For example:
5a b'
b etc.
are like terms whereas
ll. The terms of a ab , 9ab2, 6ba are all unlike terms.
Polynomial are
decrease in degrees said to be in
respectively. ascending or descending order, if they increase or
Thus (i) The terms
of the
(ii) The terms polynomial 11b3-
of the polynomial 2b2 + 6b - 1 are in descending order
18 -- 3a + lla -7a are in ascending order.
Exercise 12A
Which of the following
expressions are not
polynomials?
84.2 (ii) 10 p2 +1—2 5x-8x 2
(iii) 5z3 —Viz2 +11 (iv)
(v) N6xl/2+5x2 1
(Y) + (vii) 2x4- + 5x-2
x2
(viii) 45
(ix) —+5 (X) 7X-2 + x-i +8
2, Write monomial, binomial,
trinomial or polynomial to classify each polynomial and also state
their degree:
(i) 5x C (ii) 17x3y2zØm06 (iii) —11 (iv)x2+3x+7jni
(v) —Z+N/Sz36io (vi) m —8m3 + m4 — '0 (vii) y4-3y 2 + 19 6
(viii) —p4—3p+5—p6 +11 p3
3. Arrange the polynomial 4x 2y2 —7xy + 2x4 —3y + x yin
decreasing degree in x.
4. Give the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 5x3 + 6x 2 - + 20 (iii) x 2y 3 + —9xy (iv) -23
5. Writedown the numerical as well as literal coefficients of the following monomials:
4
(i) 2Ttr (ii ) 6x 2y 2 (iii ) —5ab 2 (iv) —abc
3
MultipleChoice Questions (MCQs)
Tick(v) the correct option.
6. Which of the following is a pair of like terms?
(a) —16xy 2z, 24x 2yz (b) 7xz 2y, —1Oxyz2 (c) 4abc 2 , 4acb
2
(d) 12a 2b2c, 4b 2ca
7. Whichof the following is a binomial?
-18+ 16x2y
2
(a) 4xy + Y 2
2
(b) 4ab —18 —4ab (c) a b + b c (d)
Operationson Polynomials
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
For addition or subtraction of two or more polynomials:
1, We collect the like terms together.
2' Find the sum or difference of the numerical coemcientsof these terms.
in the simplest form and can be written according to the
3' The resulting expression should be
terms.
ascending or descending order of the
149
2)
Sob
i sob ( 100b.
method:
Sum -s
Aali al' )
Second method: Note
like teuus in eolutuns After [Link]
and adding then) we hove
be able to collectmay
similar term% the
mentally
Nab' and write the
directly.
Sum b 4 30b
SUbtract: + Sa t frounASV+ 2.
Solution. Ata-anging the let-tus ptopetly, changing the signs in the subtrahend and adding the column],
hax e
Svv —4b
2Ä.xv
41.v 41/ —I -- Sa
We may also set our work as under:
—4b 2) —(2Xvy—6v + 8a2 —l)
= 35x 2 + Svy—4b2 2 —[Link]+ 6x2 ---8a + I
2
= 4tx 4b2 1 8a Combininglike termsmentally
Example S. Simplify: p (P ¯
(q —p) = p —p + q —q —q + p
Solu tion. Given expression = P— (p —q) —q —
y —4axy + 7a xy -- 13axy2.
Example O. Simplify: 3mv y Sa xy + 6ax
2 + 6ax y —5a xy + 7a xy —4axy 13axy2
Soi u tion. Given expression = 3av y
2 17ævy Collectinglike termstogether
= 9æv y + 2a
Simplify: a —Sa
Exp,
2)) Note
We cannot add or two
a —{60—2} unlike tcrjrj% if,) Cocjn Kingle
Operating
= a —60+2 term, We can %iiljplyconnect
combining like thcjn with 'f or - J•or
exanjple: Ox - "a,
Exercise 12B
Add the following expressions.
(i) 2ab + 3b and 5ab + 7b
(iii) 5z +7 and IOz 2 -18+7z
(ii) 2x2 + 3xyand 6xy-
4x2
(v) 4x —7xy + 8z, x2— 2XY+ (iv ) y o -
9z, -3x2 + and 2/ 20
2. Subtract as indicated. 8xy
(iii) 4xy— 6 + y 2 from 5x2 + (ii) 4x 2 5x + 3 from 4x 2
3x +2
6xy- 8
3. From the sum of x + 3y and (iv) (—4x2—X+9) (3X2 X)
3x—y subtract
4. Subtract a —b2 c2 from the x -y.
sum of 2a2 + 3b2
5. subtract the sum of (4x3 + c2 and 4a2 3b? + 58.
