (vi) The scalar product of a vector with
may be expressed as the scalar product of two vectors. to the square of its magnitude.
Physical examples of scalar product of two vectors: Á- Á= [Link] 0° =A-A =A =| A|
(i) Work done (W). It is defined on the scalar product two similar base vectors is
(vii) Scalar product of different base vectors is
of the force (F) acting on the body and the and that of two
unity
zero.
displacement (s) produced. Thus
i.i =(1)(1) cos 0°=1
W= F.
 4.21
MOTION IN APLANE
i.i =j.j=k.k =1
i.j =(1)(1) 90° =0

(vii) Scalar produc oi two vectors A and B is equal R

to the sum of the products of their corresponding Fig. 4.47

rectangular components.
projections or components of B, C and ( B+ ) in the
Å- B=A,B, + A,B, + A;B, -

direction of vector Á. By definition of scalar product,

(ix) The cosine of the angle between A and B is å(B+C)
given by
Magnitude of Á× Magnitude of component of
COs = (B + C) in the direction of A
|A|| B =(OR)(O0) =(OR)(OP+ PQ)
A, B, + A, B, + AB. =(OR)(OP) + (OR)(PQ)
= Magnitude of A x Magnitude of component of
30. Show that the scalar product of two vectors Á BBin the direction of Å
and Bis commutative. + Magnitude of A x Magnitude of component
Scalar product of two vectors is commutative. We of Cin the direction of A
know that
= Å- B+ ¢-C [By definition of scalar product]
¢. B= AB cos .i) Hence the scalar product is distributive over addition.
where i s the angle between A and B measured 32. Show that the scalar product of two
anticlockwise, as shown in Fig. 4.46. vectors is
equal to the sum of the products of their corresponding
rectangular components.
B Scalar product in terms of rectangular components.
We can express A and B in terms of their rectangular
360°
components as
A
A = A i+ A, j+ A, k
Fig. 4.46 and
B= B,i + B,j + B,k
Also, B. Á= BA cos (360° - 0)
ÅB=(4,i+ A,j + 4,k).(B,i + B,i +B.k)
= BA cos = AB cos ...()
where (360°-) is the angle between B
=A, i-(Bi+B,j + Bk) + A,j . (B, i+B, j + B,k )
and
measured anticlockwise. + A,k.(B, i+ B,j + B k)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get = A, B, i.i + A, B, i.j +AB, i.k
Á- B= B.¢ + A,B, j.i +A,B,j ·j +A,B, j.k
ience the scalar product of two vectors is commutative. + A, B, k.i+AB, k.j+ A, B, k.k.
31, Prove that the scalar product of vectors IS = A, B, (1) + A, B, (0) + A, B, (0) + A, B, (0)
distributive over addition. + A,B,(1) + A,B(0) + A, B,(0) + A;B,(0) + A B(1)
Ocalar product of vectors is distributive over
addition. In Fig. 4.47, OP, PO and 0Q are the A-B =A B, + A, B, t AB.
4.22
PHYSICS-XI

