Vector Analysis Dr.

Gopal Chandra Shit

Vector Integration
Ordinary integrals of vectors: 
  
Let R (u ) = R1 (u )i  R2 (u ) j  R3 (u )k be a vector on a scalar variable u , where R1 (u ) , R2 (u ) , R3 (u ) are
supposed continuous in a specified interval. Then
   
 R (u ) du = i  1R (u ) du  j  2
R (u ) du  k  R3 (u )du
   d 
is called an indefinite integral of R (u ) . If there exists a vector S (u ) such that R (u ) =
du
 
S  u  , then
 d  
 R (u ) du = 
 du  S (u ) du =

S (u ) + c

where c is an arbitrary constant vector independent of u . The definite integral between limits u  a
and u  b can in such case be written
b b
 d    b  
 R (u ) du =  
 du S (u ) du =  S (u)  c  a = S  b   S  a 
a a

Line integrals:
    
Let r (u ) = x(u )i + y (u ) j + z (u )k , where r (u ) is the position vector of  x, y, z  define a curve C
joining points P1 and P2 , where u = u1 and u = u 2 respectively.

We assume that C is composed of a finite number of curves for each of which r  u  has a
continuous derivative.
   
Let A  x, y, z  = A1i  A2 j  A3 k be a vector function of position defined and continuous along C . Then

the integral of the tangential component of A along C from P1 to P2 written as
P2
   
P2
 [Link] =
c
 .dr =   A1dx  A2 dy  A3dz 
A
c
 
is an example of a line integral. If A is the force F on a particle moving along C , this line integral
represents the work done by the force. If C is a closed curve( which we shall suppose is a
simple closed curve, i.e., a curve which does not intersect itself anywhere) the integral around C
 
is often denoted by   .dr =   A1dx  A2 dy  A3dz  .
A

In aerodynamics and fluid mechanics this integral is called the circulation of A about C , where

A represents the velocity of a fluid.
 
Theorem: If A   everywhere in a region R of space, defined by a1  x  a2 , b1  y  b2 , c1  z  c2 ,
where   x, y, z  is single-valued and has continuous derivatives in R , then
P2  
1.  [Link] is independent of the path C in R joining P1 and P2 .
P1
 
 .dr  0 around any closed curve C in R .
2. 
C
A

In such cases A is called a conservative vector field and  is its scalar potential.
Surface integrals:

Associate with the differential of surface area dS a vector dS whose magnitude is dS and whose
   
direction is that of n . Then dS  ndS , where n is the outward drawn unit normal vector to the

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
  
surface S . The integral  AdS
. is an example of a surface integral called flux of A over S .
 
Other surface integrals are dS, ndS, Ad
.S
S S S

Volume integrals:
Consider a closed surface in space enclosing a volume V . Then


V
AdV and dV are examples of volume integral.
V

Note:The notation 
S
is sometimes used to indicate integration over the closed surface S , where no

confusion can arise the notation S

may also be used.

Exercise1: The acceleration of a particle at any time t  0 is given by

   
 dv
a= = 12 cos 2ti  8sin 2tj  16tk
dt
   
If the velocity v and displacement r are zero at t =0, find v and r at any time.
   
dv
☺. Now, =12 cos 2ti  8sin 2tj  16tk
dt
    
Integrating, v = 6sin 2ti  4 cos 2tj  8t 2 k  c1
 
Putting v = 0 when t =0,
      
we find 0 = 0i  4 j  0k  c1 and c1 = 4 j
   
Then v = 6sin 2ti   4 cos 2t  4  j  8t 2 k
   
dr
so that = 6sin 2ti   4 cos 2t  4  j  8t 2 k
dt
   8t 3  
Integrating r = 3cos 2ti   2 sin 2t  4t  j  k  c2
3
 
Putting r = 0 when t =0 we find,
    
0 = 3i  c2 and c2 = 3i
   8t 3 
Then r =  3  3cos 2t  i   2sin 2t  4t  j  k
3
Exercise2: The equation of motion of a particle P of mass m is given by