5) and (15x- x3-x2)
fromthe sum of (9 + 6x- 2k) and
MultipleChoice Questions (MCQs)
Tick (O the correct option.
6. The perimeter of a triangle is 9a
+ 7b —6c. Two of its sides are 2a 3b + 4c and 6c— 4a + 8b. Find the
(a) 5a —4b + 4c (b) lla+2b-16c (c) 7a + 2b- IOC (d) + 12b- 16c
7. How much is x + 2x + 1 greater thanx2 -2x + 1?
(a) 4x-2 (c)
4x
Challenge !
What should be subtracted from 8a 2b2 - 9a 3 + 11y3 to get - 6y3 ?
Multiplication of Polynomials
CaseI. Multiplication of monomials
coefficients) x (Product of literal factors).
Product of monomials = (Product of numerical
Example 8. Multiply: 15 2
2bc5 by —ab
2 4 3 —2 a c.
(i) 16x y3 by 4x y z,. 5 27 m+n
x4y3z)= 64x6y6z. Add the exponents
Solution. 16x2y3 x 4x y3z = (16 x 4) x (x2y3x
(i) 1336
3 15 x a bc xab c = ——a bc
(ii)
325 15 2
bc x----ab c = ; 27 3
5 27
151
polynomia and
other
case 11.
with each
Multiply each of
taking the like terms together.
2
I.V (-3.v)+ 7x
Example 9. Multiply: (1)(Sv2—3x+ 2) by 2+7x s
7x x 5x
Solution. (i) Product = 7x(5x2-- 3x + 2)
35.v3 21.v2+ 14.v.
(ii) Product — +5) Combining like te
- 3a(4a2 + 5) + 2(4a2-
2_ + 10
+ Sa
= 12a3— 18a2 + 15a
- -IOa2+3a+ 10.
We may also write it as:
4a —6a+5
3a+2
12a3- 18a +15a
+8a -12a+10 —10a +3a + 10.
Product = 12a
12a -IOa +3a+10
Example 10. Multiply (x2 +.xy—y2)by (x2—xy+y )
Solution. Product = (x2 + xy —y ) (x2—xy+y2)
—y2(x2-- XY+y2)
= x2(x2 —xy +y2) + xy (x2 —xy +y2)
22 +.xy —y
= x —xy+xy +xy—xy +xy —yx
22 4
= x —xy +2xy3—Y•
arranging in descending powers ofx
Combininglike terms and
You may also wHte as under:
x +xy—xy
22
—xy —xy 22 + xy3
4
+ xy22 + xy
4 22
—xy + 4 22
Product=x —xy 4
+2xy3-y.
Exercise 12C
1. Multiply.
2 2
(i) 12xy by —8x -16a b2 by —5ab 2 3 4
(Ill) -—a2b2 by Yab
5 27
(iv)—x 2y5 by (v)
11
-—xy3 24
by -—x 4
x2y3) 8 55
Multiply.
(i) - 5) by •x
(iii) (3a3x3 4ay2 7a2y) by (ii) 5) by
product.
Find the
(ii) (20 5)
(3a-6) (iii) (5x + 2b) (5x- 2b)
Multiply. (vi ) (a4 a2b2 t/ ) (a? + b?)
4.
(i) (a -b + c) by (a —b-c)
(ii) (x3 4x2 + 5x -2) by (x2
(iii)(2X2 5x + 3) by
1)
4)
Choice Questions (MCQs) (iv) x2 + 6x 7) by (x 2 3x + 4)
Multiple
Tick(J) the correct option.
5. The expression 3x (7x —4) + 6x (13
- 24x2) is equal
(a) 18x-13 to
(b) -24x 2 15x-17
+ lox - 17
(d) 3x2 + + 13
6. (a —b) (a2 + b2) + (a + b) (a2 —b2) is equal to
(a) -- 2a2b + 2ab2 (b) 2a3 2b3 3
(d) 2a 3 2a 2b + 2ab2 2b
Challenge !
