10/13/2010

Water Supply
&
Urban Drainage
ZERIHUN ALEMAYEHU
AAiT - CED

Course Content
• QUANTITY OF WATER
• SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
• COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
• PUMPS AND PUMPING STATIONS
• WASTEWATER AND STROM WATER COLLECTION
SYSTEM

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Water Supply
QUANTITY OF WATER

Introduction
• Body composition
– Body, 65% water; blood, 83%; bones, 25%
• Water loss: 1% thirst; 5% hallucinations; 15%
death
• Basic requirements for safe water
– Drinking: 2–3 liters/day
– Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO)
– 20–50 liters/capita/day for cooking and basic
hygiene

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Introduction
• The estimated water supply coverage for Ethiopia is
46.4% for rural and 82 % for urban and the country’s
water supply coverage 52.5%.
• Access to water-supply services is defined as the
availability of at least 20 litres per person per day
from an "improved" source within 1 kilometre of the
user's dwelling.

“improved” source
• “improved” source is one that is likely to provide "safe"
water, such as a household connection, a borehole, etc.
• An improved water supply is defined as:
– Household connection
– Public standpipe
– Borehole
– Protected dug well
– Protected spring
– Rainwater collection

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Water Supply Engineering

• Planning, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of water supply systems.
• Planning should be economical, socially acceptable,
and environmentally friendly that meet the present
as well as future requirement.

Water Supply System Objectives

• Safe and wholesome water

• Adequate quantity
• Readily available to encourage
personal and household hygiene

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Water Supply Components

• The system comprises the following major elements:
– Source (groundwater or surface water)
– Raw water collection structures (intake structure,
transmission line)
– Treatment plant
– Distribution systems (pipes, pumps, reservoir, different
appurtenances)

Water Supply Components

Pipe I Pipe II Storage

Treatment
Source LLP HLP
Plant

Pipe III

Distribution system

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Water supply system planning

• Water supply system planning involves
– identification of service needs
– evaluation of options
– determination of optimal strategy to meet services
– development of implementation strategies
• The planning exercise involves
– collection of pertinent data
– consideration of relevant factors, and
– preparation of project documents and cost estimates

Factors to be considered
• Population. Factors affecting the future increase in the
population
• Per capita Requirement. the various factors and living
standard and the number and type of industries, number and
type of the commercial establishments in the town etc.
• Public places, parks, institutions etc.
• Industries. existing industries as well as future
• Sources of water. Detailed survey
• Conveyance of water. from source to water treatment units
depend on the relative levels

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Factors to be considered
• Quality of water. The analysis of the raw water quality should be
made to know the various impurities present in it, and to decide on
the required treatment processes.
• Treatment works. sizes and number of treatment units
• Pumping units for treated water.
• Storage. The entire city or town should be divided into several
pressure zones and storage facility should be provided in each zone.
• Distribution system. The distribution system should be designed
according to the master plan of the town, keeping in mind the future
development.
• Economy and reliability. should be economical and reliable

Population forecasting

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Population growth models

Increasing
Population

Stable

Declining

Time

Geometric increase models

Compound annual
growth rate = 5%/year
Population

3%/year

2%/year

Time

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Logistic growth model

Carrying Capacity
Pmax
Population

½ Pmax

Time

Population forecasting
• Arithmetic method: the rate k of population growth is
constant. Mathematically the hypothesis may be expressed
as
• dP
k
dt
• k is determined graphically of from successive population
figures.
• And the future population is given by Pt = Po +kt
• Where, Pt = population at some time in the future
• Po = present population
• t = period of projection

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Population forecasting
• Geometric or uniform percentage method: rate of
increase which is proportional to the population.
dP
 kP
dt

• Integrating yields
– lnP=lnPo + kt
• This hypothesis could be verified by plotting recorded
population growth on semi-log paper. If a straight line
can be fitted to the data, the value of k can be estimated
from the slope.

Population forecasting
• Geometric increase method: the average percentage of the last
few decades/years is determined, and the forecasting is done on
the basis that percentage increase per decade/year will be same.
Thus, the population at the end of n years or decades is given as
n
 AGR 
Pn  Po 1  
 100 
• Where, AGR = annual growth rate of the population
• Pn = population at time n in the future
• Po = present population
• n = periods of projection

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Example 1.1.
• The census figure of a city shows population as
follows
– Present population 50000
– Before one decade 47100
– Before two decades 43500
– Before three decades 41000
• Work out the probable population after one, two
and three decades using arithmetic increase and
geometric increase method.