Examples based on Example 29. If the magnitudes of tuo vectors are 3and 4
Scalar or Dot Product of two and their scalar product is 6, then find the angle between tlhe
Vectors two vectors.
Formulae Used
1. AB|Á|B lcos = Solution. Here Á|=3,IBl=4, Å. B=6
AB cos 0
A. B 6
2. If A B,0=90° and COs =
AB =0 3x4 2
3. Angle between A and LÁIL BI
Bis given by
-’ ’ =60°,
A. B Hence
COs =
Example 30. Abody constrained tomove along the z-axis
¢II BI
4. In terms of of aco-ordinate system is subjected to a constant force
rectangular components, given by F=-it+2 j +3k newton where i,j and k
A- B=A,B, + A,B, + A,B,
represent unit vectors along x-, y- and z-axis of the system
5. Work done, W= F.S respectively. Calculate the work done by the force in
6. Power,
displacing the body through a distance of 4 malong th¹
P= F.3 Z-aXis. [NCERT)
Example 26. Find the angle between the Solution. As the body moves 4 m along the z-axis,
vectors so the displacement vector is
Å=i+2j-k and B=-i+)-2 k.
[Delhi 1995] s =4k =0i +0j +4k metre
Solution.
IAl=1 +22 +(-1)=/6
Also F=-it2j+3k newton
W= Y.S
I Bl=-1 +1' +(-2' - V6
ÁB =1x(-1)+2 x1+(-1)x (-2)
=(-i+2 j +3k).(0 i +0j+4k)
=-1x 0 +2x0 +3x 4 =12 joule.
=-1+2 +2 =3
Example 31. A force of 7i +6 k newton makes a body
COs
Á, B 3 1
6 2 move on a rough plane with a velocity of 3 +4k ms1.
I¢LBI Calculate the power in watt.
Hence =60°. Solution. Power
Example 27. Prove that the vectors A¢ =i+
i +2j j+3k
- and P= F. -(7i+0j+ 6k ). (0i+3j+4k)
B-2i - jare perpendicular to each other. =7x0 +0x3 +6x 4 =24 W.
Solution. Å. B=(i+2j +3k ).(2i-j +0k) Example 32. Three vectors A, Band C are such that
=1x2 +2x (-1) +3x0=0 A=B +C and their magnitudes are 5, 4 and 3
respec
Hence AL B. tively. Find the angle between A and C.
Example 28. Two vectors A = 5i +7 -3k and Solution. Given A =B+ or B-¢-C
B =2i+2j -ak are mutually perpendicular to each Now B.B -(A- C).(A-C)
other. What the value of a ? [Central Schools 18)
Solution, As Á1B,So Á.B =0
-Å.Å-À.¿-¿.¢+¿.
-Å. ¢+.¿-2 À.
(5í +7j -3k ).(2i+2 -ak ) =0
5x2 +7x2 +(-3)(-a) = 0
3a =-24
or B=A + C-2 AC cos
.'. a = -8. where is the angle between A andC,
 MOTION NA PLANE +.23
Thus
lf vector A makes angles a. Band ywith X, Y- and
=0.6 Z-aves respetively, then
2.4C 25x3 0 1
B= 0s (06)= 53, A5422
=0 B=90°
Exomple 33. IF A- B=iÄ- B,fni tihc angle tetaeen A 52
5
[CBSE PMT 2K] }=45,

Solution. Given:
A- Bl=l4- B Example 36. I'unit worsèand bare inclined at angle O,

(4- B).(¢- B)=(4-B).(-B) [NCERT}

Solution. For anv vector a,

A.¢-A. B-B.A- B. B
la -t=(a -b).(a -b)
- ¢. ¢-Ä. B- B.¢- B.B
ar A-2A. B- B=A-2À. B-& =1-2à.h -1
[:: a.a =1xlx cos 0° =1]
44. B=0 or 4AB cos =0 -2-2 x 1x 1x cos =2 (l- cos )

As 4 and B are non-zero vectors, so -2.2 sin =4 sin

cos =0 or 90 [::1-os 20 -2 sin )
Example [Link] P, Qand Riare magnitudes 5,12 Hence là -b l=2 sin 2
and 13 units and P + Q= R, find the angie betueen Q
2d R.
Example 37. If A+ B-Cand A² - B=cthen proy
Solution. As P + Q= R. that A and B are perpendicular to each other.

R-Q= P Solution. Given A + B= C

and (R-).(R-0)= P. F :. (A +B).(Å+ B)= C.C

or
R.R-R.Q-0.R+.-P.P Or A +2A. B+ B =C
But A +B=C
R²-2 R.Ù - -p²
2 Å.B -0
Or or 2AB cos 9=0
2 RQ =0 [: A=0, B=0)
or cos
288 12
13? +12-5 =90°.
2 x 13 x 12 13
2x 13x 12 position
Example 38. A point P lies in the x-y plane. lts radially
9= cos12/13. can be specified by its x, y oordinates or by a
which the vector directed vector r =(ri +yË ), making an angle with the
Example 35. Deternine the angles
naguitude in the direction of
A=5í+0í+[Link] with X-, Y- and Z-axes. I-aris. Find a vector iof unit
2ector r and avector i, of
tunit manitude normal to the
Solution. Here A=lAl=, 4; +A+ A x-y plane.
vector i, and lying in the
[NCERT]
=5+0²+5 =52
4.24
PHYSICS-XI
Solution. The unit yector in the direction of
vector roblems For Practice
r is given by
1. Find the angle betweer: he vec!
i, =
r
xi tyj -A+9
and B =-í-f+2k. (Ans. 90°)
or 2. Find the value of so that the vectors
cos + j sin 0
(: x=r cos 0, y =r sin 9) A=2i +2i+k and B-4-2j-2! perpen
dicular to each other. Ans. i -3)
Y
3. For what value of 1, the rector