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
2 
d r   
m 2  f (r )r1 where r is the position vector of P measured from an origin O, r1 is a unit vector
dt

in the direction r , and f (r ) is a function of the distance of P from O.

 dr  
(a) Show that r   c where c is a constant vector.
dt
(b) Interpret physically the cases f (r )  0 and f (r )  0 .
(c) Interpret the result in (a) geometrically.
(d) Describe how the results obtained relate to the motion of the planets in our solar system.
r
d 2r
☺. (a) Multiply both sides of m 2  f  r  rr1 by rr  .
dt
r
r d 2r r r r r r r r r
Then mr  2  f  r  r  r1  0 , since r and r1 are collinear and so r  r1  0 .
dt
2r r
r d r r d  r dr  r
Thus r  2  0 and r    0.
dt dt  dt 
r
r dr r r
Integrating, r   c , where c is a constant vector.
dt
r
d 2r r
(b) If f  r   0 the acceleration 2
has direction opposite to r1 ; hence the force is directed toward
dt
O and the particle is always attracted toward O.
If f  r   0 the force is directed away from O and the particle is under the influence of a repulsive
force at O.
A force directed toward or away from a fixed point O and having magnitude depending only on the
distance r from O is called a central force.
(c)

In time t the particle moves from M to N . The area swept out by the position vector in
r r 1r r
this time is approximately half the area of a parallelogram with sides r and r , or r  r .
2
r
1 r r
Then the approximate area swept out by the radius vector per unit time is r  ; hence the
2 t
r r
1 r r 1 r dr 1 r r r
instantaneous time rate of change in area is lim r   r  r  v where v is the
t 0 2 t 2 dt 2
r 1 r drr 1 r r
instantaneous velocity of the particle . The quantity H  r   r  v is called the areal
2 dt 2
r 1 r drr
velocity. From part (a), Areal velocity= H  r  =constant.
2 dt

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
r r
Since r .H  0 , the motion takes place in a plane, which we take as the xy plane in the figure
above.
(d) A planet ( such as the earth ) is attracted toward the sun according to Newton’s universal law of
gravitation which states that any two objects of mass m and M respectively are attracted
GmM
toward each other with a force of magnitude F  , where r is the distance between
r2
objects and G is a universal constant . Let m and M be the masses of the planet and the
sun respectively and choose a set of coordinate axes with the origin O at the sun . Then the
equation of motion of the planet is
r r
d 2r GMm r d 2r GM r
m 2   2 r1 or, 2
  2 r1
dt r dt r
Assuming the influence of the other planets to be negligible. According to part (c) , a planet moves
around the sun so that its position vector sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
     
Exercise3: If A =  3 x 2  6 y  i  14 yzj  20 xz 2 k , evaluate 
 .dr from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the
A
C

following paths C:
(a) x  t , y  t 2 , z  t 3
(b) the straight lines from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0), then (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) and then to (1,1,1).
(c) the straight line joining (0,0,0) and (1,1,1).
      
☺.  [Link] =  (3x 2  6 y )i  14 yzj  20 xz 2 k  . dxi  dyj  dzk  
C C


=   3 x 2  6 y  dx  14 yzdy  20 xz 2 dz
C

(a) If x  t , y  t 2 , z  t 3 , points (0,0,0) and (1,1,1) correspond to t =0 and t =1 respectively. Then

 
  1
A 2 2
 2 3
  
 .dr =  3t  6t dt  14 t t 2tdt  20  t  t 3t dt
3 2 2
 
C 0
1

 
1
=  9t2 28t6 60t9 dt = 3t 3  4t 7  6t 10  =5
0
0

(b) Along the straight line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) y  0 , z  0 , dy  0 , dz =0, while x varies from 0
to 1. Then the integral over this part of the path is
1 1

 3x 6 0 dx140 0 0 20x 0 =  3x dx =1

2 2 2

0 x0

Along the straight line from 1, 0, 0  to 1,1, 0  x  1, z  0, dx  0, dz  0 , while y varies from 0 to 1.
Then the integral over this part of the path is

 31 6y 014y0 dy201 0 0=0

1
2 2

Along the straight line from 1,1, 0  to 1,1,1 x  1, y  1, dx  0, dy  0 while z varies from 0 to 1.
Then the integral over this part of the path is
1

   20 z 3  20
1 1

0           
2
3 1  6 1 014 1 z 0  20 1 z dz = 2
20 z dz = 
2
 =
z 0  3 0 3
  20 23
Adding ,  [Link] =1+0+ =
C
3 3
(c) Along the straight line joining  0, 0, 0  and 1,1,1 is given in parametric from by x  t , y  t , z  t .

