Welcome to the Webinar on FEMA P-2208
NEHRP Recommended Revisions to ASCE/SEI 41-17
recommendations related to Concrete Structural Walls
Instructor: Garrett Hagen, PE, SE,
is a Principal with Degenkolb Engineers.
Handouts. Webinar handouts will be sent in the chat and are available at this link:
https://cloud.atcouncil.org/s/GjFZw6s4jbm4b7p
https://cloud.atcouncil.org/s/GjFZw6s4jbm4b7p
PDH Certificates. Participants who are both registered and in attendance today will receive a PDH
certificate by email within 4 weeks.
Q&A. Use the Q&A window at the bottom of your screen to pose questions. Some questions will be
answered live; others will be distributed by email within 4 weeks.
Recording. A link to the recording will be sent by email after the event.
Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Background
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Background
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Background
▪ Six Working Groups (WGs)
• WG1, Linear Analysis
• WG1, Nonlinear Analysis
• WG2, Foundations
• WG3, Concrete Structural Walls
• WG4, Tier 1 and 2
• WG6, Unreinforced Masonry
▪ Generated 35 change proposals; all accepted for ASCE/SEI 41-23 (with changes)
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Background
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Background
▪ FEMA P-2208 provides the technical background for changes made in ASCE/SEI 41-23.
▪ ASCE is presenting webinars on the final ASCE/SEI 41-23 changes.
▪ An updated version of FEMA P-2006 (with worked examples of ASCE/SEI 41-23) will be
released in late 2025.
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Background
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Wall Classification -- Motivation
▪ Procedures for classifying walls not
explicitly specified in ASCE/SEI 41-17
hw/lw recommendation in commentary a
rough guide only
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Wall Classification -- Motivation
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Wall Classification – Technical Studies
Wall Failure Modes in Database
▪ Large database of tests and research
Detailed data on over 1,100 concrete wall
tests
Ability to filter for criteria
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Wall Classification – Technical Studies
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
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Wall Classification – Technical Studies
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls and Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
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Wall Classification – Technical Studies
▪ Flexure-Shear-Controlled Walls
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Wall Classification – Technical Studies
Sliding shear strength
over diagonal shear
strength
Minimum of sliding
shear strength or
diagonal shear strength
over Shear demand at
flexural yielding
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Wall Classification – Recommended Revisions
Sliding shear strength
VCE = Minimum of sliding
shear strength or Diagonal shear strength
diagonal shear strength Shear demand at flexural yielding
Dynamic shear amplification factor
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Wall Classification – Recommended Revisions
▪ 1.15 (instead of 1.0) chosen to reduce risk of borderline walls being given more liberal
drift capacities
▪ No moment strength amplification factor needed
▪ If hw/lw < 1.0, can assume not flexure-controlled
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Concrete Wall Stiffness -- Motivation
▪ ASCE/SEI 41-17 Flexural Stiffness: 0.35EIg (cracked stiffness)
Other variables
No allowance for uncracked stiffness
Nonlinear commentary allows alternative modeling, but limited testing
▪ ASCE/SEI 41-17 Shear Stiffness: 100% gross uncracked shear stiffness (0.4Eaw)
Overestimates effective shear stiffness
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Technical Studies
Flexural stiffness – Uncracked (Moment Demand < Cracking Moment)
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Recommended Revisions
Flexural stiffness – Uncracked (Moment Demand < Cracking Moment)
Result: Stiffness now depends on axial load and whether concrete expected to crack
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Technical Studies
Flexural stiffness – Cracked (Moment Demand > Cracking Moment)
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Recommended Revisions
Flexural stiffness – Cracked (shear ≥ 2 f 'c )
Simplified Table More Detailed Table
Result: Stiffness now depends on axial load and whether concrete expected to crack
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Technical Studies
Shear stiffness
Uncracked (shear < 2 f 'c ) Cracked (shear ≥ 2 f 'c )
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Concrete Wall Stiffness – Recommended Revisions
Shear stiffness
Uncracked Cracked
70% gross shear modulus 33% gross shear modulus
GgE = 0.3EcE GgE/3 = 0.15EcE
New New
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Flexure-Controlled Walls -- Motivation
▪ The acceptance criteria have not been updated since the 1990s
▪ Want better correlation with actual backbone curves
▪ Want to cover more conditions explicitly
Flanged walls
Relatively high axial load
Lower reinforcement ratios
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Updated Backbone Shape
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Conforming vs. Nonconforming
▪ Conforming Walls (slightly less restrictive than for ACI 318-19 with SBEs)
Two curtains web vertical and horizontal reinforcement
Boundary longitudinal reinforcement ratio
Boundary transverse reinforcement greater than or equal to 0.7*ACI 318-19
Vertical transverse reinforcement ratio minimums
Distance between laterally supported boundary longitudinal bars >1” and <9”
f’cE at least 3 ksi
▪ Nonconforming
Does not meet all conforming detailing
One or more curtains web vertical and horizontal reinforcement
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Conforming – Point E
▪ Point E – Just before axial failure
▪ enl = hinge rotation capacity at axial failure
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Conforming Modeling Parameters
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Nonconforming – Point C
▪ Point C – Peak strength
▪ dnl = hinge rotation capacity at peak strength