90o ¤ =2í+3 -6kpependicular to the vector

P(x, y) B -3í-mý +6k ? [Delhi 16] (Ans. -10)
ai-2i+k
4. For what value of aare the vectors ¢ =
and B 2a i +aj -4k perpendicular to each
X other ? (Ans. 2, - 1)
Fig. 4.48 5. Find the angles between the following pairs of
vectors :
Let the unit vector normal to the unit vector i, be
given by (9 Á=i+i+kand B--2í-2- 2k.
(Ans. 180)

where the coefficients a and Bare to be determined. As (i) Á=-2í +2-k and B=3i +6 +2k
(Ans. 79)

i,-i,=0 (i) ¤ =2i-4,+6k and B=3+í+ 2k.

[Central Schools 17] (Ans. 60°)
or
(i cos 9+,jsin 0).(î a + B) =0
Or a cos +B sin =0
6. Calculate the values of () j-(2i -3j +k )and (ii)
Or
sin (2i -i).(3 +k) [Ans. () -3 (i) 6]
Cos
7. A force F =4i +i+3k newton acts on a particle
sin 0
and and displaces through displacement
cOs
S =11i +11i + 15k metre. Calculate the work
Since i, is a vector of unit magnitude, so done by the force. (Ans. 100 J)
a'+B'=1 8. Under a force of 10 i -3j+ 6k newton, a body of
+1=
1 mass 5 kg is displaced from the position
or
6i +5, -3k to the position 10i -2+7Ê.
Calculate the work done. (Ans. 121 J)
sin 0 +1=
1 sin + cos² 1
Or Or
COs 0 cos 0 B 9. The sum and difference of two vectors A and B are

Or B' = cos0 Á+ B=2i+ 6j +k and ¢- B=4í + 2 -11k

B=+ cos 9 and a =- sin Find the magnitude of each vector and their scalar
The other solution, ß=- cos is rejected because product A. B.
(Ans. v50, V41, - 25)
we define a system of i,, i, vectors in the increasing 10. A force F =5i+ 4j newton displaces a
body
directions of r and . through S =3i+4 k metre in 3s. Find the power.
Hence i, =-i sin +j cos 0. (Ans. 5 W)
 MOTION IN APLANE 4.25

.. the resultant of the vectors 3i + 4i+ 5k and where n is a unit vector perpendicular tothe plare of
5i +3j+ 4k makes an angle with x-axis, then Áand Band its direction is given by right hand rule.
find cos 0. (Ans. 0.5744) Thus, the direction of A x B is same as that of unit
12. Show that the vectors Å=3í-2,+k, vector n.
B=i-3j+ 5k and C =2i+j- 4k form a right
angle triangle. Rules for determining the direction of A x B :
(i)Right handed screw rule. As shown in Fig. 4.49(b),
13. If vectors A, Band Chave magnitudes 8, 15 and 17 ifa right handed screw is placed with its axis perpendicular
1units and A + B = C, find the angle between Aand
to the plane of vectors A and Band is rotated from Á to
B. (Ans. 90) through the smaller angle, then the direction in which the
14 If Á= B- C, then determine the angle between A sCrew advances gives the direction of A x B.
and B (ii) Right hand thumb rule. As shown in Fig. 4.49(c),
1 4' + B-2)
Ans. = C0s-1 curl the fingers of the right hand in such away that they
2 AB
point in the direction of rotation from vector A to Bthrough
15. For two vectors A and B if Á+ B=C and the smaller angle, then the stretched thumb points in the
direction of Áx B.
A+ B= Cthen prove that Aand Bare parallel to
each other. 34. Give geometrical interpretation of vector product
16. Prove that :
of two vectors.
Geometrical interpretation of vector product.
(Ä+2B).(2Á-3 B)= 2A' + AB cos e- 68. Suppose two vectors Aand Bare represented by the
sides OP and OQ of a parallelogram OPRQ, as shown
4.16 VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS in Fig. 4.50.
R
33. Define vector or cross product of two vectors.
How is its direction determined ?
Vector or cross product. The vector or cross product of
R
twovectors is defined as the vector whose magnitude is equal B sin )
to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors and sine of
the angle between them and whose direction is perpendicular
to the plane of the two vectors and is given by right hand
rule. Mathematically, if0 is the angle between vectors Å Fig. 4.50 Geometrical siqnificance of vector product.
and B, then
Let PO0 =0. Draw QN I OP. The magnitude of
¢x B= AB sin n vector product Ax Bis