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit

 
  1
Then A 2

 .dr =  3t 6t dt 14tt dt 20tt dt
2

C 0
1 1
13
 
=  3t 6t 14t 20t dt =  6t 11t2 20t3 dt =
2 2

3
3
 
0 0

Exercise4:Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by
   
F = 3 xyi  5 zj  10 xk along the curve x  t 2  1 , y  2t 2 , z  t 3 from t  1 to t  2 .

☺. Total work =  F .dr . Here C is the curve x  t 2  1 , y  2t 2 , z  t 3 from t  1 to t  2
C
     

=  3 xyi  5 zj  10 xk . dxi  dyj  dzk  
C

=   3xydx  5 zdy  10 xdz 

C
2


=  3 t2 1 2t2  2tdt 5 t3  4tdt 10 t2 1 3t2dt
1

2
= 12t5 10t4 12t3 30t2  dt =303
 1    
Exercise5: If F = 3xyi  y 2 j , evaluate  F .dr
C
where C is the curve in the xy plane, y  2x 2 , from

 0, 0  to 1, 2  .
  
☺. Since the integration is performed in the xy plane  z  0  , we can take r = xi  yj . Then
   
 
 F.d r =  3xyi  y j .  dxi  dyj  = 3xydx  y dy
2 2

C C

Let x  t in y  2x 2 . Then the parametric equations of C are x  t , y  2t 2 . Points  0, 0  and 1, 2 

correspond to t  0 and t  1 respectively. Then
  1
F 2 2
     
7
C .dr = 0 3t 2t dt  2t 4tdt =  6
   
Exercise6: In a plane field a = xy 2 i  2 xj , find the line integral of a along the curve y  x 2 from the
point O  0, 0  to the point P 1,1
     
In the xy -plane dr  dxi  dyj . Therefore [Link] =  xy 2 i  2 xj  .  dxi  dyj  = xy 2 dx  2 xdy
  
☺.
Let x  t in y  x 2 . Then the parametric equations of the curve y  x 2 are x  t , y  t 2 . Points O  0, 0 
and P 1,1 correspond to t  0 and t  1 respectively. Then the line integral equals
1
1 1
 t6 t3  1 4 1 8 3
 
0 t t   
2
dt  2t  2tdt  =  t  4t dt =   4  =  
2 5 2


0 6 3 0 6 3 6 2
  2 
 
Exercise7: Evaluate  xyi  zj  x k  dr along the curve C given by x  t 2 , y =2 t , z  t 3 from
C

 0, 0, 0 
to 1, 2,1 .
   
☺. Let F  xyi  zj  x 2 k .
      
Along C , F  xyi  zj  x 2 k = 2t 3i  t 3 j  t 4 k .
       

Then F  dr = 2t 3i  t 3 j  t 4 k  2ti  2 j  3t 2 k dt   

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
  
i j k
  
= 2t 3 t 3
    
t 4 dt =  3t 5  2t 4 i  2t 5  6t 5 j  4t 3  2t 4 k  dt 
2t 2 3t 2
  1 1 1 3
Therefore the given integral equals  F  dr = i   3
t 5
 2t 4
dt j   4t 
5
dt k 4

 4t  2t dt 
C 0 0 0

9  2 7
= i  j k
10 3 5

Exercise8: Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy plane, if the
circle has centre at the origin and radius 3 and if the force field is given by
   
