yction m stvaluable sense organ. They hel n by view ” fi that comes of energy that causes sensation of ot a : te of the lig we for ua Light a OF ig ject which em ny ob) * sources of light, its li depending on their origin "pase on ori n the basis of origin, th panemade (or artificial). Natural sources of light urces of light are those sources 7 natural $0 uce light naturally. wich PO natural sources Some of the examples of of light are the sun, the stars, glow worm, anglerfish, viperfish, etc. (2) Sun: The most important natural source of light for us Is sun. It is a very bright source. Even though it is 150 million kilometres away from the earth, it gives enough light to make the day bright and warm for us on the earth. ight is called a source of light. The primary source of light during Pp in enjoyi joying the beauty of nature and the wonders ing them through our . eyes, But the a om the object enters our eye, he ability to see an object is possible only visi i ion. Whenever light falls on an object, it bounces nt which reaches our eyes, and we are able to that object. day is the are classified as follows: and size, it can be classified as natural and 1e sources of ligh Artificial sources of light re those sources which | hese sources are made med as man-made 1. Artificial sources of light a produce light artificially. by humans, hence are also tert sources of light. ficial sources Of 2, Some of the examples of arti light are candles, oil lamps, earthen lamps, lanterns, gas lamps, etc. At Places like road | crossing or public places, generally sodium lamps and mercury lamps are used nowadays. Candle Oil lamp Flourescent tube Electric bulb(b) Stars: The stars are the other natural sources of light. Some of them are even brighter than the sun, But they are so far away from us that they are seen at night only, as twinkling points in the sky. (©) Glow worm, anglerfish, viperfish or the firefly Vlugnu): These are another natural sources of light. In the darkness, glow worm itself emits light which is yellow-green in colour. This phenomenonis called bioluminescence. These living things that emit light without getting hot are referred to as bioluminescent, (a) When certain objects are heateg toh temperature, they begin to emit hy sources are called incandescent pa A ¥ Example: Candle, incandescent lamp (b) Light can be produced by Ace charges ina luminescent Material, Op, rs of doing it is bypassing current throug the material. \g Example: Electric bulb, fluoresce ent tub, light Bioluminescen: Qikey Points approximately a 2. Example: The tip of Point source of ligh burning candle serves a ‘ce is the largest source of light i in the oceans. 90 perce: i . ‘nt of all cre 1,500 feet below are luminous, he lana 1. Sources of fi 2. Example: A burning candle, ight Extended sources of light ight bigger than the point sources of light are called extended sources of light. a glowing electric bulb ora fluorescent tube, etc. SAAect pie itt it li j i , ra ofthe ability to emit light, objects can be classified as luminous and non-luminous. si5 - ; ne Tuminous object __Non-luminous objects g —emitlight oftheir own are called | 1. Objects that do not emit light of their own but po jects are capable of scattering and reflecting the light ines on them are called non-luminous objects. | gun, stats: light bulb, candle, lamp, :xamples: Tables, chairs, trees, books, pens, goa pencils, wood, plastics, diamond, etc. att « | a | J l= @ wiscONCEPTIONS planets and their moons are considered luminous bodies. Alp! sactePlanetsand their moonsare considered non-luminous bodies since they do not produce iattof their own. Instead, they reflect and scatter the light from the sun falling on them. opTICAL MEDIA \eseelight all around us. Some materials allow light to pass through them and some do not. The rraterial through which light passes is called an optical medium. Light can pass either partially or {ily through an optical medium (plural: media). So, anything through which light energy passes patially or wholly is called an optical medium. Types of Optical Media ae medium, depending on its composition and ability to allow passage of light, is classified as follows: Oe i : sa on composition: On the basis of composition, optical medium is classified as mogeneous and heterogeneous. [rope oe enecuse dium Heterogeneous medium al ‘i i 7 | nga eum hich has a uniform 1, An optical medium which hasa different | tomogenen ushout is known as composition at different points (non-uniform) is 2 Bamps ediom. known as heterogeneous medium. A Mples: Glass di Seetof eS Slamond, distilled water, 3 ar pli amples: Air, muddy water, fo: clouds, Plastic, vacuum, pure alcohol, etc. x |" smokeete,(ii) Based on the ability to allo light, optical medium can be Transparent medium 1. Amedium that allows light to pass through it completely is called