4AxB AÁXB LÁx BÊ= AB sin 0 =(OP)(O0) sin

=(OP)(QN) (:: QN = 0Q sin 9]
= Area of parallelogram OPRQ
Thus the magnitude of the vector product of teo vectors
is equal to area of the parallelogram formed by the tve
vectors as its adjacent sides. Moreover,
|Ax B| =2x(OP(QN)=2 xArca of APOQ
(a) (b) (c) Thus the maguitude of the vector product of tuv vcters
is equal to twice the area ef the triangle furmed by the tee
wctors as its adjacent sides,
ig. 4.49 Right hand rules for direction of vector product.
 PHYSICS-XI
4.26
35. Gie some examples of plhysical quantities which ixi =()()sin 90° n n
can be exresscd as the vector product of two veclors. As# is a unit veclor perpendicular to the
Physicalexamples of vector product : of i and i, so it isjust the third vector k
plarne
() Torque t. The torque acting on a particle is
equal to the vector product of its position vector
(r) and force vector (F) Thus ixj =k, jxk =i, kxi nj
ixi--k, kxj --i, ixk --j
(ii) Angular momentum [Link] angular momen
tum of a particle is equal to the cross product of
its position vector (r) and linear momentum
(p),Thus
L= rxp Fia. 4.51 Vector product of base vectors is cycic
(a) Anticlock-wise positive (b)Clockwise negative.
() Instantaneous velocity v. The instantaneous
velocity of a particle is equal to the ross Aid to memory. Write i,j and k cyclically round a
product of its angular velocity (o) and the circle, as shown in Fig. 4.51. Multiplying two unit
vectors anticlockwise, we get positive value of third
position vector (r' ). Thus unit vector (e.g., ixj =+k) ; and multiplying two
V = 0) × r unit vectors clockwise, we get negative value of third
unit vector (e,. jxi=-k).
4.17 PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT
Also, ixi =(1)(1) sin 0° n -0
36. Mention some important properties of vector
product. ixi=jxj -kxk =0
Properties of vector product : (vii) The vector product of two vectors can be
() Vector product is anti-commutative i.e., expressed in terms of their rectangular compo
nents as a determinant.

(ii) Vector product is distributive over addition

i.e., Åx B = A, A A,
¢x(B+ C)= ¢x B+£xc B, B
(ii) Vector product of two parallel or antiparallel (viii) Sine of the angle between two vectors. If Ois
vectors is a null vector. Thus
the angle between two vectors A and B, then
Ax B = AB sin(0° or 180°) n =0
L¢X BI=|Á| B0 sin9
(iv) Vector product of a vector with itself is a null
B|
vector. sin 9 Ax
Áx Á= AA sin 0°n =0
(v) The magnitude of the vector product of two (ix) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of two
mutually perpendicular vectors is equal to the vectors. If n is a unit vector perpendicular to the
product of their magnitudes. -
plane of vectors A and B, then
I¢x B|= AB sin 90° =AB
Áx B= AB sin n =|Ax B
(vi) Vector product of orthogonal unit vectors. The
magnitude of each of the vectors i, jand k is 1 or
and the angle between any of two of them is 90°,
 MOTION IN A PLANE
37. Show that the crosS product of two vectors is not 4.27
onmutativebut anticommutative. -A,B, (í xi)+ A,B, (i xf)+4, B, (i xk)
Cross product is anticommutative. As shown in
+A,4, (j xi)+ 4,8,(G×j)+ 4,B((x k)
Figs. 4.52 (a) and (b), consider two vectors Aand B
such that the small angle between them is .
+A,B (k xî)+ 4,B, (k xji)+ AB (k x k)
=A,B, (0)+ A,B, (k )+ 4,B,(-j)
+A,8, (-k )+4,8, (0)+ 4,4 ()
Plane of A and B
+A,B, (, ) +A,B, (-i)+ 4,B, (0')
-Plane ofA and B
=i(A, - AB,)-j (4, B, - A,B,)
B
+k (A,B, - A,B,)
-0)
A or Åx B= A, A A,
B
This equation expresses Ax B in a determinant
form.
BxA

Sa, 4.52 Direction of B xA is opposite to that ¨ xB.