F =  2 x  y  z  i   x  y  z 2  j   3x  2 y  4 z  k
     
☺. In the plane z  0 , F =  2 x  y  i   x  y  j   3x  2 y  k and d r = dxi  dyj so that the work done
       
is  F .dr =   2 x  y  i   x  y  j   3 x  2 y  k 
 .dxi  dyj  dzk 
C C

=   2 x  y  dx   x  y  dy
C

Choose the parametric equations of the circle as x  3 cos t , y  3 sin t , where t varies from 0
to 2 .
2
Then the integral equals  2  3cos t   3sin t  3sin t  dt  3cos t  3sin t 3cos tdt 
0
2 2
 9 
=   9  9sin t cos t  dt = 9t  sin 2 t  =18 
0  2 0
   
Exercise9: If A =  y  2 x  i   3 x  2 y  j compute the circulation of A about a circle C in the xy
plane with centre at the origin and radius 2, if C is traversed in the positive direction .
  
☺. In the plane z  0 , dr  dxi  dyj so that the circulation of A around the circle C is
     
 [Link] =  
  y  2 x  i   3 x  2 y  j 
 .  dxi  dyj  where C is the circle in the xy plane with
C C

centre at the origin and radius 2.

  y  2 x  dx   3x  2 y  dy 
=
C

Choose the parametric equation of the circle C as x  2 cos t , y  2sin t where C varies
from 0 to 2 .

    
r  xi  yj  2 cos ti  2sin tj
2
Then the circulation equals   2sin t  4 cos t  2sin tdt    6 cos t  4sin t  2 cos tdt 
0

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
2

  4sin t  8sin 2t  12 cos 2t dt 

2
=
0
2
=   2 1  cos 2t   8sin 2t  6 1  cos 2t   dt
0
2
=  8 cos 2t  4  4 cos 2t  dt
0

=  4sin 2t  4t  4 cos 2t 0  8
2

     
Exercise10: If F =  yz  2 x  i  xzj   xy  2 z  k evaluate  F .dr along the curve C : x 2  y 2  1 , z =1 in
C

the positive direction from to 1, 0,1 .  0,1,1

      
☺. 
In the plane z  1 , dz  0 . So that F .dr =  y  2 x  i  xj   xy  2  k .  dxi  dyj  =  y  2 x  dx  xdy 
Choose the parametric equations of the curve C as x  cos t , y  sin t , z  1 . In the positive direction

points  0,1,1 and 1, 0,1 corresponds to t  to t  2 . Thus the required integral is
2
2 2 2
 sin 2t cos 2t 
  sin t  2 cos t   sin tdt   cos t  cos tdt  =   cos 2t  sin 2t  dt =  2  2   =1.
2
2 2
 
Exercise11: (a) If F =  , where  is a single-valued and has continuous partial derivatives, show that
the work done in moving a particle from one point P1  x1 , y1 , z1  in this field to another point
P2  x2 , y2 , z2  is independent of the path joining the two points.
 
(b) Conversely if  F .dr is independent of the path C joining any two points, show that there exists a
C
 
function such that F = 
P2
  P2    
☺. (a) Work done = Fdr. = .dr , ( Since F   )
P1 P1
P2
       
=  i  j  k. dxi dyj dzk
x y z 
 
P1 
P2
   
=  dx dy dz
P1 
x y z 
P2

= d=   P2     P1  =   x2 , y2 , z2     x1 , y1 , z1 
P1

Then the integrals depends only on points P1 and P2 and not on the path joining them.
     
(b) Let F = F1i  F2 j  F3 k . By hypothesis,  F .dr is independent of the path C joining any two points
C

which we take as  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x, y , z  respectively. Then

 x, y,z     x, y,z   dr
  x, y , z  =  F .dr =  F . ds ds
 x1 , y1 , z1   x1 , y1 , z1 

d  dr
By differentiation, = F. .
ds ds
d  dx  dy  dz
But = + +
ds x ds y ds z ds
Page 7 of 14
 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
         dx  dy  dz  
= i  j k  . i  j k
 x y z   ds ds ds 
 dr
=  .
ds
  dr

or,   F . =0
ds

  
dr
Since this must hold irrespective of , we have F =  .
ds
     
Exercise12: If F is a conservative field, prove that curl F =   F = 0 (i.e. F is irrotational ).
  