a transparent medium, We are able to see through such objects clearly. w passage of light: On t classified ~~ Translucent medium 1, Amedium that allows light to pass through it partialy is called ‘a translucent medium. We cannot sec through such objects very clearly. he basis of the ability to allow as transparent, translucent and opaque, eee 4 Opaque medi Sig 1. Amediumtig et not allow any ns Looking through a glass window 2. Examples: Tracing paper, mica, wax, frosted glass, muddy water, etc. e Looking into frosted glass es" Muddy water Partial visibility through tracing paper N Examples: Woog sand, bricks, etc, Bricks SOME IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO LIGHT (i) Ray of light: The path 7 ; Path along which the light energy travels in a given direction is called 2 of light. It is r epresented by an arrowhead that shows the direction in which the light ened) travels, Ray of light ee Se aulaight: A collection of large numb, light= ere , ve ection of rays, the beam of light @ gon =e ToLch Frays of | , ht is cal May be of 7 m of light oo dab f AM Of ligh : Diver, ferent types itu dt Depending , Divergey a ustrated below. rat i ea Par rays of light travel When the 2YS Of light startin Convergent beam afight nent each other, then fom a point, travel 'N varie ng | 1 When the rays of ight ight 1 |t0 arallel dire é ‘arlous fr : coming ee uP a Pa ections, then such raye make| aa iftetent directions meee a ht uPadivergent beam oftign ata com no! > wea o MON point, then, Sof light make up a Convergent beam of ig Point Source of light. of light The rays of sun groom through an 2. Examples: The rays coming Examples: fa parallel beam out from a bulb ora burning is made to pass through y, the rays coming candle or a car headlight a convex lens, then a \ open window, ht constitute | — constitute a divergent beam convergent beam oflight is | fa search light ¢ formed | i ight are: fth ortant properties of lig i 7 ey and information. Light causes sensation of vision. ee fe i i light travelling in a straig) i ight line. This property of lig} ® Light always travels in a straig tion of light. The principle of light travelling in a straight line is utilized in ectilinear propagati . : sinhole cameras, formation of shadows and eclipses. i ith objects. ®) Light bounces and bends when it comes in contact with obj i ‘an travel through vacuum. " Light does not necessarily require any material medium to aoe \ = panne lohtravels very fast in air and vacuum, i.e., approximately at the sp test anaananraninl ia, fastest being in vacuum or air. ‘The speed of light is different for different media, | as cee “ah doesnot change the properties of the medium ( misconceptions tilinear propaga nsparent | pagationon ransparent | wi roughatrans} | nenitisallowedtopassth oud! i oT gation only’ Im, ine Me “ght is made to propa mate be the medium in which light Is ™ Might, gate, it alS a straight line. : at light travels in blocks, Aim: To prove that lig Iboards, three wooden 2 Sharp pip Materials required: Three stiff carbon" ha 0: box, a cello tape, a candle and a match Procedure: [Link] 2, ey (i) Place the cardboards upon one ig. asshown uppermost cardboard draw diagonals, in the adjacent figure. tet N cd (i) Make a hole with the help of a sharp i va wy point of intersection of diagonals through a cardboards, i help of cell (iii) Fix the cardboards along small wooden blocks with the help of cello tape. (iv) Arrange the cardboards A, B and Cina straight line along the edge of a table, (¥) Towards the cardboard A, place a lighted candle such that the flame of the candy, the same height as the hole in cardboards. Observations | 1. Look from the side of cardboard C through the cardboards A and 8. | 2. Now, displace the cardboard B sideways. Look again from the side of cardboard C. Conclusion: It is because light travels in a straight line. The light Passing through theta: cardboard A cannot bend and hence cannot pass through the holes of B and¢, The candle flame is visible. | The candle flame is not visible. PINHOLE CAMERA Itis a very simple device used to take photographs of stationary objects. Principle: A pinhole camera works on the principle of rectilinear propagation of light. Construction: It consists of a rectangular cardboard box such that its one side is made of! glass screen. The side opposite to ground glass has a hole in the middle, whose size is equalt pinhead of a common pin. The box is blackened from inside so as to absorb any light which® it directly or indirectly. Image formed pinhole Object B,i 183) Vossen object AB, in frontofa pinh ee wore pject: travel in all directions, . he ays starting from ciferent points ‘ ‘ole came, Fay of light starti e obJer farting from oj gt the pinhole falls on the Sround glass Screen at Pane "Snir Paes ae i nog long BH, after Passing through the Pinhole