Examples based on
Vector or Cross Product of two Vectors
Formulae Used
Now, Ax B= AB sin 9
1. A x B= AB sin 9
and Bx Á= AB sin (-0) n =-AB sin 9 n
2. Unit vector n perpendicular to the plane of
Clearly, both Ax B and Bx Ahave equal magni
vectors Aand Bis given by n = Ax B
tudes (AB sin ) but they have opposite directions.
Thus IAx B I

¢× B+ B×Á and ¢x B=- Bx¢ 3. Angle between vectors Aand Bis given by
Hence cross product of two vectors is not comnutative,
instead it is anticommutative. sin 9 =
IÁLBI
38. Show how the vector product of two vectors can be
expressed in terms of their rectangular components as a 4. In terms of rectangular components, we have
determinant.
Vector product in terms of rectangular components. ¢X B= A, A, A
We can express Åand Bin terms of their rectangular B,
components as

Ä=4,i+4,j+ 4f or Ax B=(4,B, - AB,)i +(A,8 - A,B,)i

and B-Bi+ B,i +B,k +(4,B, - 4,4) k
5. For parallel vectors, Ax B 0
Å× B-(4,i+ 4,j+ 4f)x (B,i+ 4,j+B)
6. Moment of a force or torque, =r xF.
-A,îx (B,î+ ,f+ BÊ)
+ A,jx(B,i+ B,j+ B®) Example [Link] that the vectors AÁ =2 i-3j-k and
+ 4,kx(Bi+ B,j+ B¾ ) B=-6i+9 Ë+3k are parallel.
4.28
PHYSICS-XI

Solution. I¢ ×Bi= 3² +(-3° +(-3 =27 -3 J3

Áx B= 2 -3 -1
A 3-3-3k 1
-6 9 3 Hence -i-j-k).
33
and which is
Example 43. Find a vector whose length is 7
perpendicular to each of the
vectors :
-i-9+9) - (6 -6)+ k(18 18)= 0 Å=2í-3+6k and B-itý-k
Hence ÁI B.
Solution. Here
Example 40. Calculate the area of the
parallelogram
two adjacent sides are formed by the vectors Å wh0Se
=3i+4j ¢x B =2 -3 6

and B=-3i+7. 1 1 -1
=í(3-6)-i-2 -6) +k(2+3)
Solution. ¢× B= 3 4 0 =-3í+8‘+ 5k
-3 7 0
|Äx B|-(-3' +8²+ 5² -98 =72.
is
Unit vector perpendicular to A and B
Áx B -3i+8í+5k
-i0 -0)-(0-0)+k (21+12) =33 k n =
7V2
Area of parallelogram
Required vector
=l¢x B0=0 +0² +33 =33 sq. units. -3i+8j+5k
Example 41. If Aand Bdenote the sides of a =7n =7 7/2
parallelogram and its area is AB/2, find the angle between -t3i+8j +5ê ).
and B.
Solution. Area of parallelogram Example 44. Determine the sine of the angle between the
vectors 3 i+í+2k and 2 í -2í+ 4k.
=lÁx B|= ABsin = AB/2
Solution. Let
sin = or =30°
Ä=3í++2k and B-2í-2f+4k
Example 42. Determine a unit vector perpendicular to
both Å
=2í+Ë+k and B=i-j+2k. (Chandigarh 04| Then Åx B= 3 1 2
Solution. The perpendicular unit vector n is given by 2 -2 4
1
Áx B=AB sin n =lÁx Bln
2 -2
Áx B
n =
=i4+4)- (12 - 4) +k (-6-2)
IÁx B |
-8i-8-8f
Now Á
xB=2 1 1 |Á× É|= 8? +(-8) +(-8) =843
|1 -1 2
|Á|=3 +1² +2 =v14
|B|=22 +(-2 +4 =V24
-i2+)-j4-1)+k(-2-1) Sin 9 |Ax B| 8V3 2

-3f-3f-3k |A| B V14 x V24 V7

 MOTION IN APLANE 4.29

that Then
Example 45. Show
(Å- B)x(Á +B)=2(A ×B) BA -b=(í-j -3f)-(4i-3f+k)
Solution.
=-3i+2 i-4k
LHS. =(4- É)x(Å+ B BC = --(3i-í+2k)-(4i-3Ë+k)
=Åx Á+ Áx B - BxÁ- Bx =-i+2i+k
-0+ Áx B+¢x B+0 Now