Which of the following products is equalto 30a2+ liab 30b2?
(a) (5a - 6b) (6a - 5b) (b) (5a + 6b) (6a - 5b)
(c) (6a + 5b) (5a 6b) (d) (5a —6b) (5a 6b)
ivisionof Polynomials
aseI. Division of monomial by a monomial
Quotient of two monomials = (Quotient of their numerical coefficients)
, i.e.,
x (Quotient of their literal coefficients) Subfractthe exponents
Ä4 2 2
Example11. Divide: (1) 32a 3b3 by —8ab (ii) —81a b c3 by —9a b c
a3b3
32a3b3 32 —4a2b2
olution.
I —8ab -8 ah
5 4 3 -81 a5b4c3 3 2
—81 a b c x = 9a b 2 c
(ii) a2h2c
—9a2h2c
CaseIl. Division of a polynomial by n monomial
the monomial
Divide each term of the polynomialby
2 2b2c
3
3 b 2c
(ii) 4
bY—3xy
2 2—27x2y y 5xy + 9x.
12. Divide: (i) l&v4y2+ 15vy 22 27x _
42
18x4.v2+15x2y2 ¯27x Y --3----+ _3xy
solution. —3xy 2
—[Link] 3
3 2 3
3 ah2c3 2 2 2 2 +—ah c 4
-- ahc
2
2
-- abc
2 1
2222 2 2
3ah2c3 —abc 1
ah c
4 3 3 3
1
abc abc 2
abc 2
2 2
—bc ——abc + —b.
2 5
Case [Link] of a polynomial by a polynomial
-Method:
divisor and dividend are arrangedin
Step 1. Set up as a form of long division in which both the
descending order, leaving space for missing terms.
divisor and write it as the first
Step 2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the
term of the quotient.
write the product below
Step 3. Multiply the first term of the quotient by each term of the divisor and
the dividend.
Step 4. Subtract like terms and bring down one or more terms as needed.
Step 5. Now use the remainder as the new dividend and repeat steps 2 to 4.
Step 6. Repeat this process till we get the remainder either equal to 0 or a polynomial of degree lower
than that of the divisor.
Example 13. Divide: 14x —53x + 45 by 7x—9
Solution. 1. Dividing 14x (1st term of dividend) by7x
(1st term of divisor),
7x-9 14x -53x+45 we get 2x (1st term of the quotient).
14x —18x 2. Multiply 2x by 7x —9 (each term of the
divisor) and subtract.
35x + 45 3. Now bring down 45
and then the remainder
—35x+ 45 is the new
-35x+45 dividend.
4. Repeat steps 1
to 3 till we get 0 or remainder
as a polynomial
0 of degree lower than that
( 14X2 53x+ 45) + of the divisor.
Divide: (x —4x2 7x—2) by (x— 2).
x—2x+3
X —2x 2
+ (x 2), we have
7x -- 2)
For (x3 4x2+ Remainder
2x2 + 7x
= x2 2x + 3 and
Quotient
3x —6
Algorithm, i.e.,
In case of algebraic expressionsalso we can check by using the Division
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.
In the question given above
Divisor = (x —2), Quotient = (x —2x+ 3), Remainder = 4
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = (x—2) (x —2x+ 3) + 4
6 + 4
2X2+ 3X —2X2 + 4X --
= X(X2—2X + 3) —2(X2—2X+ 3) + 4 = X3—e
= x —4x +7x—2 = Dividend.
Divide a —b4by a—b.
Example15.
space for missing terms, we have
Solution. Leaving
a + a b+ab 2+b 3
a —ab
2 2
a b —a b
a2b2
2 3
a b 2 —ab
ab3 —b4
4
ab 3 — b
(a 4 —b4) + (a —b) = a 3 + a 2b + ab2 + b3.
Example 16. Divide (Q 27) by (2M- 3). we have
terms,
Solution. Leaving space for missing
4x + 6x+9
27
2v-3 8x3 2
8x3 -- 12r
4-
12x2
12r2-18x
-27
18x-27
x—x + x .
factor of2—3x +
a
Example 17. Using division show that x +2 —3xdescending powers ofx.
is
to
Solution. Arrange the expressions according
—3x2+x+2 x +2x+1
x —3x+2 x— x
x —3x+ 2x
2x3 —5x + x
Remark !
