EDA engineer.

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Engineering Design & Analysis

A Practical Course in Industrial Piping

OUTLINE

1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of Piping 2
1.2. Piping Nomenclature & Components 3
1.3. Regulatory Acts, Codes & Standards 5
1.4. Line Designation Tables 7
1.5. Regulatory Authorities 8

Problem Set 1 9

2. Codes & Standards

2.1. ASME 10
2.2. NEPA / NFC / NFPA 12
2.3. CSA 13
2.4. MSS 14
2.5. API 15
2.6. ASTM 16

Problem Set 2 17

3. Supplemental Documents
3.1. Owner’s Specifications & Documents 25
3.2. Contractor’s Standards & Documents 26

Problem Set 3 26

4. Piping Design
4.1. Failure Mechanisms 27
4.2. Code Considerations for Design 28
4.3. Material Selection 39
4.4. Fabricated Tees & Area Reinforcement 54
4.5. Piping Flexibility Analysis 57

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Definition of Piping

Pipe is a pressure tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure,
ordinarily designated pipe in applicable material specifications. Materials designated
tube or tubing in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended for pressure
service.

Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate,

discharge, meter, control or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-supporting
elements but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bents,
foundations, or any equipment excluded from Code definitions.

Piping components are mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into
pressure-tight fluid-containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings,
flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, flexible joints,
pressure hoses, traps, strainers, in-line portions of instruments and separators.

Piping is typically round.

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1.2 Piping Nomenclature, Components

Graphic of piping system illustrating

 header
 branch connection
 valve
 flange
 expansion joint
 expansion loop
 pipe support
 reducer
 elbow

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Pipe system essentials:

Header  Main run of piping

Take off  Branch run

Stub in  Branch fitting connection made to header by direct attachment of

branch

Branch  Material added in the vicinity of a branch opening to restore the
reinforcement mechanical integrity of the pipe

NPS  Nominal pipe size

Pipe support  Support elements which serve to maintain the structural integrity
of the piping system, these are typically non-linear elements

Spring support  Support provided by an element composed of a spring assembly,

these are linear support elements

Snubber  Support provided by an element composed of a non-linear,

damping element

Category D  Within reference of B31.3, a service classification

Category M  Within reference of B31.3, a service classification

Expansible  Any vapour or gaseous substance, any liquid under such pressure
fluid and temperature such that when pressure is reduced to
atmospheric, will change to a gas

Hydro test  Test pressure = 1.5 x MAWP (some of the time)

MAWP  Maximum allowable working pressure

MDMT  Minimum design metal temperature

Fracture  Typically measured by CVN (Charpy V Number) at MDMT

toughness

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1.3 Regulatory Acts, Codes & Standards

Codes

Codes are rules for the design of prescribed systems which are given the force of law
through provincial, state and federal legislation. In Canada, provincial governments
have the responsibility for public safety which includes these facilities, among others:

 Pressure piping
 Pressure vessels
 Boilers
 Pipelines
 Plumbing systems
 Gas piping

Alberta Safety Codes Acts and Codes of Practice

The following are applicable to the first four facilities listed above.

Boilers and Pressure Vessels Regulation

 Prescribes requirements for registration of pressure vessels, boilers, pressure
piping and fittings

Design, Construction and Installation of Boilers and Pressure Vessels Regulations

 Cites the codes and “bodies of rules” that form part of the regulations
 CSA B51 Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Pressure Piping Code
 CSA B52 Mechanical Refrigeration Code
 CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems
 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
 ASME B31 Pressure Piping Codes
 B31.1 Power Piping
 B31.3 Process Piping
 B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum
Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia and Alcohols
 B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
 ANSI K61.1 Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous
Ammonia
 NFPA 58 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum
Gases
 DOT Regulations of the Department of Transportation Governing the
Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Tank Motor Vehicles
 MSS Standard Practice SP 25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,
Flanges and Unions
 TEMA Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

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Pipeline Act

Cites the “minimum requirements for the design, construction, testing, operation,
maintenance and repair of pipelines”:

 CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems

 CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems
 CSA Z169 Aluminum Pipe and Pressure Piping Systems
 Canadian Petroleum Association Recommended Practice for Liquid Petroleum
Pipeline Leak Prevention and Detection in the Province of Alberta

Currently, CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems

(This standard supercedes Z183 & Z184)

In the US:

As in Canada, some facilities are governed by federal regulations. Interstate pipeline

facilities are defined by the:

 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49

 Part 192 Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline – Minimum
Federal Safety Standards
 Part 193 Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities
 Part 195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline

Other pipeline pressure piping codes include:

 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and

Other Liquids
 ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems

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1.4 Line Designation Tables

The Province of Alberta Safety Codes Act "Design, Construction and Installation of
Boilers & Pressure Vessels Regulations" par 7(2) requires that construction of a
pressure piping system must include submission of drawings, specifications and other
information and include:

(a) flow or line diagrams showing the general arrangement of all boilers, pressure
vessels, pressure piping systems and fittings

(b) pipeline identification lists showing the maximum pressures and temperatures for
each pressure piping system

(c) a list of pressure relief devices, including the set pressure

(d) material specifications, size, schedule and primary service rating of all pressure
piping and fittings

(e) the welding procedure registration number

(f) the pressure pipe test procedure outlining the type, method, test media , test
pressure, test temperature, duration and safety precautions

(g) a form, provided by the Administrator, completed by the engineering designer or

contractor which relates to the general engineering requirements for design and field
construction of pressure piping systems

(h) such other information as is necessary for a safety codes officer to survey the design
and determine whether it is suitable for approval and registration

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1.5 Regulatory Authorities

Most jurisdictions have regulatory authorities to ensure pressure vessel and piping
systems are constructed to national or international Codes and Standards; the exact
designation, i.e., Code / Standard, is dependent on the jurisdiction. Furthermore,
jurisdictions may require that the designers of pressure systems (either vessels or
piping) are “professional” engineers.

The definition of “professional” takes on differing distinctions; e.g., in some jurisdictions,

a regulatory body may license a legally recognized professional, while in others, the
professional is a person with the requisite academic and work experience meeting the
Code or Standard requirements.

In the latter case, the Code or Standard references a Designer being responsible for the
engineering design of the equipment in order to avoid conflict with those bodies having
jurisdiction of the title of “Professional Engineer”.

All Canadian and many U.S. jurisdictions require this title. Notwithstanding, in some
jurisdiction, those regulatory bodies having direct responsibility for registering pressure
vessel and piping systems may do so without the imprimatur of the Professional
Engineer. This is due to overlap and confusion (for outsiders) as to the requirements of
the capital “P” professional in designing the equipment. The province of Alberta is one
such jurisdiction where APEGA and ABSA (Alberta Boiler Safety Association) have
differing requirements; in this case, ABSA may accept designs from a Designer who
does not hold a Professional Engineer designation, but still satisfying Code / Standard
qualifications.

Regulatory authorities hold significant authority; there are instances where the regulator
may reject designs that actually meet Code / Standard; in others, the regulator may
reject designs that are better than Code; the reasons being arbitrary. Many jurisdictions
publish additional detailed technical requirements that can refute entire Code sections,
which the jurisdiction previously approved in Code committee review.

Objecting to the regulator’s preferences can be difficult as regulators are given a very
high level of authority in approving pressure equipment and piping design. Bringing
legal action against a regulator’s ruling is risky. A more productive approach is to
develop good relations with the regulator, to learn their specific administrative and
technical rules and use tact in objecting to any direction given by the regulator.

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Problem Set 1

1 Which Act governs the design of plant pressure piping systems in Alberta?

2 Are process plant water lines considered pressure-piping systems?

3 For what fluid service category may a hydro test be waived per B31.3?

4 What is the difference between a pipe elbow and a bend?

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2.0 Codes and Standards

The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping
systems.

2.1 The ASME B31 Piping Codes

Piping codes developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers:

B31.1 Power Piping

Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and

institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district heating
and cooling plants.

B31.3 Process Piping

Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,

per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and
terminals.

B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

Piping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants and
terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations.

B31.5 Refrigeration Piping

Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants.

B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems

Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and
terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gathering
pipelines.

B31.9 Building Services Piping

Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings

and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes, pressures
and temperatures covered in B311.1

B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within

terminals, pumping and regulating stations.

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The following codes are used to specify the geometric, material and strength of piping and
components:

ASME B16 Dimensional Codes

The ASME B16 Piping Component Standards

Piping component standard developed by the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150 and 300
B16.4 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
B16.10 Face to Face and End to End Dimensions of Valves
B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
B16.12 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings
B16.14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
B16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings Class 125 and 250
B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
B16.20 Ring Joint Gaskets and Grooves for Steel Pipe Flanges
B16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings – DWV
B16.24 Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 150, 300,
400,600, 900, 1500 and 2500
B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
B16.26 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
B16.28 Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
B16.29 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage
Fittings – DWV
B16.32 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Sovent Drainage Systems
B16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping systems
Up to 125 psig (sizes ½ through 2)
B16.34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
B16.36 Orifice Flanges
B16.37 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
B16.38 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (Manually Operated, NPS 2 ½
to 12, 125 psig maximum)
B16.39 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions, Classes 1150, 250 and 300
B16.40 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gs Shutoffs and Valves in Gas
Distribution Systems
B16.42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300
B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS 26 through NPS 60)

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ASME B36 Piping Component Standards

Piping standards developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers /

American National Standards Institute:

B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe

Other ASME or ANSI

B73.1 Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps

B73.2 Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
B133.2 Basic Gas Turbine

2.2 NEPA Codes

National Electrical Protection Association

Piping covering fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam,
dry chemical and wet chemicals.

NFC - NFPA Codes

National Fire Code / National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities

Piping for medical and laboratory gas systems.

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2.3 CSA Standards

Canadian Standards Association

CSA Z662 - 94 Oil & Gas Pipeline Systems

This standard supercedes these standards:

 CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems

 CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems
 CAN/CSA Z187 Offshore Pipelines

Other CSA Piping and Component Codes:

B 51 Boilers and Pressure Vessels

B 53 Identification of Piping Systems
B 52 Mechanical Refrigeration Code
B 63 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
B 137.3 Rigid Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
B 137.4 Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas Service
W 48.1 Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
W 48.3 Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes
Z 245.1 Steel Line Pipe
Z 245.11 Steel Fittings
Z 245.12 Steel Flanges
Z 245.15 Steel Valves
Z 245.20 External Fusion Bond Epoxy Coating for Steel Pipe
Z 245.21 External Polyethylene Coating for Pipe
Z 276 LNG - Production, Storage and Handling

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2.4 MSS Standard Practices

These are piping and related component standards developed by the Manufacturer’s
Standardization Society. The MSS standards are directed at general industrial
applications. The pipeline industry makes extensive use of these piping component and
quality acceptance standards.

SP-6 Standard Finishes for Contact Faces Pipe Flanges and Connecting End
Flanges of Valves and Fittings
SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Union
SP-44 Steel Pipeline Flanges
SP-53 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges
and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Magnetic Particle
SP-54 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings
and Other Piping Components - Radiographic
SP-55 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings
and Other Piping Components - Visual
SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Material, Design and Manufacture
SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application
SP-75 High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings
SP-82 Valve Pressure Testing Methods
SP-89 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Fabrication and Installation Practices

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2.5 API

American Petroleum Institute

The API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distribution
services. Equipment specified to these standards are typically more robust than general
industrial applications.

Spec. 5L Line Pipe

Spec. 6D Pipeline Valves
Spec. 6FA Fire Test for Valves
Spec. 12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. 12F Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. 12J Oil and Gas Separators
Spec. 12K Indirect Type Oil Field Heaters

Std. 594 Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check Valves

Std. 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
Std. 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 600 Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves-Flanged Threaded, Welding, and Extended-
Body Ends
Std. 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate Valves
Std. 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
Std. 608 Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. 609 Lug-and Wafer-Type Butterfly Valves
Std. 610 Centrifugal Pumps For Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and Gas
Industry Services
Std. 611 General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 612 Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Services
Std. 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special Purpose
Application
Std. 615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery Services
Std. 616 Gas Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. 619 Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General Refinery
Services
Std. 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
Std. 630 Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery Service
Std. 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
Std. 660 Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. 670 Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring Systems
Std. 671 Special Purpose Couplings for Refinery Service
Std. 674 Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating

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API (cont’d)

Std. 675 Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled Volume

Std. 676 Positive Displacement Pumps-Rotary
Std. 677 General Purpose Gear Units for Refineries Services
Std. 678 Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring System
Std. 1104 Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
Std. 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks - Non-
Refrigerated and Refrigerated

RP 530 Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries

RP 560 Fired Heater for General Refinery Services
RP 682 Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
RP 1110 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines

Publ. 941 Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperature and Pressures in
Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
Publ. 2009 Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries
Publ. 2015 Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks

2.6 ASTM

There are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials designations cover the
specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and
valves. The ASTM standards are directed to dimensional standards, materials and
strength considerations.

Some of the more material standards referenced are:

A 36 Specification for Structural Steel

A 53 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot –Dipped, Zinc Coated Welded
and Seamless

A 105 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components

A 106 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature
Service

A 181 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel for General Purpose Piping

A 182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged
Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High Temperature Service

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A 193 Specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High
Temperature Service

A 194 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure
and High Temperature Service

A 234 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel
for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures

A 333 Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low Temperature
Service

A 350 Specification for Forgings, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Requiring Notch
Toughness Testing for Piping Components

A 352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic for Pressure
Containing Parts Suitable for Low Temperature Service

A 420 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel
for Low Temperature Service

A 694 Specification for Forgings, carbon and Alloy Steel for Pipe Flanges,
Fittings, Valves and Parts for High Pressure Transmission Service

A 707 Specification for Flanges, Forged, Carbon and Alloy Steel for Low
Temperature Service

Problem Set 2

1. A project award has been made. At the kick off meeting, the PM advises that piping
design will be to B31.4. The facility is steam piping in a refinery extending from the
boiler to the tank farm. What do you do or say and why?

2. A liquid pipeline is to be built to Z184. You raise an issue. Why?

3. What flange specification would you expect to reference for a gas pipeline facility?

Show the development of your answers.

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Section 1 – Attachments

Fig 100.1.2(B) of ASME B31.1

Fig 300.1.1 of ASME B31.3 1996
Fig 300.1.1 of ASME B31.3 1999
Fig 400.1.1 of ASME B31.4
Fig 400.1.2 of ASME B31.4
Fig 1.1 of CSA Z 662
Fig 1.2 of CSA Z 662
Table of Contents CSA Z 662

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3.0 Supplemental Documents

3.1 Owner’s Specifications & Documents

Many of the Owners in the industries we service are technically sophisticated and will
often have supplementary specifications, standards or practices. It is the intent of these
documents to clarify and provide interpretation of the legislated Codes and industry
accepted standards specific to the Owner’s facilities.

These specifications typically go beyond the requirements of Codes and without

exception do not contravene a Code requirement.

Owner Specification .

Exxon / Imperial Oil International Basic Practices (IBP’s)

Shell

Petro-Canada Petro Canada Engineering Standards

Husky Oil Engineering Design Specification (EDS)

Project Design Specification (PDS)

Syncrude Canada Syncrude Engineering Standards

Suncor Inc Suncor OSG Technical Standards

Dow Chemical Engineering Practices

Celanese Celanese Edmonton Standards

Methanol / Braun
Engineering Site Standards
Corporate Engineering Standards
PIP (Process Industry Practices)

Enbridge Enbridge Engineering Standards

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3.2 Contractor’s Specifications & Documents

An engineering contractor and may be called upon to provide the engineering

specifications for a project if an Owner does not have his own standards or if required by
terms of the contract.

Typical engineering standards will cover the following subject areas:

 General
 Civil
 Mechanical
 Piping
 Electrical
 Instrumentation
 Process

Problem Set 3

1 What is the typical precedence of documents for engineering standards?

2 Can the Owner’s engineering standard override a Code provision?

3 Under what conditions can the Owner’s standard override a Code provision?

4 How would you deviate from an Owner’s engineering specification?

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4.0 Piping Design

Piping design deals with the:

 analytical design
 material selection
 geometric layout
 fabrication
 inspection specification
 component specification

of piping and piping components.

4.1 Failure Mechanisms

Piping and piping components may fail if inadequately designed, by a number of

different mechanisms. These failures, in the majority of cases are either load controlled
or displacement controlled failures.

 Pipe rupture due to overpressure

 Bending failure in pipe span
 Elbow cracking after 10 years of service, 5000 cycles of heat up to 500 F
 On heat up, a line comes into contact with adjacent header which is at ambient
temperature
 During startup on a cold winter day in Grande Prairie, an outdoor gas line located
above grade and constructed to Z662 is suddenly subjected to full line pressure and
ruptures.
 A 12” Sch.40 header, bottom supported, 40 feet long runs vertically up a tower and
connects to a nozzle. On steam out of the vessel, a 1’ deflection is observed in the
pipe and remains after the steam out procedure is completed and the pipe returns to
ambient temperature.
 A header of a reciprocating compressor has been stressed checked; during
operation vibration is observed in the line. During the unit turnaround, cracking is
found at midspan in the wrought piping material.
 A stress check determines that a hot, high alloy line does not pass the flexibility
requirements per B31.3. Twenty-five cycles are expected over the lifetime of the
line.

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4.2 Code Considerations for Design

Design of piping systems is governed by Codes. All codes have a common theme, they
are intended to set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design
and construction of piping installations.

The Codes are not intended to apply to the operation, examination, inspection, testing,
maintenance or repair of piping that has been placed in service. The Codes do not
prevent the User from applying the provisions of the Codes for those purposes.

Engineering requirements of the Codes, while considered necessary and adequate for
safe design, generally use a simplified approach. A designer capable of applying a more
rigorous analysis shall have the latitude to do so, but must be able to demonstrate the
validity of such analysis.

Design Conditions

Design conditions refer to the operating and design temperature and pressure that the
piping system will operate at over the course of its design life.

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Code Design Temperature & Design Pressure

Code Design Temperature Design Pressure

B31.1 The piping shall be designed for a metal temperature The internal design pressure shall be not less than the
representing the maximum sustained condition maximum sustained operating pressure (MSOP) within
expected. The design temperature shall be assumed to the piping system including the effects of static head.
be the same as the fluid temperature unless calculations
or tests support the use of other data, in which case the
design temperature shall not be less than the average of
the fluid temperature and the outside wall temperature.
B31.3 The design temperature of each component in a piping The design pressure of each component in a piping
system is the temperature at which, under the coincident system shall be not less than the pressure at the most
pressure, the greatest thickness or highest component severe condition of coincident internal or external
rating is required in accordance with par. 301.2 pressure and temperature expected during service,
except as provided in par. 302.2.4.
B31.4 The design temperature is the metal temperature The piping component at any point in the piping system
expected in normal operation. It is not necessary to vary shall be designed for an internal design pressure which
the design stress for metal temperatures between –20 F shall not be less than the maximum steady state
and 250 F. operating pressure at that point, or less than the static
head pressure at that point with the line in a static
condition. The maximum steady state operating
pressure shall be the sum of the static head pressure,
pressure required to overcome friction losses and any
required back pressure.
B31.8 No design temperature. The Code mentions only Design pressure is the maximum operating pressure
ambient temperature and ground temperature. (1975) permitted by the Code, as determined by the design
procedures applicable to the materials and locations
involved.

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Code Design Temperature & Design Pressure (cont’d)

Z662 For restrained piping, the temperature differential shall The design pressure at any specific location shall be
be the difference between the maximum flowing fluid specified by the designer, shall not be less than the
temperature and the metal temperature at the time of intended maximum operating pressure at any location,
restraint. and shall include static head, pressure required to
overcome friction loss and any required back pressure.
For unrestrained piping, the thermal expansion range to
be used in the flexibility analysis shall be the difference
between the maximum and minimum operating
temperatures.

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Design of Piping – B31.1

B31.1 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:

Minimum thickness for pressure:

P  Do 
tmin = +A
2( SE  PY )

P  d  2 SE  2 yPA
or t =
2( SE  Py  P )

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.

Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ):

SL Sh ; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents &
piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. The limit is based on the
static yield strength of the material.

P  Do
Slp=
4  tn

The computed displacement stress range SE :

SE  SA = f(1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh). SE stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain
displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is
based on fatigue considerations.

Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S h, the difference may be used
as an additional thermal expansion allowance.

2 2
SE = Sb  4 St

2 2
ii M i  i o M o
S b

Z

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B31.1 (cont’d)

The computed displacement stress range SE:

The factor “f” is a stress range reduction factor:

Cycles, N Factor, f

7,000 and less 1.0

> 7,000 to 14,000 0.9
>14,000 to 22,000 0.8
> 22,000 to 45,000 0.7
> 45,000 to 100,000 0.6
> 100,000 to 200,000 0.5
> 200,000 to 700,000 0.4
> 700,000 to 2,000,000 0.3

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Design of Piping – B31.3

B31.3 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:

Minimum thickness for pressure:

PD PD D  SE  P 
 (Lame Equation)
t= or t = or t =  (1 
2( SE  PY ) 2 SE 2  SE  P 

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.

Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ):

SL Sh ; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents &
piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. The limit is based on the
static yield strength of the material.

The computed displacement stress range SE :

SE SA = f(1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh). SE stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain
displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is
based on fatigue considerations.

Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S h, the difference may be used
as an additional thermal expansion allowance.

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Design of Piping – B31.4

B31.4 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:

Minimum thickness for pressure:

Pi  D
t=
2S

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.

S  0.72  E  SMYS ,

where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material

Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ):

SL 0.75  SA

where SA = 0.72  SMYS

SL, the stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than 0.75 x the allowable stress
range, SA at temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of
contents & piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation.

The computed displacement stress range SE :

For restrained lines:

SL = E  a    v  Sh  0.9 SMYS

For unrestrained lines:

SE SA

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Design of Piping – B31.8

B31.8 (1975) essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:

Design pressure:

2 S t
P= FET
D

F = design factor for construction type (includes a location factor)

E = longitudinal joint factor
T = temperature derating factor

S  SMYS ,

where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material

Total combined stress:

The total of the following shall not exceed S:

a) Combined stress due to expansion

b) Longitudinal pressure stress
c) Longitudinal bending stress due to internal + external loads

Further,

The sum of (b) + (c)  0.75  S  F  T

The computed displacement stress range SE :

B31.8 applies itself to the above ground piping in discussing expansion and flexibility to
a temperature of 450 F.

For these “unrestrained” lines:

SE 0.72  S

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Design of Piping – CSA Z662

Z662 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:

Pressure Design:

3
2 S  t  10  F  L  J  T
P= ; units are metric
D

F = design factor = 0.8

L = location factor per Table 4.1 (appear to be safety factors)
J = longitudinal joint factor
T = temperature derating factor
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS)

Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ):

For restrained lines (below ground):

Sh - SL + SB  0.90  S  T ; where, SL = v  Sh  E  a   (below ground)

* note conservatism with respect to definition of T, Code requires use of

temperature at time of restraint

Sh - SL + SB  S  T ; (above ground, freely spanning segments)

The computed displacement stress range SE :

For unrestrained lines (above ground):

SE  0.72  S  T

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Design of Piping

The Design Effort Continuum

Code Code +

Calculation Method

Simple Complex

Answer Quality

Conservative Accurate

Effort

Least Most

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Design Loads

The Codes prescribe minimum rules for stress conditions and alert the designer explicitly
to some of the loadings likely to act on a system. In addition to the previous listing, most
of the Codes specify design rules for:

 Occasional loads such as wind & earthquake

 External pressure

The Codes caution the designer to consider the effect of other loadings and their impact
on the stress state of the system:

 impact events (hydraulic shock, liquid & solid slugging, flashing, transients)
 auto- refrigeration, seasonal temperature variations
 vibration
 discharge reactions
 temperature gradients
 bi-metallic connections

 effects of support & restraint movements

 cyclic effects

The Codes do not explicitly alert the designer to other loadings which may cause failure
in the piping system, including:

 buckling (shell & column)

 nozzle loadings on attached equipment, such as
 pumps, compressors, engines
 pressure vessels
 steam generating equipment
 fired heaters
 heat exchangers
 loadings on in-line equipment such as flanges, valves, filters, strainers

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4.3 Material Selection

Key Considerations

 Material specification
 Chemical Composition
 Mechanical Properties
 Brittle fracture toughness
 Carbon equivalent
 Inspection
 Repair Welding Procedure

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Brittle Fracture

Brittle fracture refers to the often catastrophic failure of materials when subjected to
stresses at a lower temperature which the materially would normally be able to withstand
at higher temperatures.

A “transition temperature” can be defined at the 13.5, 20, 27 J (10, 15, 20 ft-lb) energy
level.

Charpy test resutls for steel plate obtained from failures of Liberty ships revealed that
plate failure never occurred at temperatures greater than the 20-J (15 ft-lb) transition
temperatue.

This transition temperature varies with the material and is not used as a criterion.

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Transition Temperatures

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Charpy Testing

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Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (B31.3-1999)

Energy
Fully Deoxidized Other than Fully
Steels Deoxidized Steels
Specified Minimum Tensile Number of Specimens
Strength Joules Ft-lbf Joules Ft-lbf

(a) Carbon & Low Alloy Steels

SMTS  65 ksi 18 13 14 10
16 10 10 7
65 ksi  SMTS  75 ksi Average for 3 specimens 20 15 18 13
Minimum for 1 specimen 16 12 14 10
75 ksi  SMTS  95 ksi 27 20 … …
20 15 … …

Lateral Expansion
96 ksi  SMTS Minimum for 3 specimen 0.015 in
(b) Steels in P-Nos. 6, 7, 8 Minimum for 3 specimen 0.015 in

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Impact Testing Exemption Temperatures – B31.3

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Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (CSA Z 662-1999)

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Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (CSA Z 662-1999) (cont’d)

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Specification for ASTM/ASME A 350 follows.

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Material Selection – Common Specifications for Carbon Steel Systems

Commodity B31.1 B31.3 B31.4 B31.8 CSA Z662

Pipe ASTM A 106 ASTM A 53 ASTM A 53 ASTM A 53 CSA Z 245.1

API 5L API 5L API 5L
API 5LU
Pipe – Low Temp ASTM A 333 Gr.6 ASTM A 333 Gr.6 ASTM A 333 Gr.6 ASTM A 333 Gr.6 CSA Z 245.1
Pipe – High Temp ASTM A 106 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 106
Bolting ASTM A 193 B7 ASTM A 193 B7 ASTM A 193 B7 ASTM A 193 B7 CSA Z 245.
ASTM A 320 ASTM A 320 ASTM A 354
ASTM A 449
Nut ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 194 2H
Fittings ASTM A 234 WPB ASTM A 234 WPB MSS SP-75 CSA Z 245.11
Fittings – Low Temp ASTM A 420 WPL6 ASTM A 420 WPL6 ASTM A 420 WPL6 CSA Z 245.11
Fittings – High Temp ASTM A 234 WPB ASTM A 234 WPB ASTM A 234 WPB
ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB
Flanges ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 CSA Z 245.12
ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 372
ASME B16.5 ASME B16.5 ASME B16.5 MSS SP-44
Flanges – Low Temp ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 350 LF2 CSA Z 245.12
ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM A 352 LCB
Flanges – High Temp ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105
ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 216 WCB
ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB
Valves ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 API 6D ASTM A 105 CSA Z 245.15
ASME B16.34 API 600 API 600 API 6D
ASME B16.34
ASME B16.38
Valves – Low Temp ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 350 LF2 CSA Z 245.15
ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM A 352 LCB
Valves – High Temp ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB

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Case Study:

SCOPE OF SUPPLY AND PRICE MAKE-UP - SECTION I

Project No. Project Name Requisition No. Page 1 of 1
Meter Stations
Equipment/Material

Account
Item Qty Description Code
NOTE: WALL THICKNESS IN BRACKETS MATCH PIPE
1 1 24"(0.500"WT)x20"(0.625"WT) XS CONC. RED BW, WPHY-70 (-50F),FW 4302A001.N320.0023.90050.4202

2 2 20"(0.625"WT)x16"(0.656"WT) CONC. RED BW, WPHY 70 (-50F),FW,LT 4302A001.N320.0023.90050.4202

3 4 20"(0.625"WT) XS 90 LR ELL BW, WPHY-70 (-50F),FW,LT 4302A001.N320.0023.90040.4202

4 1 20"(0.625"WT) XS STR TEE BW, WPHY-70 (-50F) 4302A001.N320.0023.90050.4202

5 1 24"( 0.500" WT) XS BW CAP, WPHY-70 (-50F) 4302A001.N320.0023.90055.4202

6 0 *ITEM DELETED
7 8 20"(0.625"WT)-600# RF WN FLG,XS BORE, MSS-SP44, F-70 -50F 4302A001.N320.0023.90030.4202

8 2 20"(0.625"WT)-600# RF BLD FLG, MSS-SP44, F-70 4302A001.N320.0023.90030.4202

9 2 16"(0.656"WT)-600# RF WN FLG,SCH60 BORE, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0023.90030.4202

SUB TOTAL

10 1 12"(0.500"WT)x8"(0.500 "WT)[Link] SCH XS BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0025.90050.4202

11 0 *ITEM DELETED
12 4 8"(0.500"WT) SCH 80, 90 LR ELL BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0025.90040.4202

13 1 8"(0.500"WT) SCH 80, 45 ELL BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0025.90040.4202

14 1 8" (0.500"WT)SCH 80 STR TEE, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0025.90050.4202

15 1 12"(0.500"WT) XS BW CAP, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0025.90055.4202

16 0 *ITEM DELETED
17 10 8"(0.500"WT)-600# RF WN FLG,SCH 80 BORE, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0025.90030.4202

18 2 8"(0.500"WT)-600# RF BLD FLG, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0025.90030.4202

SUB TOTAL

19 0 *ITEM DELETED

20 1 16"(.656"WT)x10"(.500"WT) [Link] BW, A420WPL6 (-50F) 4302A001.N320.0028.90050.4202

21 2 10"(.500"WT)x8"(.500"WT) CONC. RED, BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0028.90050.4202

22 5 10"(0.500"WT) XS, 90 LR ELL BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0028.90040.4202

23 0 10"(0.500"WT) XS, 45 ELL BW, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0028.90040.4202

24 1 10"(0.500"WT) XS STR TEE, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0028.90050.4202

25 1 16"(0.656"WT)SCH 60 BW CAP, A420 WPL6 4302A001.N320.0028.90055.4202

26 0 *ITEM DELETED
27 8 10"(0.500"WT)-600# RF WN FLG,XS BORE, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0028.90030.4202

28 2 10"(0.500"WT)-600# RF BLD FLG, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0028.90030.4202

29 2 8"(0.500"WT)-600# RF WN FLG,SCH 80 BORE, A350 LF2 4302A001.N320.0028.90030.4202

REVISED SUB TOTAL

All fittings and flanges shall have impact tests with a minimum Charpy V energy of 20 ft-lbs @-50 F
3 Deleted item 23, increased quantity of item 22 from 4 to 5
2 Materials changed
1 Materials and Quantities changed
Rev. Date. Description
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Case Study: Not all marked boxes are appropriate! Do you know which?

INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS - SECTION

Project No. Project Name Requisition No. Page 1 of 1
Meter Stations
Equipment / Material Rev. No.
Large Bore Flanges & Fittings 0
DOCUMENTATION: In addition to the copies required in Section III, one copy of the Documents marked (X) must be
provided by the Vendor to the Inspector when he/she visits the Shop.
ASME Code Report X Burst Test
X Material Certificates (Mech. and Chem. Test Reports)
X Charpy Impact Tests
Postweld Heat Treatment
Hardness Test
Performance Test Curves
Nameplate Rubbings or Fascimile
Certificate of Compliance
Certificate of Compliance (Batch Tests)
Union Label (Describe)
Valve Manufacturer's Certificate
Surface Preparation and Coating Reports
Calibration Certificates for Manufacturer's Equipment
PROCEDURES : The procedures and qualifications checked below are subject to approval by
engineering prior to fabrication.
High Pot Test Procedures Tube Rolling Procedures
Motor Test Procedures Tube Cleaning and Installation Procedure
Machining Procedures Quality Control Procedures
X Welding Procedures (WPS and PQR) Surface Preparation, Painting & Coating Procedures
X Welding Repair Procedures (WPS and PQR) Preparation for Shipment Procedure
Noise Test Procedures Performance Test Procedure
Routine Electrical Procedures Material Hardness Test Procedures
X NDT Procedures X QC Inspection and Test Plan
X Heat Treatment Procedure Calibration Procedure
Casting Repair Procedure
Hydrotest Procedure

INSPECTION CHECKLIST: The Inspector may check (C), review (R), approve (A) and/or witness (W) the
following items marked (X) below.
Welder's Qualifications (R) Sandblast, Painting, Coating and Galvanizing (A)
Drawing and Procedures (R) Mechanical/Electrical/Pneumatic Run Test (W & A)
X Material Test Reports (C, R, & A) X Nameplates, Tagging (C); Marking
Hydrotest (C) X Machining Tolerances (C)
Performance Test (W on one pump per model) Tube Cleaning and Installation Procedure (R)
Complete Train Test (W & A) Tube Bundle Insertion (W & A)
NPSH Test ( A) One per pump model Shop Fit Up Prior to Assembly (W)
Sound Level Test X Compliance with Specifications (C)
X Dimensional Check (C ) X Cleanliness Prior to Shipment (C)
X NDT (R) Electrical and Mechanical Runout (C)
Charts (C) Wiring Continuity/High Pot Test (C)
Rotor Balancing (R) X Flange Face Finish (C)
Compliance with Dimensional Outline Drawing (C) Final Equipment Inspection (A)
Compliance with Vendor's P&ID (C) Final Packaging Inspection (W & A)
Coupling Type and Size (R) Seal Pressure Test (C)
Coupling Hub Contact
Notes: 1) The Contractor's inspector or designate shall have access to Vendor's premises for the purpose of documentation review,
auditing or source inspection.

Note: Mark all revisions in column "R" with revision number 53

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4.4 Fabricated Tees & Area Reinforcement

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4.5 Piping Flexibility Analysis

Stress Analysis Criteria from SNC 46EC-6001:

This stress analysis criteria establishes the procedure, lists critical lines and piping
stress/design liaison flow sheet to be followed.

Lines to be analyzed:

 all lines attached to pumps, compressors, turbines and other rotating equipment

 all lines attached to reciprocating compressors

 all relief piping

 all lines 3” and over attached to non rotating equipment

 all category M piping

 all lines on racks

 all lines which the piping designer is uncomfortable with

 all vacuum lines

 all jacketed piping

 all tie-ins to existing piping

 all non metallic piping

 all steam out, decoking and regeneration lines

 all lines 16” and larger

 all lines 6” and larger over 250C

 all lines over 400C

 all lines specifically requested by the stress department.

 all lines specifically requested by the Client.

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The following pages are taken directly from ASME B31.3 and discuss the need and
execution of flexibility analysis.

Paragraph 319.4.1 lists the conditions under which flexibility analysis may be waived.

If formal analysis is deemed necessary, follow the requirements of paragraph 319.4.2.

The other Codes will have similar provisions.

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Exam

The Practical Piping Course presented above is intended for designers and engineers
 embarking on a first-time piping design assignment
 a first-time assignment to check contractor’s work
 analyzing a piping problem in an existing installation
 for a convenient review of piping design and analysis

There is no easy substitute for studying the actual Codes and Standards; however, these can
be difficult to navigate and one can become “lost in the weeds” of the text. This course is
intended to provide a more global view of these Codes / Standards (“dipping one’s toes”, so to
speak). Since designers and engineers tend to be task oriented, this overview provides an
orientation to the structure and content of the actual documents to ease their navigation.

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