NAME- AMIYA RANJAN PARIDA

NETWORK THEORY UNIT-1

SVU ID-SVU6439029

Objective type Question – Answers (2 Marks each)

1. Define active & passive element with an example.
Ans. active elements are components that can generate or supply energy to a circuit,
while passive elements are components that can only receive, store, or dissipate energy.

2. What is the difference between electrical circuit & electrical network.

Ans. An electrical network is a general interconnection of electrical components, while
an electrical circuit is a specific type of network that provides a closed path for current
to flow.

3. Define ideal and practical voltage source with their characteristics.

Ans. An ideal voltage source maintains a constant voltage regardless of the current
drawn, while a practical voltage source has internal resistance that causes its voltage to
drop as the current increases.

4. What do you mean by duality of network.

Ans. The duality of networks refers to the concept where two networks exhibit a
mirrored behavior in terms of their equations and element characteristics.
5. Determine current I as shown in figure below.

Ans. According to KCL, the sum of currents entering equals the sum of currents
leaving:
 I+3A=2A+5A+4A
I+3A=11A
Solve for I:
I=11A−3A
𝐼=11𝐴−3𝐴
𝐼=8𝐴

Very Short Question – Answers (5 Marks each)

1. States Kirchhoff’s Law.

Ans. Kirchhoff's Law in electrical circuits refers to two fundamental principles: Kirchhoff's
Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or junction) in an electrical circuit is equal to zero. This means that the total current
flowing into a junction must equal the total current flowing out of it, reflecting the
conservation of charge, according to some electrical resources.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around any
closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero. This means that the sum of voltage drops across
components in a closed loop must equal the sum of the voltage sources in that loop,
demonstrating the conservation of energy, according to some electrical references.

2. Explain energy sources.

Ans. Energy sources are the components that provide electrical energy to a circuit, enabling
the flow of current and the operation of connected devices. They are broadly classified
into voltage sources and current sources, and can be further categorized as independent
or dependent.
Voltage Sources:
 A voltage source maintains a specific voltage across its terminals, regardless of the
current flowing through it.
 Examples include batteries, solar panels, and alternators.
 They can be ideal, maintaining a constant voltage regardless of load, or practical, with
some internal resistance affecting the output voltage.
 The voltage is typically represented with a positive and negative terminal.

Current Sources:
 A current source maintains a specific current flow through a branch, regardless of the
voltage across it.
 Examples include photovoltaic cells and transistor collector currents.
 Like voltage sources, they can be ideal (maintaining a constant current) or practical
(with some internal resistance affecting the output current).
 The current direction is usually indicated by an arrow.

Independent & Dependent Sources:

 Independent sources: maintain their voltage or current value regardless of other circuit
elements.
 Dependent (or controlled) sources: have a value that is determined by the voltage or
current in another part of the circuit.
 Dependent sources are further classified as:
o Voltage-dependent voltage source (VDVS): The output voltage is a function
of a voltage elsewhere in the circuit.
o Voltage-dependent current source (VDCS): The output current is a function
of a voltage elsewhere in the circuit.
o Current-dependent voltage source (CDVS): The output voltage is a function
of a current elsewhere in the circuit.
o Current-dependent current source (CDCS): The output current is a function
of a current elsewhere in the circuit.

3. Determine the voltages V1 and V2 of the following network

 At Node 𝑉1
Ans. Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) at each Non-Reference Node:


The currents leaving node 𝑉1 are through the 1Ω resistor, the 5Ω resistor, and the 2Ω resistor.
o Current through 1Ω resistor:( V1−10)/1 (assuming current leaves V1 towards
10V source)
o Current through 5Ω resistor: (V1−0)/5

Applying KCL at node 𝑉1

o Current through 2Ω resistor:( V1−V2)/2

(𝑉1−10)/1 +𝑉1/5 +(𝑉1−𝑉2)/2 =0

Multiply by 10 to clear denominators:
10(𝑉1−10) +2𝑉1+5(𝑉1−𝑉2) =0
10𝑉1−100+2𝑉1+5𝑉1−5𝑉2=0
17𝑉1−5𝑉2=100(𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)

 At Node 𝑉2

The currents leaving node 𝑉2are through the 2Ω resistor, the 10Ω resistor, and the 2A current

o Current through 2Ω resistor: 𝑉2−𝑉1/2(assuming current leaves V2 towards

source.

o Current through 10Ω resistor: 𝑉2−0/10

V1)