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Nonconforming
▪ Low longitudinal reinforcement ratio, lw
0.001 <= lw < 0.0025
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Nonconforming Modeling Parameters
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Nonlinear Acceptance Criteria
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Linear Acceptance Criteria
▪ Option 1
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Linear Acceptance Criteria
▪ Option 2
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Flexure-Controlled Walls – Comparison to ASCE/SEI 41-17
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Shear-Controlled Walls -- Motivation
▪ Modeling parameters and acceptance criteria last updated in ASCE/SEI 41-06
Supplement 1
▪ Additional wall tests since that time
▪ Provisions overly conservative for many structures
▪ No direction on non-rectangular walls
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Updated Backbone Shape
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point F
▪ Point F – Cracking Shear Strength, fnl
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point F
▪ Point F – Cracking Shear Strength, fnl
▪ c varies between 2 to 3 depending on h/l
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point B
▪ Point B – Yield Shear Strength
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point B
▪ Point B – Yield Shear Strength
Recommended Revision:
If web,h < 0.0015, multiply result by 0.85
Where:
= Shear demands at flexural yielding
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point C
▪ Point C – Peak Shear Strength, c’nl
Proposed: c’nl = 1.10*Yield Shear Strength
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Shear Strength – Point E
▪ Point E – Residual Shear Strength, cnl
▪ Parameters impacting:
Axial load ratio
Wall cross-section shape
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Stiffness for Nonlinear
Uncracked shear stiffness
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Nonlinear Acceptance Criteria
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Nonlinear Acceptance Criteria
▪ Comparison to ASCE/SEI 41-17
Collapse Prevention Life Safety
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Linear Acceptance Criteria (m-factors)
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Shear-Controlled Walls – Linear Acceptance Criteria (m-factors)
▪ Comparison to ASCE/SEI 41-17
Collapse Prevention Life Safety
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls -- Motivation
▪ ASCE/SEI 41-17 did not have explicit provisions for shear-friction
Connections between concrete to be considered force-controlled, but little guidance
on application
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls -- Background
▪ ACI 318 approach
Evaluate shear transfer at concrete-concrete interface crossed by perpendicular
reinforcement
Equation – highly dependent on interface type
Derived from monotonic loading, not earthquake loading with load reversals
▪ Influences on Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
Interface condition – less of an influence under cyclic loading (interface matters more in
squat walls)
Cyclic loading – gaps develop due to rocking of wall and longitudinal bar yielding
Flanges – increase shear-sliding resistance
Added Dowels – may just shift failure plane to dowel ends
Rebar grade – higher strength bars need lower or limits on yield strength
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – New Backbone Shape
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Strength – Point B
▪ Point B – Yield Strength
▪ Proposed equation:
Where:
= 0.7 concrete cast monolithically or roughened to ¼” amplitude
= 0.6 non intentionally roughened
▪ Simplified option: use VCyfWallSE
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Strength – Point C
▪ Point C – Peak Strength, c’nl
Proposed: c’nl = 1.10*Yield Shear Strength
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Strength – Point E
▪ Point E – Residual Strength, cnl
Proposed: cnl = 0.5*Yield Shear Strength
(monolithic/roughened)
= 0.6*Yield Shear Strength
(not roughened)
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Nonlinear Modeling
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Nonlinear Acceptance Criteria
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Shear-Friction Controlled Walls – Linear Acceptance Criteria (m-factors)
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Agenda
▪ Background
▪ Wall Classification
▪ Concrete Wall Stiffness
▪ Flexure-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Controlled Walls
▪ Shear-Friction Controlled Walls
▪ Modeling Considerations
▪ Q&A
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Modeling Considerations
▪ General Analysis
▪ Lumped Plasticity
▪ Fiber-Section Approach
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Modeling Considerations – General Analysis
▪ Commentary on nonlinear procedures
Regularizing models, including references
Computing rotations if a concentrated hinge not used
▪ Linear procedure modeling
Allows walls and wall segments to be modeled as equivalent beam-column elements
▪ Nonlinear procedure modeling
Allows decoupled rotation and translational elements for walls
Asymmetrical walls shall be modeled differently in the two directions
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Modeling Considerations – Lumped Plasticity Approach
▪ Explicitly allows lumped-plasticity
▪ Refers to new nonlinear modeling parameters
▪ Provides additional guidance on flexure-controlled walls
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Modeling Considerations – Fiber-Section Approach
▪ Explicitly allows fiber-section approach, including beam-column elements
▪ If no specific experimental data, stress-strain models must match backbone
curves in main section
▪ Flexural fibers are independent from shear and shear-friction; classification used
to determine all inelastic action in appropriate model spring
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Closing and Thank You
▪ PDH certificates
Provided for participants of live webinar (not the recording)
Distributed via email within four weeks
▪ Q&A
Distributed via email within four weeks
▪ Getting the FEMA P-2208 Publication
Call or email: 1-800-480-2520 /
[email protected] FEMA P-2208: Webinar (Concrete Structural Walls) 69
