1 Basics of Geometry

1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes

1.2 Measuring and Constructing Segments
1.3 Using Midpoint and Distance Formulas
1.4 Perimeter and Area in the Coordinate Plane
1.5 Measuring and Constructing Angles
1.6 Describing Pairs of Angles

SEE the Big Idea

Alamillo
Alamil
Al idge (p.
illlo Bridge
Brid (p. 53)
53)

Soccer ((p. 49))

Shed ((p. 33))

Skateboard (p
(p. 20)

Sulfur
S ulf ide ((p.
Hexafluoride
lfur H exafl
fluorid p. 7)

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 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Finding Absolute Value
Example 1 Simplify ∣ −7 − 1 ∣.

∣ −7 − 1 ∣ = ∣ −7 + (−1) ∣ Add the opposite of 1.

= ∣ −8 ∣ Add.
=8 Find the absolute value.

∣ −7 − 1 ∣ = 8

Simplify the expression.

1. ∣ 8 − 12 ∣ 2. ∣ −6 − 5 ∣ 3. ∣ 4 + (−9) ∣
4. ∣ 13 + (−4) ∣ 5. ∣ 6 − (−2) ∣ 6. ∣ 5 − (−1) ∣
7. ∣ −8 − (−7) ∣ 8. ∣ 8 − 13 ∣ 9. ∣ −14 − 3 ∣

Finding the Area of a Triangle

Example 2 Find the area of the triangle.
5 cm

18 cm

1
A = —2 bh Write the formula for area of a triangle.
1
= —2 (18)(5) Substitute 18 for b and 5 for h.
1
= —2 (90) Multiply 18 and 5.

= 45 Multiply —12 and 90.

The area of the triangle is 45 square centimeters.

Find the area of the triangle.

10. 11. 12.
7 yd
22 m 16 in.
24 yd

25 in.
14 m

13. ABSTRACT REASONING Describe the possible values for x and y when ∣ x − y ∣ > 0. What does it
mean when ∣ x − y ∣ = 0? Can ∣ x − y ∣ < 0? Explain your reasoning.

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

1

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 Mathematical Mathematically proficient students carefully specify units of measure.

Practices
Specifying Units of Measure

Core Concept
Customary Units of Length Metric Units of Length
1 foot = 12 inches 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 yard = 3 feet 1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1760 yards 1 kilometer = 1000 meters

in. 1 2 3
1 in. = 2.54 cm
cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Converting Units of Measure

Find the area of the rectangle in square centimeters.

2 in.
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

SOLUTION 6 in.
Use the formula for the area of a rectangle. Convert the units of length from customary units
to metric units.
Area = (Length)(Width) Formula for area of a rectangle
= (6 in.)(2 in.) Substitute given length and width.

[ ( 2.54 cm
= (6 in.) —
1 in. ) ] [ (2 in.)( 2.541 in.cm ) ]
— Multiply each dimension by the conversion factor.

= (15.24 cm)(5.08 cm) Multiply.

≈ 77.42 cm2 Multiply and round to the nearest hundredth.

The area of the rectangle is about 77.42 square centimeters.

Monitoring Progress
Find the area of the polygon using the specified units. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
1. triangle (square inches) 2. parallelogram (square centimeters)

2 cm 2 in.
2 cm

2.5 in.

3. The distance between two cities is 120 miles. What is the distance in kilometers? Round your answer
to the nearest whole number.

2 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes
Essential Question How can you use dynamic geometry software
to visualize geometric concepts?

Using Dynamic Geometry Software

Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw several points. Also,
draw some lines, line segments, and rays. What is the difference between a line, a line
segment, and a ray?
Sample

B G

A F

C E

Intersections of Lines and Planes

Work with a partner.
Q
a. Describe and sketch the ways in which two lines can
intersect or not intersect. Give examples of each using
the lines formed by the walls, floor, and ceiling in
your classroom.
B P
b. Describe and sketch the ways in which a line
and a plane can intersect or not intersect.
Give examples of each using the walls, A
UNDERSTANDING floor, and ceiling in your classroom.
MATHEMATICAL c. Describe and sketch the ways in which
TERMS two planes can intersect or not intersect.
To be proficient in math, Give examples of each using the walls,
you need to understand floor, and ceiling in your classroom.
definitions and previously
established results.
An appropriate tool, such
as a software package, Exploring Dynamic Geometry Software
can sometimes help.
Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to explore geometry. Use the
software to find a term or concept that is unfamiliar to you. Then use the capabilities
of the software to determine the meaning of the term or concept.