Applying KCL at node 𝑉2

o Current from 2A source: -2 (current enters V2)

(𝑉2−𝑉1)/2 +𝑉2/10 −2=0

Multiply by 10 to clear denominators:
5(𝑉2−𝑉1) +𝑉2−20=0
5𝑉2−5𝑉1+𝑉2−20=0
−5𝑉1+6𝑉2=20(𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)

3. Solve the System of Equations:

The system of two linear equations with two unknowns is:
1. 17𝑉1−5𝑉2=100
2. −5𝑉1+6𝑉2=20

From Equation 2, 𝑉1 can be expressed in terms of 𝑉2

𝑉1=(6𝑉2−20)/5=1.2𝑉2−4
−5𝑉1=20−6𝑉2

Substitute this expression for 𝑉1 into Equation 1

17(1.2𝑉2−4) −5𝑉2=100
20.4𝑉2−68−5𝑉2=100
𝑉2=168/15.4≈10.91 V
15.4𝑉2=168

Now, substitute the value of 𝑉2 back into the expression for 𝑉1

𝑉1=1.2(10.91) −4
𝑉1≈13.092−4
𝑉1≈9.092 V

Answer:

𝑉1≈9.09 V
The voltages are approximately:

 𝑉2≈10.91 V


4. Determine all branch current & the voltage across 5-ohm resistance using mesh
analysis

Ans. Identify Meshes and Assign Mesh Currents:

There are two distinct meshes in the circuit. Clockwise mesh currents, 𝐼1 and 𝐼2
, are assigned to the left and right meshes, respectively.
 Mesh 1 (Left Loop): Includes the 50V source, 3Ω resistor, 5Ω resistor, and 6Ω
resistor.
 Mesh 2 (Right Loop): Includes the 2Ω resistor, 25V source, 8Ω resistor, and 5Ω
resistor.
2. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to Each Mesh:
 For Mesh 1 (Left Loop):
-50+6I1+5(I1−I2) +3I1=0
14𝐼1−5𝐼2=50(Equation 1)
 For Mesh 2 (Right Loop):
25+8I2+5(I2−I1) +2I2=0
 −5𝐼1+15𝐼2=−25
5𝐼1−15𝐼2=25(Equation 2)

3. Solve the Simultaneous Equations for Mesh Currents:

A system of two linear equations is available:
14𝐼1−5𝐼2=50
5𝐼1−15𝐼2=25
Multiply Equation 1 by 3:
42𝐼1−15𝐼2=150(Equation 3)
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 3:
(42𝐼1−15𝐼2) −(5𝐼1−15𝐼2) =150−25
37𝐼1=125
𝐼1=125/37≈3.378 A
Substitute the value of 𝐼1 into Equation 2:
5(3.378) −15𝐼2=25
16.89−15𝐼2=25
15𝐼2= 16.89 −25= −8.11
𝐼2=−8.11/15 ≈−0.541 A
4. Determine Branch Currents:
 Current through 3Ω resistor: 𝐼3Ω=𝐼1=3.378 A(downwards)
 Current through 6Ω resistor: 𝐼6Ω=𝐼1=3.378 A(downwards)
 Current through 2Ω resistor: 𝐼2Ω=𝐼2=−0.541 A(upwards) or 0.541 A(downwards)
 Current through 8Ω resistor: 𝐼8Ω=𝐼2=−0.541 A(downwards) or 0.541 A(upwards)
 Current through 5Ω resistor: 𝐼5Ω=𝐼1−𝐼2=3.378 −(−0.541) =3.919 A(downwards)
5. Calculate Voltage Across 5-ohm Resistor:
Using Ohm's Law, 𝑉=𝐼𝑅
𝑉5Ω=𝐼5Ω×5Ω=3.919 A×5Ω=19.595 V
𝑉5Ω≈19.595 V

5. Draw the duality of given network

Ans.(a)
[Link] each loop place a node and give it a number for all loops for convenience, place an
extra node, the reference node, external to the network say ‘O’ node. Place an extra the
same numbered nodes on a separate space on the paper for the construction of the dual.
[Link] a line between two nodes of the original network traversing only one element at a
time. Thus, draw Lines from node to node through the elements in the original network.
For each element traversed in the original network, connect the dual elements from the
Listing just given on dual network being constructed.
[Link] this process unit the number of possible paths through single elements is
exhausted. If we go through a connecting lead assumed to be a short, the dual elements is
an open circuit.
[Link] network so constructed is a dual network.
Example 1:

The dual network is

 The voltage source in the original network is replace by the current sources in the dual
network and vice – versa.