will fall the /, another ray starting from goin ‘gall the rays starting in between the points 4 and B, cu Slass screen at point she screen in between points A.B. after passing through the pi i A 'e pinhole will ’ Thus, A,B, is the image of object AB. ql : . jeactul photograph, the pinhole camera is covered tal een is replaced by a photographic fil raphed. The black cloth is removed inhole and strikes film, with a thick black cloth and the ground one a ‘ais then faced towards the object to be Om the side of pinhol i potos! Pinhole. When the light enters fous pi the film gets exposed, The film \s then developed and printed in gual. sc Im. The camer iss tors Affecting Image Formation in a Pinhole Camera 4 ifthe distance between the pinhole and the screen : : is reduced, then the size of image will decrease. However, the image will become bright as t he light spreads over a small area. {i) ifthe distance between the pinhole camera and the scree M n is increased, the size of image will increase. However, the image gets less bright as the light spreads over a large area. {iif the distance between the pinhole and the Obj ject is increased, then the size of image will decreased, (iv) f the distance between the pinhole and the object is decreased, then the size of image will increased. Characteristics of Image Formed in a Pinhole Camera (i) Image is formed on the screen, i.e., the image is real. (i) Image is inverted, i.e, upside down. Key ; a it /s inverted and vice versa. points Real images are always Magnification in Pinhole Camera In pinhole camera, magnification is calculated as the ratio of height of image to the height of Diet. Itis also expressed as: ent Ofthe image (I) _ Distance of the image from the pinhole (V) “SMF the abject (0) ~ Distance of the object from the pinhole U) ° Width of the pinhole camera stay Or Ne of theobject from the pinhole o/- wu cisADS Aim: To make a pinhole camera ; : os, a tracing paper Materials required: Two rectangular boxes, a tracing p: Procedure: ithout leavi (0. Take two rectangular boxes that fit into one another with M9 any gap, WW) Cut open one side of each box. he closed end it (1) Make a small hole in the larger box at the centre of the PPOSite to the that has been cut open. inthe Me i e clo: Liv) Cut a square of side five centimetres in the smaller box ins : ed end PPosite tor, side that has been cut open. Cover this square with a tracing pi ee (\) Finally, slide the smaller box Dee ead Paper are in line with one another, but at the opposite ends. (vi) Slide the smaller box to adjust focus so that you can capture the image of, any object Youve t SHADOW A shadow is @ dark patch formed behind an Opaque object placed in the path of light, Shadons, also based on the principle of rectilinear propagation of light. . Formation and Characteristics of a Shadow (i) A shadow is formed only when a light source, e.g., a bulb, an Opaque object (that blocks the Path of light) and a screen (on which the shadow is formed) are present, (ii) Shadows are always formed in the direction Opposite to the source. (iii) Shadow may or May not resemble the actual shape of the object. (iv) The shape of the shadow depends on the orientation of the opaque object between the sous of light and the screen. It also depends on its position ‘wrt. to the source and the screen, (v) The size of the shadow depends on the position of the opaque object relative to the sourced light and the screen, (vi) Whatever be the colour of the object, its shadow is always black because the shadow region’ not illuminated by light. Regions of a Shadow A shadow formed has two regions called umbra and penumbra, Umbra 1. If the light source is very tiny and concentrated in one place (a point source), only a dark region known as umbra is formed. Penumbra 1. Ifthe source is extended or broader, then tw regions known as umbra and penumbra arefor" 2. Penumbra region is that region where light ® 2. In this region, light is fully blocked. So, this Partially blocked, So, shadow of this regia" shadow is dark black. lighter shading that hangs around the umbra region,the light gets he screen, soa is formed, Penumby The terms umbra and penumbra ate deriv ‘ts penumbra means to ‘ed from lati Gk in hang on umbra as the pen inet terms. Umbra means shadow, whereas Numbra means to ha : ng). | screen. Lunar eclipse occurs only on a full moon day, Pesan Pain nado) (Danes sadow) During a solar eclipse, the eclipse does not cover the whole earth in shadow, as shown below. There are regions of partial shadow-penumbra, where the sun is only partially blocked by the moon, and a region of total shadow-umira, where the light from the sun is totally blocked by the moon. Solar eclipse occurs only |2Solar eclipse on anew moon day. Umbra Penumbra hole camera. ) Key ing a pi = Paints An eclipse can be viewed using 2 Pinnot invented, SUNDIAL