RECAP Lecture 7
● FA of EVEN EVEN, FA corresponding to finite
languages(using both methods), Transition
graphs.
1
Recap Definition of TG continued …
Definition: A Transition graph (TG), is a
collection of the followings
1) Finite number of states, at least one of which
is start state and some (maybe none) final
states.
2) Finite set of input letters (Σ) from which input
strings are formed.
3) Finite set of transitions that show how to go
from one state to another based on reading
specified substrings of input letters, possibly
even the null string (Λ).
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Note
● It is to be noted that in TG there may exist more
than one paths for certain string, while there
may not exist any path for certain string as well.
If there exists at least one path for a certain
string, starting from initial state and ending in a
final state, the string is supposed to be accepted
by the TG, otherwise the string is supposed to
be rejected. Obviously collection of accepted
strings is the language accepted by the TG.
3
Example
● Consider the Language L , defined over Σ=
{a, b} of all strings including Λ. The
language L may be accepted by the following
TG a,b a,b
- Λ
+
The language L may also be accepted by the
following TG
4
Example Continued …
TG1 a,b
a,b
a,b
± +
TG2
5
Example
● Consider the following TGs
TG1 -
a,b
TG2 - 1
a,b
a,b
TG3 - 1
6
Example Continued …
● It may be observed that in the first TG, no
transition has been shown. Hence this TG does
not accept any string, defined over any
alphabet. In TG2 there are transitions for a and
b at initial state but there is no transition at
state 1. This TG still does not accept any string.
In TG3 there are transitions at both initial state
and state 1, but it does not accept any string.
7
Example Continued …
Thus none of TG1, TG2 and TG3 accepts any string,
i.e. these TGs accept empty language. It may be
noted that TG1 and TG2 are TGs but not FA,
while TG3 is both TG and FA as well.
It may be noted that every FA is a TG as well, but
the converse may not be true, i.e. every TG may
not be an FA.
8
Example
Consider the language L of strings, defined over
Σ={a, b}, starting with b. The language L
may be expressed by RE b(a + b)* , may be
accepted by the following TG
a,b
––
b +
9
Example
● Consider the language L of strings, defined over
Σ={a, b}, not ending in b. The language L
may be expressed by RE Λ + (a + b)*a , may be
accepted by the following TG
a,b
––
a +
10
Task solution …
Using the technique discussed by Martin, build
an FA accepting the following language
L = {w {a,b}*: length(w) 2 and second
letter of w, from right is a}.
Solution:The language L may be expressed
by the regular expression
(a+b)*(aa+ab)
This language may be accepted by the
following FA
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a
Task continued …
aa
a
a b
b
a a
ab
Λ b a
b ba
a
b
b a
b b
bb
12
Task solution …
● Using the technique discussed by Martin, build
an FA accepting the following language
L = {w {a,b}*: w neither ends in ab nor in
ba}.
● Solution:The language L may be expressed by
the regular expression
Λ + a + b + (a+b)*(aa+bb)
This language may be accepted by the following
FA
13
a
Task continued …
aa
a
a b
b
a a
ab
Λ b a
b ba
a
b
b a
b b
bb 14
TASK
● Build a TG accepting the language of strings,
defined over Σ={a, b}, ending in b.
15
Example
Consider the Language L of strings,
defined over Σ = {a, b}, containing
double a.
The language L may be expressed by the
following regular expression
(a+b)* (aa) (a+b)*. This
language may be accepted by the
following TG
16
Example Continued …
b,a b,a
aa
1- 2+
17
Example
Consider the language L of strings, defined over
Σ={a, b}, having double a or double b.
The language L can be expressed by RE
(a+b)* (aa + bb) (a+b)*.
The above language may also be expressed by
the following TGs.
18
Example continued …
a
a
a,b a,b
–– +
b
b
y
19
OR
a,b a,b
aa,bb
- +
20
OR
a,b a,b
aa
1- 2+
a,b a,b
bb
3- 4+
21
Note
● In the above TG if the states are not labeled
then it may not be considered to be a single TG
22
Summing Up
● TG definition, Examples:accepting all
strings, accepting none, starting with b,
not ending in b, containing aa, containing
aa or bb
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