☺. Let F be a conservative field, then we have, F =  , where  is a scalar .

  
i j k
     
Thus curl F =    =
x y z
  
x y z
  2  2     2  2     2  2   
=  i
    j    k =0
 y z z y   z x x z   xy y x 
(2,1)

 10 x  
 2 xy 3 dx  3x 2 y 2 dy along the path x 4  6 xy 3  4 y 2
4
Exercise13: Evaluate
(0,0)
( 2 ,1)

☺.  10 x 
 2 xy 3 dx  3 x 2 y 2 dy 
4

( 0,0 )
(2,1)

 10 x 
   
= 4

 2 xy 3 i  3 x 2 y 2 j . dxi  dyj  dzk 
(0,0)
(2,1)
    
=  [Link] …… (1) where A = 10 x 4  2 xy 3  i  3 x 2 y 2 j
(0,0)
  
i j k
     
Now,   A = =0
x y z
10 x 4  2 xy 3 3 x 2 y 2 0

So the vector A represents a conservative force field.
Thus the integral (1) is independent of path.
 
[Link] = 10 x 4  2 xy 3  dx  3 x 2 y 2 dy
= 10 x 4 dx   2 xy 3dx  3 x 2 y 2 dy 
= 10x 4 dx  d  x 2 y 3 
= d  2 x 5  x 2 y 3  …………(2)
(2,1)

 10 x    2,1
  2 xy 3 dx  3x 2 y 2 dy =  2 x5  3 x 2 y 3  =60
4
 0,0 
(0,0)
   
Exercise14: (a) Show that F =  2 xy  z 3  i  x 2 j  3 xz 2 k is a conservative force field.
(b) Find the scalar potential.

Page 8 of 14
 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
(c) Find the work done in moving an object in this field from 1, 2,1 to  3,1, 4 
☺. (a) A necessary and sufficient condition that a force will be conservative is that
 
curl F =   F = 0
  
i j k
        
Now,   F = =  0  0  i   3z 2  3 z 2  j   2 x  2 x  k = 0
x y z
3
2 xyz x 3xz 2
2


Thus F is a conservative force field.

(b) Since F is a conservative force field. So we can write
 
F = 
        
or, i j k =  2 xy  z 3  i  x 2 j  3 xz 2 k
x y z
  
Then = 2 xy  z 3 , = x2 , = 3xz 2
x y z
  
Now, d  dx  dy  dz
x y z
= (2 xy  z 3 )dx  x 2 dy  3xz 2 dz
=  2 xydx  x 2 dy    z 3 dx  3 xz 2 dz 
= d  x 2 y   d  xz 3  = d  x 2 y  xz 3 
Therefore,  = x 2 y  xz 3 +constant
   
(c) F .dr =  .dr ( F is conservative force )
  
= dx  dy  dz = d
x y z
(3,1,4)

Thus the total work done=  d =   3,1, 4    1, 2,1 =202.

(1 2,1)

Exercise15: (a) Show that a necessary and sufficient condition that F1dx  F2 dy  F3 dz be an exact
      
differential is that   F = 0 where F = F1i  F2 j  F3 k
(b)Show that y z
2 3
  
cos x  4 x3 z dx  2 z 3 y sin xdy  3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4 dz is an exact differential of a
function  and find  .
  
☺. (a) Suppose F1dx  F2 dy  F3 dz = d = dx  dy  dz , an exact differential.
x y z
  
Then since x, y, z are independent variables, F1 = , F2 = , F3 = .
x y z
          
Therefore, F = F1i  F2 j  F3 k = i  j k = 
x y z

  
i j k
       
Thus   F =    = =0
x y z
  
x y z

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
    
Conversely, if   F = 0 , then we have F =  where  is a scalar function.
       