lock was Soe ee aaa in the sky: Shadows people relied on the position ved to measure cast by devices placed in the sun were ne concept of time, One of such devices which uses th Coo shadow is called a sundial, Sundial consists ae the dial ! (dial) and a gnomon which casts a shadow on ges As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow formed a! ia with different hour lines marked on the dial to ie different time in a day. The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur at the time, as Its shadow moves. of a sundial or Samrat Yantra, which can be used to tel Visiby millimetre per second, or roughly six centimeters every (@} misconceptions Al transparent bodies are used to form shadows. FACT: As light travels in a straight line, opaque bodies block the light and shadows are form ‘on the screen. In certain cases, a translucent body can form shadows but transparent canno, Shadow sh wine ‘adow show the time "9 lines minute. EXAMPLES 1. How light enables us to view the objects? Solution: Light is a form of energy that produces sensati isi i n sation of vision. During day, light gi out by the sun falls on different objects and the reflected light from objects enter ik eye enables us to view the objects, ' 2. What is bioluminescence? i 7 nce fi it i camera is 2 cm, find the magnification and size of the imag Pinhole camera, If the width o" Solution: Given: Size of object (0) =4 cm Distance of object (u) = 1 cm Distance of image (v) = 2cm We know, magnification = m|@ isr | (ii) Angle of incidence, angle of reflection and normal all line in the same plane INTRODUCTION We are able to see various objects around us. We also see our images in a mirror or surfaces. All these occur because light undergoes a phenomenon called reflection. REFLECTION OF LIGHT When a beam of light strikes a surface, a part of this light bounces back into the same| bouncing back of light into the same medium is called reflection of light.OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT s of type of reflecting surface (polis gular and irregular reflection. ees OF athe bash OF sified a8 FC EE Incident ray Reflected ray A Gi B hed or rough) on which the light is falling, reflection jon (or diffused reflection) | regular reflection (or specular reflection) Irregular reflecti ithe phenomenon due to which a parallel beam | 1. The phenomenon due to which a parallel beam oflight travelling through a certain medium, of light travelling through a certain medium, after | afterstriking 2 smooth polished surface gets striking a rough surface gets reflected in various a pected as parallel beam in some other threction,is called regular reflection. ‘rine reflected rays are parallel in regular jz possible directions, is called irregular reflection oF diffused reflection. 2. The reflected rays of light are not parallel in | reflection. 3. irregular reflection. 4,Regular reflection takes objects like looking glass, still water, oil, highly polished metals, mirrors, etc. place on the surface of 4. Irregular reflection takes place at irregular surfaces such as that of ground, walls, trees, suspended particles in air, etc. [Link] are formed only due to regular reflection, ie,, when rays are reflected in same direction. For example, we are able to see our images on polished surfaces or mirror because rays coming from our body suffer regular reflection bythe mirror. 5, Objects are visible to us only due to irreguiar reflection, i, when rays are reflected in different directions. For example, non-luminous bodies such as table, chair,etc, are rough surfaces. Light rays suffer irregular reflection when they fall on non-luminous bodies. Light Object bull 5 yLuminous bodies can be observed directly as they emit light of their own, i bs rectly as they emit Ii uminot fi Key points LIGHT SOME IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO REFLECTION OF i i cting surface. 1. Incident ray: It isa ray of light that strikes a reflecting 7 Here, itis shown by ray AB. , 2. Reflected ray: It is a ray of light which bounces back from the | reflecting surface. Here it is shown by ray BC. rea | 3. Point of incidence: It is the point where the incident is touches the reflecting surface. Here, point B is the point o' i x incidence. i 4. Normal:|t is the perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence to the reflecting surface. BN is the normal in the figure. by the incident ray with the normal at the Point « 5. Angle of incidence: The angle made e. Here, ZABN is the angle of incidence, incidence is called the angle of incidenc. 6. Angle of Reflection: The angle made by the reflected ray with the normal at the Point g incidence is called the angle of reflection. Here, “CBN is the angle of reflection. 