Solution
• Arithmetic Increase
• Increase in present and first decade
– 50000 – 47100 = 2900
• Increase in first and second decade
– 47100 - 43500= 3600
• Increase in second and third decade
– 43500 – 41000 = 2500
• Average increase = (2900+3600+2500)/3 = 3000
• Population after 1st decade = 50000 + 3000 = 53000
• Population after 2nd decade = 50000 + 6000 = 56000
• Population after 3rd decade = 50000 + 9000 = 59000

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Solution
• Geometric Increase
• Percent increase in present and first decade
– (2900/ 47100)*100 = 6.16 %
• Percent increase in first and second decade
– (3600/ 43500 )*100 = 8.26 %
• Percent increase in second and third decade
– (2500/ 41000)*100 = 6.09 %
• Average increase = (6.16 + 8.26 + 6.09)/3 = 6.84 %
• P after 1st decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)1 = 50342
• P after 2nd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)2 = 53786
• P after 3rd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)3 = 57465

Example 1.2.
• The Annual Growth Rate of a town in Ethiopia is
3.5%. Assuming the present population of the town
(in 2010) is 4500, what would be the population in
2025?
AGR = 3.5%; Po = 4500
n = 2025-2010 = 15
Pn = Po(1+AGR/100)n
P15 = 4500(1+3.5/100)15=7540

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Example 1.3.
• The following data shows the variation in population
of a town from 1944 to 2004. Estimate the
population of the city in the year 2014 and 2019 by
arithmetic and geometric increase methods.
Year 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Population 40185 44522 60395 75614 98886 124230 158800

Solution 1.3
Year 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004
Population 40185 44522 60395 75614 98886 124230 158800

Change 4337 15873 15219 23272 25344 34570

% Change 10.79 35.65 25.20 30.78 25.63 27.83
Average change = (4337+15873+15219+23272+25344+34570)/6 =19770 per decade
Average % change = (10.79+35.65+25.20=30.78+25.63+27.83)/6 = 25.98 % per decade
Using Arithmetic Method
P2014 = P04 + 1 x 19770 = 158800 + 19770 = 178570
P2019 = P04 + 1.5 x 19770 = 158800 + 1.5 x 19770 =188455

Using Geometric Method

P2014 = P04(1 + AGR/100)1 = 158800 (1 + 25.98/100)=200057
P2019 = P04 (1+ AGR/100)1.5 =158800 (1 + 25.98/100)1.5=224545

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Population density
• It is information regarding the physical distribution
of the population
• It is important to know in order to estimate the
flows and to design the distribution network.
• Population density varies widely within a city,
depending on the land use.
• May be estimated from zoning master plan

Components of water demands

• Water demand is defined as the volume of water
required by users to satisfy their needs.
• Demand is the theoretical while consumption is actual
• Design of a water supply scheme requires knowledge of
water demand and its timely variations.
• Various components of a water demand are residential,
commercial, industrial, public water uses, fire demand
and unaccounted for system losses.

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Residential Water Demand

• This includes the water required in residential
buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn
sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
• The amount of domestic water consumption per
person varies according to the living standards of the
consumers. In most countries the residential
demand constitutes 50 to 60% of the total demand.

Typical Average Domestic

Water Demand
Town Unit 2007 2017 2027
House Connection lpcd
90 100 110.0
Own Yard Connection lpcd
25.4 31.7 38.0
Shared Yard Connection lpcd
16.9 18.9 21.0
Public Tap lpcd
11.3 12.6 14.0

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Commercial and industrial

water demand
• Commercial water demand: as hotels, shopping centres,
service stations, movie houses, airports, etc.
• The commercial water demand may vary greatly
depending on the type and number of establishments.
• Industrial water demand: tanning, brewery, dairy, etc.
• The quantity of water required for commercial and
industrial purposes can be related to such factors as
number of employees, floor area of the establishment,
or units produced.

Public water use

• The quantity of water required for public utility
purposes
• Includes water for public institutions like schools,
watering of public parks, washing and sprinkling of
roads, use of public fountains, clearing wastewater
conveyance, etc.
• Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the
total demand.

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Typical public water demands

Typical rate of water
Category
use per day
Day schools 5 l/pupil
Boarding schools 50 l/pupil
Hospitals 100 l/bed
Hostels 80 l/bed
Mosques 5 l/visitor
Cinema houses 5 l/visitor
Offices 5 l/person
Public baths 100 l/visitor
Hotels 100 l/bed
Restaurant/Bar 10 l/seat
Camp 60 l/person
Prison 30 l/person

Unaccounted system
losses and leakage
• Water lost or unaccounted for because of leaks in
main and appurtenances, faulty meters, and
unauthorized water connections.
• Should be taken in to account while estimating the
total requirements.
• Losses and leakage may reach as high as 35% of the
total consumption.