[: Ax B=- Bx Åj
=2(Åx B) = R.H.S. BAx BC=-3 2 -4
|-1 2 1
Example 46. For anythree vectors A, Band C prove that
=î2 +8)-i-3 -4) +k(-6+2)
Àx(B+ ) +Bx(C+ A)+Cx(A+ By= ß. =10 i+7 i -4k
Solution. L.H.S.
| B¢% BC|= J10 +7 +(-4 =165 =12.8
¢x(B+ C) +Bx(+ Å) +Cx(Å+
-Åx B+ Áx C+Bx + Bx ¢ +× ¢+x Ar. of AABC - |BÁ × BC|
-¢x B+¢x+ Bx-Äx B- ¢x - x -x 12.8 =6.4sq. units.
: BxÅ=-Åx B Example 50. Find the moment about the point (1, -1,-1)
=0 = R.H.S. of the force 3i +4j-5k acting at the point (1,0, -2).
Example 47. For any two vectors A and B, prove that
Solution, Here F=3i+4j-5k
Let P be the point about which moment is to be
obtained and Abe the point at which force is applied. If
[Himachal 07, 09C]
Ois the origin, then
[Link]. =(Á x B OP =i-j-k, OÀ =i +0j-2k
=|Áx B=(AB sin 0 PÅ =OA- OP
= A'B(1- cos² 0) =(i-0j-2 k)-(î-j-k)
= A'B -(ABcos 0) -j-k
=A'B -(¢. B} -RHS. Moment of force F about the point P is
Example 48. Find ¢. Bif |Á|=2, | B|-5 and
IÄB|=8. ?= PÁx Y=0 1 -1
3 4 -5
Solution. As
= i(-5+4)- j(0 +3) +k(0 -3)
I¢xB=| Å|B-(Á. B
=--3)-3k.
8² =2² x52 -(Å. B
Example 51. The diagonals of aparallelogram are gioen by
Or (Å. B'= 100 -64 =36 the vectors 3i +i +2k and i -3 + [Link] the area of
Á. B=+ 6. the parallelogram.
Example 49. Find the area of the triangle formed by the
Solution. If Á and Bare the adjacent sides of the
tips of the vectors aa =i--3k, b =4i-3i+k and parallelogram, then its diagonals willbe
¢ +B=3i+Ë+2k
Solution. Let ABC the triangle formed by the tips and Å-B=i-3+4k
of the given vectors.
 4.30
PHYSICS-XI

Now Åx B-}(Ä- B)x(Å+ B) Example [Link] a, b, c are three vectors such th¡t
a x c, a 0
a.b = a.c, a x b=
=|1 -3 4
C.
3 1 2 then prove that b =
a.b = 0, c
-1-6-4)-je -12) +ka+9)] Solution. Given:
a.b- a.c 0
-}-10i+10+10 f) or

Area of parallelogram or
a.(b- c)-0
=|Ax B|=-10) +10 +10² But + 0

- x 17.32 =8.66 sq. units. Either or a L(b- C)

Example 52. In any AABC, prove that h=c
’ Either
..)
SIn A Sin B sin C a l (b- c)
Solution. As shown in Fig. 4.53, the vectors a, Also, ax b =a x c
b
and c are cyclic, therefore xb-2x c =0 or
a+b+c =0 a+b=-c But a # 0

or (a+ b )xc =-cxc 7c.+.

a x . Either B--0 or all(b-c)
Or Cx a +b xc= o ’ Either
...(i)
O bx c =CXa ...(i) or
’

Similarly, ax ..ii) But a cannot be simultaneously perpendicular and

180° -A A parallel to (b- c) so equations () and (i) will hold

simultaneously if b = C.

Example 54. If a=i-2j-3k, b=2i+f-k and

180°-C
c =i+3j-2 k, thenfind a x(bx c).
C
/180° - B
Solution. bx c = 2 1 -1
Fig. 4.53 1 3 -2

From (i) and (ii), we get =i-2 +3)-i-4+1) +k(6-1)

’ ’

ax X C= CX a
=i+3f+5k
or |ax b<=| bx c|=| cx a Now
ab sin (180°- C) = bc sin (180°- A)
= Ca sin (180° - B)
absin C= bc sin A= ca sin B
ax(bx c)= 1 -2 -3
Or
1 5
Dividing throughout by abc, we get
sin C sin A sin B C -i-10 +9)- 5+3) +k3+2)
or
sin A sin B sin C
=-í-8í+5k.