C++ COMPLETE NOTES I PUC NCJPU CS Dept

Chapter 6:
1. What is procedural programming?
A. The procedural programming focuses on processing of instructions in order to
perform a desired computation. Therefore it emphasizes more on doing things like
algorithms.
This programming is lengthy, increases the complexity of program, difficult to
understand and modify the program

2. What is Structured programming?

A. Structured programming approach was a disciplined approach which limits the
branching to a small set of well-behaved construction (ex: if, if-else, while etc).

 The idea of Top-down design is to break a large program into smaller programs.

3. What is an Object oriented programming?

A. Object oriented programming (OOP) is a concept that combines both the data and
the functions that operate on that data into a single unit called the object.
OOP follows bottom-up design technique.

4. What is an Object?
A. Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour.

5. What is Top –down design?

A. Top-down design is an approach of dividing a problem into sub problems and then
dividing the sub problems further into still smaller sub problems until it can be
implemented for a computer solution.

6. What is Bottom up design?

A. Bottom up design is vice versa where solutions to smaller modules are integrated to
find the
solution of overall problem.

7. What is class?
A. Class is a template that represents a group of objects which share common
properties and relationships.

8. Explain OOPs characteristics?

A. The general concepts of OOPs includes
1. Modularity: Modularity is a technique adopted to divide a complex problem into
a number of self contained independent programming fragments or modules.

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C++ COMPLETE NOTES I PUC NCJPU CS Dept

2. Abstraction: Abstraction is an act which represents the essential features of an

entity without including explanations or any background details about it.
3. Data Encapsulation: Wrapping of data and functions into a single unit is called
data encapsulation.
4. Inheritance: The process of deriving a new class from the existing class is called
inheritance.
5. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability for a message to be processed in more
than one form.
6. Dynamic Binding: Dynamic binding means binding the procedure call during
program run rime
7. Message Passing: Passing message objects and invoking the function by the object
by sending a message is known as message passing.

9. What is module?
A. Module is a logically self contained unit that can be tested and executed
independently

10. What is binding?

A. Binding means linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed when it is called

11. Write the Advantages(Benefits) of OOPS?

A. The Advantages of OOPS are
1. OOPs model the real world entity very well.
2. Inheritance eliminates the redundancy (repetition) of code and hence supports
code reusability.
3. Data hiding helps to build secured programs.
4. Multiple instances (objects) can be created.
5. Work can be divided easily.
6. OOPs can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
7. Complexity can be easily managed.
8. Message passing concept helps the objects to communicate and share data.

12. Write the disadvantages of OOPS?

A. The disadvantages of OOPS are:
1. OOPs use tricky method to do the programming.
2. Special skills such as thinking in terms of design skills, programming skills and
object is required for a programmer.
3. Proper planning and design is required before programming using OOPs
technique.

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C++ COMPLETE NOTES I PUC NCJPU CS Dept

13. Write the application of OOPS?

A. The Application of OOPS are
1. Object oriented databases.
2. Hypermedia, expert text and hypertext.
3. Artificial intelligence and expert systems.
4. Decision support systems and office automation systems.
5. Parallel programming and neural networks.
6. CAD, CAM, CIM systems.
7. Simulation and modelling

Chapter 7:

1. Who introduced C++ or who developed C++?

A. Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++.

2. Explain any five Characteristics of C++?

A. The characteristics of C++ are:
 It is an Object-Oriented Programming Language
 It is a Modular Programming Language
 It is a Portable Language
 It is a C Compatible Language any code written in C can easily be included in a
C++ program without making any changes
 It is a Portable Language
 The resulting code from a C++ compilation is very efficient due to its duality
as high-level and low-level language
 It is a Machine Independent Language
 It is highly flexible language and versatility.
 It can be used for developing System Software Viz., Operating system,
Compilers, Editors and Database.
 It has huge library functions; it reduces the code development time and also
reduces cost of software development.

3. What is character Set?

A. Character Set means the valid set of characters that a language can recognizes.
The character set of C++ includes the following:
Alphabets: Upper letters case A, B, C, D……….X, Y, Z
Lower letters case a, b, c, d………….x, y, z
Digits: 0,1,2,3………9
Special Characters: , . ` : ; ? ! _ | { } # [ ] ^ () & / \ ~ + - < * % >

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C++ COMPLETE NOTES I PUC NCJPU CS Dept

4. What is Token? Mention the Tokens used in C++?

A. The smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.

Tokens used in C++ are:

1. Identifier

2. Reserved Keywords

3. Constants or Literals

4. Punctuators

5. Operators

5. What are Identifiers? Write the rules while naming the identifiers?
A. Identifiers is a name given to programming elements such as variables, functions, arrays,
objects, classes, etc.
The following are some valid identifiers: Pen time580 s2e2r3 _dos _HJI3_JK
Rules to be followed while creating identifiers:
a. Identifiers are a sequence of characters which should begin with the alphabet either
from A-Z (uppercase) or a-z (lowercase) or _ (underscore).
b. C++ treats uppercase and lowercase characters differently. For example, DATA is not
same as data.
c. No Special character is allowed except underscore “_”.
d. Identifier should be single words i.e. blank spaces cannot be included in identifier.
e. Reserved Keywords should not be used as identifiers.
f. Identifiers should be of reasonable length.

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