The quotient x +2x+
2x3 6x +4x
also a factor of the given
expression.
X —3x+2
x- 3x+2
0
Since the remainder is zero, therefore,
x —3x+2 is a factor of x —x —3x + x +2.
Example 18. Divide x —3x —13x + 12x+4 by x —x+ 2, and verify that
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.
Solution. Arrange the divisor and the dividend according to descending powers of x.
x —x+2 x —3x—13x+12x+4 x —2x—17
x4 x + 2x2
2x 3 —15x2 + 12x
—2x3 + 2x2 — 4x
Notc
—17x+16x+4 As the remainder in this
17x2 +17x-34 division sum is not zero,
x —x+2 is not a factorcf
X + 38 x —3x —13x +12x+4.
The quotient = x —2x— 17 and the remainder
= —X+ 38.
17) '2(/ J 7)
20
2/ 34
12X l)ividend,
0"
in the dividcnd, bc
to a blank
subtrac(cd trom
Is divisible by (XI 6x'8 13x2 13x 8 no thai the resulting po}ynvrnial
3X 2)?
V2 I Ax) f 13X
X) V 3x V 2
X 2
2X
3x3 11x2 13x
3X3 9X2 6X
2x -v7x38
2x2 4
Quotient —x 3x + 2, Remaindcr —x + 4
So, ifwe subtract the remaindcrx + 4 from xa 6x3 + 13x2 13x 4 8, it Will be exar-lly
Exercise 12D
t. Divide: 2
2 4 5 2 (iii) a2b2c4 by ——abc
(i) 28a3b c by 7ab (ii) 48a b c 6 by -16a 2c 5 15
2. Divide:
-4pP (ii) 6x7 -8x 6 +4x 5 -10x 4 +6Êby-2Ê
(i) 16pP -- 8ptB 4p2P by
by 7x2y2 (iv) abc -?a2bc2 4—ab2 by —abc
(iii) 7x4/ 14x3y3 + 35x2y4—56x7y5+ 21/
3, Divide: (ii) (2x 2 + 6) by (x + 2)
(i) (xa + 8x+ 15) by (x+ 3) (iv) (12x2 + 7xy-10y 2) by (3x-2y)
(iii) (-2x2 -3x + 2) by (x + 2) (vi) (R by(x-5y)
(V) (6 + 4X2 + X3) by (X 3)
4. Divide: (ii) + 27b3 by (4a + 3b)
(i) x3 -125 by (iv) x5 y5 by (x —y)
(iii) (d - 16) by (a + 2)
157
relation:
the
5. Divide and in each case check your answer using
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder (iii)(9X
5)
(ii) (x3 + 4x— 3) by (x +
(i) (2x2 +x-7) by (x+ 3)
MultipleChoice Questions (MCQs)
Tick (O the correct option.
—7x7y3 56xy5z 2
6. equals
— 8xy2z2
7
x
3 (b)15y3
(a ) -15y
14 42
7. If—15mnp is divided by —m n p , the quotient
is
-5 —90nSp4 (c) 3
(a) (b)
by (2xz 3)
6x5 + 4x4—27x3 —7x2 + 27x + — is divided
8. What will be the remainder when 9
1 1
2
(a) 2
2
Challenge !
as 6a —22a + 'Ba a
If a * 0, find the polynomialwhich when divided by —a gives the quotient
remainder as (—3a—8).
Chapter Summary
1. Algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative integral exponettts
called polynomials.
2. A polynomialthat involves only one variable is called a polynomial in one variable.
3. (i) Polynomials having only one term are called monomials,
(ii) Polynomials having only two terms are called binomials.
(iii) Polynomials having three terms are called trinomials.
4. (i) The highest exponentof the variable in a polynomialin one variable is
catted the degree
polynomial.
(ii) A constant is a polynomialof degree 0.
(jii) In a polynomialin more than one variable, the highest sum of
the powers of the variables
the degree of the polynomial
5. The standard form of a polynomial in one variable is that in
which the terms of the polynomial
in the decreasing or descending order of the exponents of
the variable.
6. Apolynomiai is said to be linear, quadratic, cubic or
biquadratic, if its
7. The sum or difference of two like terms is the like term degree is 2.3, or 4
whose numerical
coefficient is the sum