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Fire demand
The quantity of water required for fire protection
should be easily available and kept always stored in
storage reservoirs.

Fire demand
• Fire hydrants are usually fitted to the water mains
and fire-fighting pumps are connected to these mains
by the fire brigade personnel when a fire breaks out
• Small amount but high rate of use

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Fire fighting demand calculation

• National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU)

QF  231.6 P (1  0.01 P )
Where, QF = is fire demand (m3/hr); P = Population in 1000’s.

Example 1.4
For a town having population of 60,000 estimate
average daily demand of water. Assume industrial use
10%, institutional & commercial use 15 %, public use
5% and live stock 10% of domestic demand. Take per
capita consumption of 50 l/day and leakage to be 5%.

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Solution 1.4
• P = 60,000
• Domestic = 50 x 60,000 = 3000000 l/day= 3000 m3/day
• Industrial = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day,
• Inst & com. = 0.15 x 3000 m3/day = 450 m3/day
• public = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
• live stock = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day
• leakage = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
• Total average daily demand = 4350 m3/day

Factor Affecting Water Use

• Climatic conditions
• Cost of water
• Living Standards
• Industries
• Metering water lines
• Quality of water supply
• Size of city

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Water Use Variation

4000

3500
Sunny day
3000

2500
Rainy day
2000

average
1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Variations in water demand

• Annual average day demand (Qday-avg) the average daily
demand over a period of one year. For economical
calculations and fire fighting.
• Maximum day demand (Qday-max) the amount of water
required during the day of maximum consumption in a year.
Important for water treatment plants and water storages.
• Peak hour demand (Qhr-max) the amount of water required
during the maximum hour in a given day. Important for
design of distribution systems.
• Coincident draft (Qcd). the sum of maximum daily demand,
Qday-max, and the fire demand (QF).

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Typical Peak Factors

Maximum Day
Population Peak Hour Factor
Factor
0 to 20,000 1.30 2.00
20,001 to 50,000 1.25 1.90
50,001 and above 1.20 1.70

Water supply components

Pipe I Pipe II Storage

Treatment
Source LLP HLP
Plant

Pipe III

Distribution system

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Water Supply System Components

Special Design capacity
Component Design period
characteristics

Source:  Easy to expand 5-10

Groundwater Qday-max
Surface sources  Uneasy to 20-50
expand
 Long life  Qday-max
 Cost of material  Suitable velocities under
Pipe mains (Type is only a small all anticipated flow
>25
I and Type II) portion of the conditions
cost of
construction
 Expansion is Qday-max or 1.6Qday-avg
Treatment plant 10-15
simple whichever is greater

Water Supply System Components

Special Design Design capacity
Component
characteristics period
LLP: 2Qday-avg or 4/3Qday-max
 Easy to modify whichever is greater
Pumping units 10
and expand HLP: 3Qday-avg or 4/3Qday-max,
whichever is greater
Design should consider:
 Long life  Hourly fluctuations of flow
 Easy to  The emergency reserve
Service reservoir construct Very long  The provision required when
 Relatively pumps satisfy the entire days
inexpensive demand in less than 24 hrs.
 The fire demand.
 Long life Qhr-max or Qday-max+QF , whichever
Type III pipe and
 Replacement is Indefinite is greater (calculated for
distribution pipes
very expensive anticipated maximum growth)

Pipe grids
Pipe grids
Pipe grids
SOURCE Pipe Pipe Pipe
Pipe LLP TP HLP Pipe
SR
Type Pipe
III 23
SOURCE Type I Type II
Pipe LLP TP HLP Pipe
SR Pipe
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Example 1.5
Calculate the water requirements for a community
that will reach a population of 120,000 at the design
year. The estimated municipal water demand for the
community is 300 l/c/d. Calculate the fire flow, design
capacity of the water treatment plant, and design
capacity of the water distribution system. Use NBFU
formula for fire flow.

Solution 1.5
• P = 120,000
• Qday-avg = 300 x 120,000 =36000000 L/d = 36000 m3/d
• Take PF for Q day-max = 1.6 and 2.0 for Qpeak-hr
• Q day-max =1.6 x 36000= 57,600 m3
• Qpeak-hr= 2.0 x 36000 = 72,000 m3
• Fire flow rate = QF  231.6 P (1  0.01 P )
QF  231.6 120 (1  0.01 120 )  2259.13 m3/hr = 54219 m3/day
Design capacity of treatment plant = 57,600 m3/day
Distribution system Design capacity = max(72,000 or 57600 + 54219) = 111819
m3/day

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