Ans.(b)
1. First of all, we assume a clock wise direction for all mesh currents in original network N1.
Each mesh current enclosing a dot (node) of the dual network say N2.

[Link] is important to note that the orientation of the voltage source is identified with the direction
of the mesh current whereas the orientation of the current source is identified with the node
which is enclosed by mesh current.
[Link] the direction of the voltage source and clockwise mesh current is same in the network N1,
then the orientation of the current source in the dual network N2 is towards the node which is
enclosed by the said mesh current in N1.
[Link] if the directions of the voltage source and the clock wise mesh current are
opposite then the current of the current source in N2 is directed away from the node which is
enclosed by the said mesh current in N1.
 The dual network is

Long Question- Answers (15 Marks each)

1. Explain nodal analysis with an example.

Nodal analysis, also known as the node-voltage method, is a systematic approach used in
circuit theory to determine the voltage at various points (nodes) in an electrical circuit relative
to a chosen reference point, usually ground. It is based on applying Kirchhoff's Current Law
(KCL) at each non-reference node and expressing the branch currents in terms of the node
voltages and component values using Ohm's Law.
Steps for performing nodal analysis
1. Identify nodes: Mark all connection points in the circuit as nodes. These are points
 where two or more circuit components connect.
2. Choose a reference node: Select one node as the reference node (often ground), setting
its voltage to zero. All other node voltages will be measured relative to this reference.
3. Assign variables: Assign voltage variables (e.g., V1, V2, etc.) to each of the non-
reference nodes.
4. Apply KCL: For each non-reference node, write a KCL equation, summing the
currents entering and leaving the node and setting the sum to zero.
5. Express currents in terms of node voltages: Using Ohm's Law (I = V/R), express each
branch current in the KCL equations in terms of the node voltages and the resistance
of the corresponding component.
6. Solve the equations: Solve the resulting set of simultaneous equations to find the
unknown node voltages.
Example of nodal analysis
Let's say we have a simple circuit with two nodes (besides ground):
1. Nodes: We have node 1 (V1) and node 2 (V2).
2. Reference: Ground (0V) is our reference node.
3. Node Voltages: We have V1 and V2 as our unknowns.
4. KCL at V1:
o Current entering: I1 (from a voltage source)
o Currents leaving: I2 (through R2) and I3 (through R1).
o KCL equation: I1 = I2 + I3.
5. KCL at V2:
o Current entering: I3 (from R1)
o Currents leaving: I4 (through R3) and I5 (from a current source).
o KCL equation: I3 = I4 + I5.
6. Expressing Currents:
o I1 = (Vs - V1)/R1 (assuming Vs is the voltage source connected to V1).
o I2 = V1/R2.
o I3 = V1/R3.
 o I4 = (V2-0)/R4.
o I5 = Is (the current source).
7. Substituting and Solving: Substitute these current expressions into the KCL
equations and solve for V1 and V2.