7. Plane of incidence: The plane consisting both the incident ray plane of incidence, and the normal is Called the 8. Glancing angle of incidence: It isthe angle between the incident ray and the reflecting surface at the point of incidence. It is represented by'g: Here, 2 ABP =g, en the reflected ray and the refletn 9, 9. Glancing angle of reflection: It is the angle betwe Surface at the point of incidence. It is represented by g, Here, 2 CBQ Key Q! Pons (0. The deviation produced by reflection depends on the angle of incidence. The more the angle of incidence, the less the angle of deviation, Ai) The glancing angle of incidence is equal to the glancing angle of reflection, ie, Zg, = g, Li) The deviation produced by the reflecting surface at the point of incidence is equal to the sum ofthe glancing angle of incidence and the Glancing angle of reflection,fi peFLECTION 157" any surface follows two law: Fi vefection. These are: * called Normal fe ns | Incident ray pee peident ray, the reflected ray and ¢} At N Reflected ray _ - hi ‘ yal all lie in the same plane, at the point i c 0! incidence iadaal MOLI sre a Je of incidence is always equal to the < (0 Mi jeaftefietion ies Ziz Zr verrareorrrrere Plane mirror al B ey "effecting sutface obeys as of refetin Glpoins plane or curved, n. It does not matter whether the surface is rough, IS (G) MISCONCEPTIONS regular reflection of light does not obey laws of reflection. gact:Both regular and irregular reflection of light obey lavs of reflection. Angle of deviation: sreangle by which the incident ray is deviated from its original path is called the angle of deviation. itis the angle between the reflected ray and the incident ry. itis represented as 6. Here, A’B C= 6. From the adjacent figure, =180°-(Zi+ Zr) =180°-(i+/) or 6 =180°—2i or 6=180°-2r [Blexmtes 1. ifalight ray incident on a plane mirror makes an angle its surface, then find the angle of incidence and the Teflection. 30° with ; angle of makes an angle 30°with Solution: tis given that the incident ray the angle between the i mirror, But the angle of incidence is cident ray and the normal. Then, zi = 90° 30° = 60°y By applying laws of reflection, we get 4i= Zr =60° : pasa a 2. Aray of ight is incident on a plane mirror forming an angle of incidence of 25 What my, angle of reflection? Solution: According to law of reflection, Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection Therefore, Angle of reflection = 25° ; ‘ 3. What do you mean by angle of deviation? Find the angle of deviation ; from the figure shown below. ‘ution: The angle by which ti Original path is called the angle of deviation, From the figure: zo, =35°, The angle between normal and reflecting surface is 90°. £9, + Zi =90° 4i=90°— 2g, Zi=90°- 350 Zi=55° The angle of deviation, 6 = 1809-2 9 =180°~2x550 9 =180°~119° he incident ray is deviated from its (6) RECALL 5. The point where the incident ray touches the reflecting Surface is calleg Point of incidence. 6. Normalis the Perpendicular drawn at the Point of incidence On the surface, 7. Angle of incidence is the angle made by the incident ray with the normal, 8. Angle of reflection is the angle made by the reflecteg ray With the normal,_ SETS TREATS and hence act like a mi ‘i smooth surfaces, ror, ’ naples: Mirror, still water and oil have Py polished furniture acts like a mirror. A cena i d follows the |; ii laws A plane mirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface is at telson the i S of reflection of light. The radius of curvature or focal length ofa p nity, a . { A Construction of a Plane Mirror 4 ; i i + ata Amirroris made up ofa thin glass slab with one side being coi Protective ivy with silver. So, when the rays fall on the mirror, it first falls on the paint \, feating upper face of the glass slab, gets refracted, travels through it, gets reflected by silver, travels back through the glass slab, gets LS refracted at the upper glass-air interface and comes out. So here <{ Sen light actually passes through one of the parts of mirror- the glass Teflectigd slab (the other one being the silver coating). ae Mirror is considered opaque because we consider it as a whole Second Primary mirror reflect and not by parts and as a whole it does not allow light to pass through it. Image Formation By a Plane Mirror () Suppose two light rays fall from the tip of a candle on the mirror. (ii) The two rays suffer reflection from the mirror following the laws of reflection and reaches our eyes. When these two reflected rays are extended back through the mirror, these appear to meet at a point which gives us the tip of the candle, (iii) Similarly, suppose two light ect heiaht rays fall from the bottom of Sh the candle on the mirror, (iv) These two rays suffer reflection from the mirror and reaches our eyes. When these two reflected rays are extended back through the mit these appear to meet at a point which gives us the bottom of the candle. (v) Hence, we get the image of the candle, wiror Image Virtual image of candle Object distance Image distance Candlei q 7 OF ining the object point With its im, nel ge formed is virtual, je, 89 Poin a forme; is normaly Na screen, vitis not pe ‘Othe aiserect, ie, itis upright, reflecting surface. Left hana of image L RP Roe R | or | Object Image | Key A virtual image is always erect and vice versa, points joTATION OF MIRROR | fora given incident ray, if the plane mirror is _ otated through a certain angle, then the reflected N __ pyrotates through twice the angle. ‘ | sincident ray 2.