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you use dynamic geometry software to visualize geometric concepts?

Section 1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes 3

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 1.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Name points, lines, and planes.
Name segments and rays.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Sketch intersections of lines and planes.
undefined terms, p. 4 Solve real-life problems involving lines and planes.
point, p. 4
line, p. 4
plane, p. 4 Using Undefined Terms
collinear points, p. 4 In geometry, the words point, line, and plane are undefined terms. These words do
coplanar points, p. 4 not have formal definitions, but there is agreement about what they mean.
defined terms, p. 5
line segment, or segment, p. 5
endpoints, p. 5 Core Concept
ray, p. 5
opposite rays, p. 5
Undefined Terms: Point, Line, and Plane A
intersection, p. 6 Point A point has no dimension. A dot represents a point.
point A

Line A line has one dimension. It is represented by a A

line with two arrowheads, but it extends without end. B
Through any two points, there is exactly one line. You
can use any two points on a line to name it. line , line AB (AB),
or line BA (BA)

Plane A plane has two dimensions. It is represented

by a shape that looks like a floor or a wall, but it A M
extends without end. C
B
Through any three points not on the same line, there
is exactly one plane. You can use three points that plane M, or plane ABC
are not all on the same line to name a plane.

Collinear points are points that lie on the same line. Coplanar points are points that
lie in the same plane.

Naming Points, Lines, and Planes

n
a. Give two other names for ⃖⃗
PQ and plane R. Q
b. Name three points that are collinear. Name four V T m
points that are coplanar.
S P
R
SOLUTION
a. Other names for ⃖⃗
PQ are ⃖⃗
QP and line n. Other
names for plane R are plane SVT and plane PTV.
b. Points S, P, and T lie on the same line, so they are collinear. Points S, P, T,
and V lie in the same plane, so they are coplanar.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Use the diagram in Example 1. Give two other names for ⃖⃗
ST . Name a point
that is not coplanar with points Q, S, and T.

4 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 Using Defined Terms
In geometry, terms that can be described using known words such as point or line are
called defined terms.

Core Concept
Defined Terms: Segment and Ray
line
The definitions below use line AB (written as ⃖⃗
AB)
and points A and B. A B

Segment The line segment AB, or segment AB,

— ) consists of the endpoints A and B
(written as AB
segment

and all points on ⃖⃗

AB that are between A and B. endpoint endpoint
— can also be named BA
Note that AB —. A B

Ray The ray AB (written as ⃗

AB ) consists of the ray
endpoint A and all points on ⃖⃗
AB that lie on the endpoint
same side of A as B.
A B
Note that ⃗
AB and ⃗
BA are different rays.
endpoint
A B

Opposite Rays If point C lies on ⃖⃗

AB between
A and B, then ⃗
CA and ⃗
CB are opposite rays. A C B

Segments and rays are collinear when they lie on the same line. So, opposite rays are
collinear. Lines, segments, and rays are coplanar when they lie in the same plane.

Naming Segments, Rays, and Opposite Rays

—
a. Give another name for GH .
E G
COMMON ERROR b. Name all rays with endpoint J. Which
F
In Example 2, ⃗
JG and ⃗
JF of these rays are opposite rays? J
have a common endpoint, H
but they are not collinear. So,
SOLUTION
they are not opposite rays. — —
a. Another name for GH is HG .
JE , ⃗
b. The rays with endpoint J are ⃗ JG , ⃗
JF , and ⃗
JH . The pairs of opposite rays
with endpoint J are ⃗ JF , and ⃗
JE and ⃗ JG and ⃗
JH .

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use the diagram.

K M

P
L
N

2. Give another name for KL .

—
3. Are ⃗
KP and ⃗
PK the same ray? Are ⃗ ⃗ the same ray? Explain.
NP and NM

Section 1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes 5

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 Sketching Intersections
Two or more geometric figures intersect when they have one or more points in
common. The intersection of the figures is the set of points the figures have in
common. Some examples of intersections are shown below.

m
A
n q

The intersection of two

different lines is a point.

The intersection of two

different planes is a line.

Sketching Intersections of Lines and Planes

a. Sketch a plane and a line that is in the plane.

b. Sketch a plane and a line that does not intersect the plane.
c. Sketch a plane and a line that intersects the plane at a point.

SOLUTION
a. b. c.

Sketching Intersections of Planes

Sketch two planes that intersect in a line.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw a vertical plane. Shade the plane.
Step 2 Draw a second plane that is horizontal.
Shade this plane a different color.
Use dashed lines to show where one
plane is hidden.
Step 3 Draw the line of intersection.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4. Sketch two different lines that intersect a plane

B
at the same point.