2. Explain mesh analysis with an example

Ans. Mesh analysis, also known as loop analysis or the mesh current method, is a technique
used in electrical engineering to analyze complex electrical circuits, particularly those with
multiple voltage and current sources, where basic methods like Ohm's Law and series/parallel
combinations may be insufficient. This method relies on applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
(KVL) to each independent closed loop, called a mesh, in a circuit. The primary goal is to
determine the unknown currents flowing through each mesh, which can then be used to
calculate other circuit variables like voltages and power.
Steps in mesh analysis
1. Identify the meshes: Recognize all independent closed loops in the circuit.
2. Assign mesh currents: Assign a current variable and a consistent direction (clockwise
or counterclockwise) to each mesh.
3. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): Write an equation for each mesh that sums the
voltage drops and rises around the loop and sets the sum to zero.
Voltage sources: Include their voltage value in the equation, with a positive sign for
voltage rises and a negative sign for voltage drops.
Resistors: Calculate the voltage drop across a resistor using Ohm's Law (V = I x R). Use
the mesh current if only one flows through the resistor. If two mesh currents flow through
a resistor, consider the difference between them, based on their assumed directions
relative to the KVL loop.
4. Solve the system of equations: Solve the set of simultaneous linear equations to find
the values of the mesh currents.
5. Calculate other quantities: Once the mesh currents are known, use Ohm's Law and
other circuit principles to find the actual branch currents and voltages across any
component in the circuit.
Example of mesh analysis
Consider a circuit with two loops, a 10V battery (V1), and resistors R1 = 2Ω and R2 = 3Ω.
1. Identify Meshes: The circuit has two meshes (loops).
 2. Assign Mesh Currents: Assign clockwise mesh currents, I1 for the left mesh and I2 for
the right mesh.
3. Apply KVL:
1. For mesh 1:
o Starting at the bottom-left corner and moving clockwise.
o Passing through the 10V battery from negative to positive gives a +10V
rise.
o Passing through R1 (2Ω) in the direction of I1 gives a voltage drop of
2I1.
o Passing through R2 (3Ω) in the direction of I1 but opposite to I2 gives a
voltage drop of 3(I1 - I2).
o Therefore, the KVL equation for mesh 1 is:
10 - 2I1 - 3(I1 - I2) = 0
10 - 2I1 - 3I1 + 3I2 = 0
5I1 - 3I2 = 10 (Equation 1)
2. For mesh 2:
o Start at the bottom of the circuit and move clockwise.
o Passing through R2 (3Ω) in the direction of I2 but opposite to I1 gives a
voltage drop of 3(I2 - I1).
o Therefore, the KVL equation for mesh 2 is:
3(I2 - I1) = 0
I2 = I1 (Equation 2)
4. Solve the equations:
[Link] I2 = I1 from Equation 2 into Equation 1:
5I1 - 3I1 = 10
2I1 = 10
I1 = 5A
[Link] I2 = I1, I2 = 5A.
Therefore, the current flowing through both meshes is 5A.

[Link] duality of network.

Ans. In the context of electrical networks, duality refers to a principle where two distinct
networks exhibit similar behavior patterns or are structurally analogous, even if their
components differ. This is possible because their governing equations (based on Kirchhoff's
laws) have the same mathematical form when certain variables and elements are
interchanged.
1. Dual network definition
 Two electrical networks are considered dual if the mesh equations of one network are
identical to the node equations of the other network.
2. Key aspects of duality
 Identical Behavior Patterns: Dual networks show identical behavior patterns in their
voltages and currents, even if the elements are physically different.
 Kirchhoff's Laws: The concept of duality is rooted in the fundamental Kirchhoff's
Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).
 Equation Similarity and Variable Interchanges: When analyzing dual networks,
applying KVL to one network generates equations that are mathematically similar to
the equations obtained when applying KCL to the other network, with specific
variables and constants being interchanged. For example, voltage and current are
interchanged, resistance and conductance are interchanged, and so on.
3. Dual pairs
Some common dual pairs in network theory include:

Element Dual Element

Resistance (R) Conductance (G)

Inductance (L) Capacitance (C)

Series Parallel

Voltage Source Current Source

Short Circuit Open Circuit

Mesh Node

KVL KCL

4. Construction of dual networks

 The dual of a network can be constructed by following a systematic procedure
involving interchanging the positions of nodes and meshes and replacing each element
with its dual counterpart.
 An example is the construction of a parallel RLC circuit from a series RLC circuit by
applying the duality principle and replacing the elements with their duals.
5. Applications of duality
 The principle of duality simplifies network analysis by allowing engineers to analyze a
dual network (which might be simpler to solve) and then deduce the behavior of the
original network by applying the duality relationships.
 This is particularly useful when one form of analysis (mesh or nodal) is easier for one
network compared to its dual.
In essence, duality is a powerful principle in network theory, revealing a deep mathematical
connection between apparently different networks, thus simplifying analysis and problem-
solving.

[Link] Kirchhoff law determine

(a) the current in 4-ohm resistance as shown in figure
(b) the current I1, I2 & I3 as shown in figure below