Now, F1dx  F2 dy  F3 dz = F1i  F2 j  F3 k . dxi  dyj  dzk = F .dr  
    
=  .dr = dx  dy  dz
x y z
= d , an exact differential
   
(b) Let F =  y z cos x  4 x3 z  i  2 z 3 y sin xj   3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4  k
2 3

  
i j k
    
 F =
x y z
y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z 2 z 3 y sin x 3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4
 
=  6 yz 2 sin x  6 yz 2 sin x  i   3 y 2 z 2 cos x  4 x 3  3 y 2 z 2 cos x  4 x 3  j
 
  2 z 3 y cos x  2 yz 3 cos x  k = 0
Therefore,  y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x3 z  dx  2 z 3 y sin xdy   3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4  dz is an exact differential.
  
Let y z2 3
 
cos x  4 x3 z dx  2 z 3 y sin xdy  3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4 dz = d =  x
dx 
y
dy 
z
dz

  
 = y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x 3 z ,  2 z 3 y sin x ,  3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4
x y z
Now d =  y 2 z 3 cos x  4 x3 z  dx  2 z 3 y sin xdy   3 y 2 z 2 sin x  x 4  dz
=  y 2 z 3 cos xdx  2 z 3 y sin xdy  3 y 2 z 2 sin xdz    4x 3 zdx  x 4 dz 
= d  y 2 z 3 sin x  x 4 z 
  = y 2 z 3 sin x  x 4 z +constant
    
Exercise16:Evaluate 
S
[Link] where A = 18 zi  12 j  3 yk and S is that part of the plane

2 x  3 y  6 z  12 which is located in the first octant.

☺.

Let R be the projection of S on the xy plane. Then we have ,

   dxdy
S [Link] = R A.n n.k

To obtain n note that a vector perpendicular to the surface 2 x  3 y  6 z =12 is given by

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  Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
  
  2 x  3 y  6 z  =2 i +3 j +6 k
  
 2i  3 j  6 k 2  3  6 
Then a unit normal to any point of S is n  = i  j k
2 2  32  6 2 7 7 7
   2  3  6   6 dxdy 7
Thus n.k =  i  j  k  .k = and so   = dxdy
7 7 7  7 n.k 6
     2  3  6 
 7

Also A.n = 18 zi  12 j  3 yk .  i  j  k 
7 7 
36 z  36  18 y 6(12  2 x  3 y )  36  18 y 36  12 x
= = =
7 7 7
   dxdy 36  12 x 7
Then  [Link] =  A.n   =  dxdy =  (6  2x)dxdy
S S n .k R
7 6 R

12  2 x
6 3
=  
x0 y 0
(6  2 x)dydx

6
 12  2 x 
=   6  2 x  
x0
3 
 dx
6
 4x2 
= 
x0 
24  12 x 
3 
 dx
6
 4 x3 
=  24 x  6 x 2  
 9 0
=24
     dydz dzdx dxdy
Note: dS  ndS  dydzi  dzdxj  dxdyk . So that dS        .
n.i n. j n.k
    
Exrecise17: Evaluate  [Link] , where A = zi  xj  3 y 2 k and S is the surface of the cylinder
S

x 2  y 2 =16 included in the first octant between z  0 and z =5.

☺.

Let R be the projection of the surface S on the xz plane.

   dxdz
Then we have S [Link] = R .n n. j
A

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
 2  
A normal to x  y =16 is   x  y  = 2 xi  2 yj
2 2 2

   
 2 xi  2 yj xi  yj
Thus the unit normal to S is n   , since x 2  y 2 =16 on S .
(2 x)  (2 y )
2 2 4
 
     xi  yj  1

A.n = zi  xj  3 y 2 zk . 
 4  4
  =  xz  xy 
 
   xi  yj   y
n. j =  . j =
 4  4
Then the surface integral equals
xz  xy  xz 
R y dxdz = R  16  x2  x  dxdz
5 4
 xz 
=     x  dxdz
z  0 x  0  16  x
2

4
5
 x2 
=    (16  x ) z   dz
2

z 0 
2 0
5

  4 z  8 dz
5
= =  2 z 2  8 z  =50+40=90
0
z 0
    
Exercise18: If F = 4xzi  y 2 j  yzk ,evaluate  .ndS where S is the surface of the cube bounded by
S
F

x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1
☺.