Use the diagram. k

P Q
5. Name the intersection of ⃖⃗
PQ and line k. M A

6. Name the intersection of plane A and plane B.

7. Name the intersection of line k and plane A.

6 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 Solving Real-Life Problems

Modeling with Mathematics

The diagram shows a molecule of sulfur hexafluoride, the most potent greenhouse gas
in the world. Name two different planes that contain line r.

A
q
D
B E

r
G
F

SOLUTION
Electric utilities use sulfur hexafluoride
as an insulator. Leaks in electrical
1. Understand the Problem In the diagram, you are given three lines, p, q, and r,
equipment contribute to the release of that intersect at point B. You need to name two different planes that contain line r.
sulfur hexafluoride into the atmosphere. 2. Make a Plan The planes should contain two points on line r and one point not
on line r.
3. Solve the Problem Points D and F are on line r. Point E does not lie on line r.
So, plane DEF contains line r. Another point that does not lie on line r is C. So,
plane CDF contains line r.
Note that you cannot form a plane through points D, B, and F. By definition,
three points that do not lie on the same line form a plane. Points D, B, and F are
collinear, so they do not form a plane.
4. Look Back The question asks for two different planes. You need to check
whether plane DEF and plane CDF are two unique planes or the same plane
named differently. Because point C does not lie on plane DEF, plane DEF and
plane CDF are different planes.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use the diagram that shows a molecule of phosphorus pentachloride.

s

J K
H
L

8. Name two different planes that contain line s.

9. Name three different planes that contain point K.
10. Name two different planes that contain ⃗
HJ .

Section 1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes 7

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 1.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Compare collinear points and coplanar points.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which term does not belong with the other three?
Explain your reasoning.

—
AB plane CDE ⃖⃗
FG ⃗
HI

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, use the diagram. In Exercises 11–16, use the diagram. (See Example 2.)

B S t
C
B
A
E s
D
T A
E
C

3. Name four points.

D
4. Name two lines.
11. What is another name for BD ?
—
5. Name the plane that contains points A, B, and C.
12. What is another name for AC ?
—
6. Name the plane that contains points A, D, and E.
13. What is another name for ray ⃗
AE?
In Exercises 7–10, use the diagram. (See Example 1.)
14. Name all rays with endpoint E.
g
15. Name two pairs of opposite rays.

W 16. Name one pair of rays that are not opposite rays.
f
S
Q
In Exercises 17–24, sketch the figure described.
R T
V
(See Examples 3 and 4.)
17. plane P and line intersecting at one point

18. plane K and line m intersecting at all points on line m

Give two other names for ⃖⃗
19. ⃗
AB and ⃖⃗
7. WQ.
AC
8. Give another name for plane V. ⃗ and NX
20. MN ⃗
9. Name three points that are collinear. Then name 21. plane M and ⃗
NB intersecting at B
a fourth point that is not collinear with these
three points. 22. plane M and ⃗
NB intersecting at A

23. plane A and plane B not intersecting

10. Name a point that is not coplanar with R, S, and T.
24. plane C and plane D intersecting at ⃖⃗
XY

8 Chapter 1 Basics of Geometry

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 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, describe In Exercises 35–38, name the geometric term modeled
and correct the error in naming opposite rays in by the object.
the diagram.
35.

A
B
X D
Y

E
36.

✗
25.

⃗
AD and ⃗
AC are opposite rays.

✗
26.
37. 38.
— and YE
YC — are opposite rays.

In Exercises 27–34, use the diagram.

B I C

A
D In Exercises 39–44, use the diagram to name all the
points that are not coplanar with the given points.
F 39. N, K, and L K
G L

40. P, Q, and N
E J H N
41. P, Q, and R M

27. Name a point that is collinear with points E and H. 42. R, K, and N
R
S
28. Name a point that is collinear with points B and I. 43. P, S, and K

29. Name a point that is not collinear with points E 44. Q, K, and L Q P
and H.
45. CRITICAL THINKING Given two points on a line and
30. Name a point that is not collinear with points B and I. a third point not on the line, is it possible to draw
a plane that includes the line and the third point?
31. Name a point that is coplanar with points D, A, and B. Explain your reasoning.

32. Name a point that is coplanar with points C, G, and F. 46. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible for one point to be
in two different planes? Explain your reasoning.
33. Name the intersection of plane AEH and plane FBE.

34. Name the intersection of plane BGF and plane HDG.

Section 1.1 Points, Lines, and Planes 9

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