=1eflected ray (without rotation) A=reflected ray (after rotation) Nand N, = normals Mitror rotation = © Feflected ray rotation = 20 bil New reflected ray Incident ray Reflected ray FORMATION OF MULTIPLE IMAGES WHEN OB- JECTIs PLACED BETWEEN MIRRORS PLACED AT AN ANGLE a The ‘umber of images formed by two plane mirrors coal Hee tween them. If there are two plane mirrors inclined to i as follows: “dle, the number of images of an object formed is determ , isn=(m-1), () 1, 360° fimagesformedisn (m ‘=m is aneven integer, the number ofimag f ‘ “Tall positions of object. eep 360° _ ni he number of images formed is n = m, if the op. (i) I mis an odd integer, t ol i = ject i he angular ; 0 dn =(m- 1), if the object is on t ig) Bistro, " i f mirror and n= 7 teh "a, angular bisector of f images formed will be equal to its integra z Gi 1f 390° _ mys a fraction, the number o n 6 *Kalel "are in accordance wy @ ful patterns observed in the toy *Kaleidoscops ith the iy Key The beautiful pat Q! Points reflection of light. APPLICATIONS OF PLANE MIRROR mensions in some shops - () Plane mirrors are used for providing false dimens 4 ow an displaying jewellery, : : (ii) They are used by opticians to provide false dimensions when their een of work ate ye (iii) They are used in solar cookers for reflecting the rays of the sun into the interiors Of the Solar (iv) They are used as looking glasses at home as well as by barbers to show the Customer thy, Side of his head, (V) They are used for signaling by the scouts and the army Personnel, i) They are useq in periscope. tis a device used to see the objects Gi which arenotpresentin inestaighttin path ofight Thisdecs mt : nae Light jis h the Periscope, 4 somes, is happenin, above Mi water while itself being submerged Under the Sea, 7 nied scope, kaleidosco, © Works on inci tl Multiple reflections by he Principle of ‘ane mirrors, It “SES Multiple : 7 Np to see the pattern of designs, Ple reflections of light ACTIVITY ; i Aim: To build a kaleidoscope, Materials required: 4 cylindrical box, Plane Mirrors, ’ SOloureg Glassesgure! Seer Patterns formed ins 7 ree plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 60° to Wstticeeosa Pe a other fixed inside a cylindrical box is called a ey = (POL) e ~ a galeidoscoP 4 = e ieces of coloured glasses are placed inside ' Mirror i) ne bOX and viewed from the other end, Tape | Sy opservation: Beautiful patterns could be seen due ee othe multiple images of glass pieces formed by the mirrors. conclusion: The principle of multiple reflections in inclined plane mirrors is used in aleidoscoPe- 1pARISON OF SHADOW AND MIRROR IMAGE col i pane polished surfaces such as mirrors can create images which do not require a screen. Also, , iqhole camera produces an image which Tequires a screen. A shadow, which is produced due to socking of light by an opaque object, is not an image and always requires a screen. Shadow : ; Mirror image ail ~-hadons ate alays black. Colour of shadow is independent | 1, Images ae colourful Colour of | ofthe colour of the opaque or translucent object. image is same as that of the object. _ 7 iecannot exist without light. it cannot exist without light. | 5 ascreen is mandatory to form a shadow. ‘An image can be formed on a screen | or without a screen. | vs _| 7 shape of the shadow can be different from that of the 4, Shape of the image is always same object. as that of the object. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REAL AND VIRTUAL IMAGES | Real image Virtual image 1. It cannot be taken ona screen. t itcan be taken on a screen. _Lerrealimage, the rays ofight after reflection | 2. For virtual image, the rays of light after Leet at a point, reflection appear to meet at a point. 3 itisalways inverted, 3, Itis always erect, but laterally inverted. SPHERICAL MIRRORS Tk ; . . _ feflecting surface of a spherical mirror is curved. A spherical mirror can be considered as a part a Sphere. They can be of two types, concave or convex Convex mirror 7. Amirror which is polished from the hollow side ofa sphere, such that the reflecting surface is towards its bulging side, is called a convex mirror. Concave mirror aholh which is polished from the bulging side | isto sPhere, such thatthe reflecting side tings tS #5 hollow side, is called a concave " Amintor of;