 
On the face DEFG: n = i , x =1
 11
   

Then  F .ndS =  4zi  y2 j  yzk .idydz 
DEFG 00
11
= 4zdydz =2
00
 
On the face ABCO: n = i , x =0
 11
  
 
Then  F .ndS =  y2 j  yzk . i  dydz =0
ABCO 00
 
On the face ABEF: n = j , y =1

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
 11
   
Then   
F .ndS =  4xzi  j  zk . jdxdz
ABEF 00
11
=  dxdz =  1
00
 
On the face OGDC: n =  j , y =0
11
  
Then  F .ndS =  4xzi  .  j  dxdz =0
OGDC 00
 
On the face BCDE: n = k , z =1
 11
   

Then  F .ndS =  4xi  y2 j  yk .kdxdy 
BCDE 00
11
1
=  ydxdy =
00
2
 
On the face AFGO: n =  k , z =0
 11
 

Then  F .ndS =  y2 j . k dxdy=0 
AFGO 00
 1 3
Adding S .ndS =2+0+  1 +0+ 2 +0= 2
F
   
Exercise19: If F = 2 yi  zj  x 2 k and S is the surface of the parabolic cylinder y 2  8 x in the first

octant bounded by the planes y =4 and z =6, evaluate  [Link]
S

☺. Let R be the projection of the surface S on the yz -plane , then we have

   dydz
S F .ndS = R .n n.i
F
  
A normal to the surface S is   8 x  y 2   8i  2 yj .
   
8i  2 yj 4i  yj
A unit normal to S is 
64  4 y 2 16  y 2
 4   8 y  yz
So that n.i  and F .n 
16  y 2 16  y 2
6  4 
8 y  yz dydz 8 y  yz  y
Thus the given surface integral equals  =  dydz =     8  z  dy dz
16  y 2 4 4  y 0 4
R R z 0  
16  y 2
6 6

 2  8  z  dz =  8  z    132
2
=
 0
z 0

Exercises:
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
    
1. The acceleration a of a particle at any time t  0 is given by a  e  t i  6  t  1 j  3sin tk . If
   
the velocity v and displacement r are zero at t  0 , find v and r at any time.
     
2. If A   2 y  3 i  xzj   yz  x  k , evaluate  [Link] along the following path C :
C

(a) x  2t , y  t , z  t from t  0 to t  1 ,
2 3

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 Vector Analysis Dr. Gopal Chandra Shit
(b) the straight lines from  0, 0, 0 
to  0, 0,1 , then to  0,1,1 , and then to  2,1,1 .
(c) the straight line joining  0, 0, 0  to  2,1,1
    
3. If F =  5 xy  6 x 2  i   2 y  4 x  j , evaluate  F .dr along the curve in the xy plane, y  x 3 from
C

the point 1,1 to  2,8

   
4. Find the work done in moving particle in the force field F = 3x 2 i   2 xz  y  j  zk along
(a) the straight line from  0, 0, 0  to  2,1,3 .
(b) the space curve x  2t 2 , y  t , z  4t 2  t from t =0 to t =1
(c) the curve defined by x 2  4 y , 3 x3  8 z from x =0 to x =2
    
5. If F   2 x  y 2  i   3 y  4 x  j , evaluate 
 F .dr around the triangle C of the figure
C

(a) in the indicated direction , (b) opposite to the indicated direction.

    
6. Evaluate  [Link] around the closed curve C of the figure if A   x  y  i   x  y  j
C

   
7. (a) Prove that F =  y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j   3 xz 2  2  k is a conservative force field.
(b) Find the scalar potential .
 
(c) Find the work done in moving an object in this field from  0,1, 1 to  , 1, 2 
2 
    
8. A particle moves in a field of force F given by F = yz 1  2 xyz  i  zx 1  2 xyz  j  xy 1  2 xyz  k
, verify that the force is conservative and find the potential function from which it is derivable.
 
9. Prove that F  r 2 r is conservative and find the scalar potential.

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