(A)
1. Assign Currents and Loops:
o Let 𝐼1be the current flowing clockwise in the left loop (through the 12V
 source and 3Ω resistor).
o Let 𝐼2be the current flowing clockwise in the right loop (through the 5V
source and 2Ω resistor).
o The current through the 4Ω resistor will be the sum of 𝐼1and 𝐼2
(assuming they both flow downwards through it).
2. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to the Left Loop:
o Starting from the bottom left and moving clockwise:
−12+3𝐼1+4(𝐼1+𝐼2) =0
7𝐼1+4𝐼2=12(Equation 1)
3. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to the Right Loop:
o Starting from the bottom right and moving clockwise:
−5+2𝐼2+4(𝐼1+𝐼2) =0
4𝐼1+6𝐼2=5(Equation 2)
4. Solve the System of Equations:
o Multiply Equation 1 by 6:
42𝐼1+24𝐼2=72
o Multiply Equation 2 by 4:
16𝐼1+24𝐼2=20
o Subtract the modified Equation 2 from the modified Equation 1:
(42𝐼1+24𝐼2) −(16𝐼1+24𝐼2) =72−20
26𝐼1=52
𝐼1=2 A
 Substitute 𝐼1=2into Equation 2:
4(2) +6𝐼2=5
8+6𝐼2=5
6𝐼2=−3
𝐼2=−0.5 A

5. Calculate the Current in the 4-ohm Resistor:

o The current through the 4Ω resistor is 𝐼4Ω=𝐼1+𝐼2
.
o 𝐼4Ω=2+(−0.5) =1.5 A
Final Answer:
The current in the 4-ohm resistance is 1.5 A.

(B)
To determine the currents 𝐼1, 𝐼2, and 𝐼3using Kirchhoff's laws:
1. Define Loops and Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):
 Loop 1 (Left Loop): Starting from the bottom left corner and moving clockwise:
−18𝑉+𝐼1(2Ω) +12𝑉=0
2𝐼1−6=0
2𝐼1=6
𝐼1=3𝐴
 Loop 2 (Right Loop): Starting from the bottom right corner and moving counter-
clockwise:
−6𝑉+𝐼3(6Ω) +12𝑉=0
6𝐼3+6=0
6𝐼3=−6
𝐼3=−1𝐴
(The negative sign indicates that the actual direction of 𝐼3is opposite to the direction
shown in the figure.)
2. Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) at the central node:
At the central node where 𝐼1, 𝐼2, and 𝐼3meet:
The sum of currents entering the node equals the sum of currents leaving the node.
Assuming 𝐼1enters, 𝐼2leaves, and 𝐼3 leaves (based on the original diagram's arrows):
𝐼1=𝐼2+𝐼3
Now substitute the calculated values of 𝐼1and 𝐼3:
3𝐴=𝐼2+(−1𝐴)
3=𝐼2−1
𝐼2=3+1
𝐼2=4𝐴

Final Answer:
The currents are: 𝐼1=3𝐴, 𝐼3=−1𝐴
(meaning 1𝐴flowing in the opposite direction to that indicated in the figure).
 [Link] branch current by mesh analysis

Let 𝐼1 be the clockwise current in the leftmost mesh (containing the 100V source and the 10Ω resistor at the top
(A) Ans. 1. Define Mesh Currents:


 Let 𝐼2be the clockwise current in the middle mesh (containing the 10Ω resistor at the top right, the 10Ω vertical
left).

 Let 𝐼3be the clockwise current in the rightmost mesh (containing the 10Ω horizontal resistor, the 10Ω vertical
resistor, and the 10Ω horizontal resistor).

resistor, and the 24Ω resistor).

2. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to each mesh:
 Mesh 1 (Leftmost):

The current source dictates a relationship between 𝐼1and 𝐼2. Since the 10A source is pointing upwards and 𝐼1flows
The 10A current source is shared between Mesh 1 and Mesh 2. This is a supermesh situation.

downwards through it, and 𝐼2 flows upwards through it:

𝐼2−𝐼1=10 A (Equation 1)
Now, apply KVL around the supermesh encompassing Mesh 1 and Mesh 2, excluding the current source:
−100 V+10Ω⋅𝐼1+10Ω⋅𝐼2+10Ω⋅(𝐼2−𝐼3) +10Ω⋅(𝐼1−𝐼3) =0

Simplifying:
20𝐼1+20𝐼2−20𝐼3=100

Dividing by 10:
2𝐼1+2𝐼2−2𝐼3=10(Equation 2)
 Mesh 3 (Rightmost):
10Ω⋅(𝐼3−𝐼2) +24Ω⋅𝐼3+10Ω⋅(𝐼3−𝐼1) =0

Simplifying:
−10𝐼1−10𝐼2+44𝐼3=0(Equation 3)

From Equation 1, 𝐼2=𝐼1+10. Substitute this into Equations 2 and 3.

