Characteristics of good building stone are:

Compressive strength (Crushing strength) > 100 N/mm2

High durability and coefficient of hardness > 14
Specific gravity > 2.7
Toughness index > 13
Low water absorption

A good building stone has the following properties:

Percentage of wear in the attrition test should not be more than 3

Specific gravity should be at least 2.7
Coefficient of hardness should be greater than 17
Percentage of water absorption by weight of stone should be less than 5
Toughness index should not be less than 13
Crushing strength should be greater than 100 N/m

Unstratified Rocks:

These rocks are not stratified. They possess crystalline and compact grains. They
cannot be split into a thin slab. Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of
this type of rocks.

Stratified Rocks:

These rocks have a layered structure. They possess planes of stratification or

cleavage. They can be easily split along these planes. Sandstones, limestones,
slate etc. are the examples of this class of stones.

Attrition Test: This test is done to find out the rate of wear of stones, which are
used in road construction. The results of the test indicate the resisting power of
stones against the grinding action under traffic.

%wear=LossinweightInitialweight∗100%𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑟=𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡∗100

Crushing Test: The maximum load at which the sample crushes or fails divided by the
area of the bearing face of the specimen gives the crushing strength of stones.

Impact Test: For determining the toughness of stone, impact test is being performed
on Page Impact Test Machine.

Abrasion Test: This test is performed on Los Angeles apparatus. This test on
aggregates is the measure of aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance such as
crushing, degradation and disintegration.

Sandstones are made of sand grains that have been cemented together. Like
sandpaper, sandstones usually have a rough, granular texture.

Grain size - 0.06 - 2mm

Hardness - variable, soft to hard, dependent on clast and cement composition.

Colour - variable through grey, yellow, red to white reflecting the variation in
mineral content and cement.

Solution:
Type of Stone
Permissible Water Absorption (%)
Sandstone
10
Limestone
10
Granite
1
Gneiss
1
Quartzite
3
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Solution:
Explanation:

Quarrying is the process of removing the rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from
the ground in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other
uses.

Natural bed of stone is the plane along which stone can easily be split. It thus
indicates the plane or bed on which the sedimentary stone was originally deposited.

Dressing of Stone is the working of quarried stone into the shape and size required
for use. This can be necessary as stones obtained from quarrying generally do not
have the exact required dimensions or finish.

Seasoning of stone means to expose the stone in the open air for a period of 6 to
12 months. It removes quarry sap and makes the stone-hard and compact.
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Solution:
Explanation:

Quarrying is the multistage process by which rock is extracted from the ground and
crushed to produce aggregate, which is then screened into the sizes required for
immediate use, or for further processing, such as coating with bitumen to make
bituminous macadam or asphalt.

The jumper is a very essential tools used in quarrying stones by blasting methods.
Jumper is used for drilling the blasts hole of the required diameter and depth in
which explosive is placed for blasting, so as to loosen the large rock blocks.
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Solution:
Concept:

Rock is a hard mass of stone, or a broken-off piece of a boulder, or is slang for a

piece of crack cocaine. An example of a rock is a piece of stone found at the
bottom of a cliff.

Metamorphic Rock is one of the major groups of rock that make up the crust of the
Earth; it consists of pre-existing rock mass in which new minerals or textures are
formed at higher temperatures and greater pressures than those present on the
Earth's [Link] is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected
to the heat and pressure of metamorphism.
A marble that contains impurities such as clay minerals, iron oxides, or bituminous
material can be bluish, gray, pink, yellow, or black in colour.
As metamorphism progresses, the crystals grow larger and become easily recognizable
as interlocking crystals of calcite.
Some other examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and
quartzite.
Plutonic Rock: When magma never reaches the surface and cools to form intrusions
(dikes, sills, etc) the resulting rocks are called plutonic. Examples of Plutonic
rocks include aplite, greisen, and syenite.
Sedimentary Rock. : Rock formed of mechanical, chemical, or organic sediment: such
as. a: clastic rock (as conglomerate, sandstone, or shale) formed of fragments of
other rock transported from its source and deposited in water. Examples of
sedimentary rocks include limestone, sandstone, mudstone, greywacke, chalk, coal,
claystone, and flint.
Igneous Rock. Igneous rock is a term used for a rock formed when molten rock cools
and hardens. Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rock cools on the surface as lava.
Some examples of igneous rocks are granite, gabbro, basalt.
Therefore, from the above facts, it is clear that Marble & Slate is an example
of Metamorphic Rock.
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Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a

reference substance (generally water). For stones it generally lies between 2.5-3.

Concept:

Impact test:

Impact test is used to determining the toughness of stone, it is performed in an

Impact Test Machine as followed:

A cylinder of diameter 25mm and height 25mm is taken out from the sample of stones.
It is then placed on the cast iron anvil of the machine.
A steel hammer of weight 20N is allowed to fall axially in a vertical direction
over the specimen.
The height of the first blow is 1 cm, that of the second blow is 2 cm, that of the
third blow is 3 cm, and so on.
Blow at which specimen breaks is noted. If it is an nth blow, ‘n’ represents the
toughness index of stone.
Toughness index
Toughness
< 13
Not tough
13-19
Moderately tough
> 19
High tough

Solution:
The process of giving a proper size, shape and finish to the roughly broken stones
as obtained from the quarry is known as “Dressing of stone”
The process of extraction of suitable stones from their natural rock beds or layers
is commonly called Quarrying of Stones
Stones obtained from the quarries are very rough and irregular in shape and quite
bulky in size and weight
The dressing of stone is done immediately after quarrying

Explanation

An attrition test is a test which is carried out to measure the rate of wear of a
granular material.

One of the best examples of a material subjected to an attrition test are stones
used in road construction, indicating the resistance of the material to being
broken down under road traffic.

Percentagewear=Lossinweightinitialweight×100%