## Questions
1. The main function of the cardiovascular system is to:
a. Produce hormones
b. Deliver oxygen and nutrients
c. Store energy
d. Generate heat
2. Which component is considered the pump of the cardiovascular system?
a. Blood
b. Blood vessels
c. Heart
d. Lungs
3. Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
a. Left atrium
b. Right atrium
c. Left ventricle
d. Right ventricle
4. Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
a. Tricuspid
b. Pulmonary
c. Mitral (bicuspid)
d. Aortic
5. The thickest layer of the heart wall is:
a. Pericardium
b. Epicardium
c. Myocardium
d. Endocardium
6. The left ventricle has the most myocardium because:
a. It pumps blood to the lungs
b. It pumps blood to the entire body
c. It receives blood from the body
d. It stores blood
7. Aerobic training causes ________ in the heart and therefore ________
hypertrophy.
a. Pressure overload, concentric
b. Pressure overload, eccentric
c. Volume overload, concentric
d. Volume overload, eccentric
8. Resistance training typically causes:
a. Volume overload and eccentric hypertrophy
b. Volume overload and concentric hypertrophy
c. Pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy
d. Pressure overload and eccentric hypertrophy
9. Cardiac muscle fibers are connected by:
a. Tight junctions
b. Intercalated discs
c. Sarcomeres
d. Myofibrils
10. The main role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle is:
a. Hold cardiac cells together
b. Fast calcium release
c. Fast conduction of action potential
d. Fast ATP generation
11. The pacemaker of the heart is the:
a. AV node
b. SA node
c. Purkinje fibers
d. Bundle of His
12. The intrinsic rate of the SA node is:
a. 40–60 bpm
b. 60–100 bpm
c. 80–100 bpm
d. 100–120 bpm
13. Which wave of the ECG represents atrial depolarization?
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
14. Which wave of the ECG indicates ventricular repolarization?
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. U wave
15. Which ion first increases the membrane potential to threshold in pacemaker
cells?
a. Ca++
b. K+
c. Na+
d. Cl-
16. During rest, which nervous system predominates in heart regulation?
a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic
c. Somatic
d. Enteric
17. (T/F) During rest, parasympathetic influence is greater than sympathetic
influence in the regulation of the heart.
True
False
18. The main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is:
a. Norepinephrine
b. Acetylcholine
c. Dopamine
d. Serotonin
19. Which of the following would decrease stroke volume?
a. Increased preload
b. Increased contractility
c. Increased afterload
d. Increased blood volume
20. Stroke volume is calculated as:
a. EDV + ESV
b. EDV - ESV
c. ESV - EDV
d. HR x SV
21. Ejection fraction is:
a. SV/ESV
b. SV/EDV
c. EDV/SV
d. HR x SV
22. (Type numbers only) Calculate ejection fraction (%) when end-systolic volume =
50 ml and end-diastolic volume = 100 ml
-
23. (Type numbers only) Calculate cardiac output (L/min) when end-systolic volume =
60 ml, end-diastolic volume = 110 ml, heart rate = 80 bpm
-
24. The QRS complex on the ECG represents:
a. Atrial depolarization
b. Ventricular depolarization
c. Ventricular repolarization
d. Atrial repolarization
25. Which of the following is the correct sequence of cardiac conduction?
a. AV node → SA node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle of His
b. SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
c. Purkinje fibers → SA node → AV node → Bundle of His
d. SA node → Bundle of His → AV node → Purkinje fibers
26. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is longer at rest?
a. Systole
b. Diastole
c. Both are equal
d. Neither
27. The first heart sound ("lub") is caused by:
a. Closing of semilunar valves
b. Closing of AV valves
c. Opening of AV valves
d. Opening of semilunar valves
28. The second heart sound ("dub") is caused by:
a. Opening of AV valves
b. Closing of semilunar valves
c. Opening of semilunar valves
d. Closing of AV valves
29. Most ventricular filling occurs:
a. During atrial contraction
b. Passively during ventricular diastole
c. During ventricular systole
d. During isovolumic contraction
30. At rest, what percentage of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 40%
d. 80%
31. During heavy exercise, what percentage of cardiac output goes to exercising
muscle?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
32. Which vessel type has the thickest, most elastic walls?
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
33. Which vessel contains valves to prevent backflow?
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Arterioles
34. The main site of nutrient and waste exchange is:
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Arterioles
35. Blood pressure is highest in:
a. Capillaries
b. Veins
c. Arteries
d. Venules
36. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is best estimated by:
a. (SBP + DBP)/2
b. 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
c. 2/3 SBP + 1/3 DBP
d. SBP - DBP
37. Pulse pressure is:
a. SBP + DBP
b. SBP - DBP
c. SBP x DBP
d. DBP - SBP
38. The main mechanism for venous return during exercise is:
a. Gravity
b. Muscle pump
c. Capillary action
d. Osmosis
39. The largest proportion of blood at rest is found in:
a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
d. Arterioles
40. Blood viscosity increases with:
a. Decreased hematocrit
b. Increased hematocrit
c. Increased plasma volume
d. Decreased red blood cells
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### Answers
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. c
6. b
7. d
8. c
9. b
10. c
11. b
12. c
13. a
14. c
15. c
16. b
17. True
18. b
19. c
20. b
21. b
22. 50
23. 4
24. b
25. b
26. b
27. b
28. b
29. b
30. b
31. d
32. a
33. b
34. c
35. c
36. b
37. b
38. b
39. c
40. b
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