2. Solve the system of equations:

Substitute 𝐼2 into Equation 2:

2𝐼1+2(𝐼1+10) −2𝐼3=10
2𝐼1+2𝐼1+20−2𝐼3=10
4𝐼1−2𝐼3=−10

Substitute 𝐼2into Equation 3:

2𝐼1−𝐼3=−5(Equation 4)

−10𝐼1−10(𝐼1+10) +44𝐼3=0
−10𝐼1−10𝐼1−100+44𝐼3=0
−20𝐼1+44𝐼3=100

Now, solve Equations 4 and 5 for 𝐼1and 𝐼3.

−5𝐼1+11𝐼3=25(Equation 5)

From Equation 4, 𝐼3=2𝐼1+5

. Substitute this into Equation 5:
−5𝐼1+11(2𝐼1+5) =25
−5𝐼1+22𝐼1+55=25

𝐼1≈−1.765 A
17𝐼1=−30

Now find 𝐼3:

𝐼3=2(−1.765) +5=−3.53+5=≈1.471 A

Finally, find 𝐼2:

𝐼2=𝐼1+10=−1.765+10=≈8.235 A

4. Determine Branch Currents:

𝐼1=−1.765A (Current flows opposite to assumed 𝐼1direction)

 Current through 100V source and top-left 10Ω resistor:

 Current through 10A current source:

10 A (Upwards, as given)

𝐼2=8.235 A
 Current through top-right 10Ω resistor:

𝐼2−𝐼3=8.235−1.471=6.764 A (Downward)
 Current through middle vertical 10Ω resistor:

𝐼3−𝐼2=1.471−8.235=−6.764 A (Current flows opposite to assumed direction, i.e., right to left)

 Current through middle horizontal 10Ω resistor:

𝐼1−𝐼3=−1.765−1.471=−3.236 A(Current flows opposite to assumed direction, i.e., right to left)

 Current through bottom 10Ω resistor:

 Current through 24Ω resistor: 𝐼3=1.471 A(Downward)

Let 𝐼1be the mesh current in the leftmost loop, flowing clockwise.
(B) Ans.1. Identify Meshes and Assign Mesh Currents:

Let 𝐼2be the mesh current in the middle loop, flowing clockwise.
Let 𝐼3be the mesh current in the rightmost loop, flowing clockwise.

Mesh 1: The current source of 10 A is in this mesh and directly determines 𝐼1.
 2. Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to each mesh:

𝐼1=10 A

 Mesh 2: Applying KVL to the second mesh:

5(𝐼2−𝐼1) +20𝐼2+5(𝐼2−𝐼3) =0
5𝐼2−5𝐼1+20𝐼2+5𝐼2−5𝐼3=0
30𝐼2−5𝐼1−5𝐼3=0

Substitute 𝐼1=10 A:
30𝐼2−5(10) −5𝐼3=0
30𝐼2−50−5𝐼3=0
30𝐼2−5𝐼3=50(Equation 1)
 Mesh 3: Applying KVL to the third mesh:
5(𝐼3−𝐼2) +30𝐼3+100=0
5𝐼3−5𝐼2+30𝐼3+100=0
35𝐼3−5𝐼2=−100(Equation 2)
3. Solve the system of equations:

𝐼2 in terms of 𝐼3:
From Equation 2, we can express

𝐼2=7𝐼3+20
5𝐼2=35𝐼3+100

Substitute this into Equation 1:

30(7𝐼3+20) −5𝐼3=50
210𝐼3+600−5𝐼3=50
205𝐼3=50−600

𝐼3=−550/205≈−2.68 A
205𝐼3=−550

𝐼3back into the expression for 𝐼2:

Now, substitute

𝐼2=7(−2.68) +20=−18.76+20=≈1.24 A

4. Calculate Branch Currents:

𝐼10Ω=𝐼1=10 A
o Current through the 10Ω resistor:

𝐼5Ω, left=𝐼1−𝐼2=10−1.22=8.78 A(downwards)

o Current through the left 5Ω resistor:

𝐼20Ω=𝐼2=1.22 A
o Current through the 20Ω resistor:

𝐼5Ω, middle=𝐼2−𝐼3=1.22−(−2.68) =3.9 A

o Current through the middle 5Ω resistor:

𝐼5Ω, right=𝐼3=−2.68 A(meaning 2.68 A flows upwards)

o Current through the right 5Ω resistor:

𝐼30Ω=𝐼3=−2.68 A(meaning 2.68 A flows upwards)

o Current through the 30Ω resistor: