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KHOA XÂY DỰNG
PART 5:
FOOTING
45
Th.S. NCS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Footing : móng
Substructure : kết cấu bên dưới
Underlying soil : lớp đất nằm phía dưới
Rock : đá
Area : diện tích, khu vực
Manner : kiểu, cách thức, phương pháp
Bearing capacity : khả năng chịu lực
Isolated footing : móng rời, móng đơn
Independent footing : móng độc lập
Pier : trụ
Concentrated load : tải tập trung
Single column footing : móng đơn dưới cột 46
Wall footing : móng tường
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1. VOCABULARY
Strip : dải
Pressure : áp lực
Combined footing : móng kết hợp
Strap footing : móng có bản giằng
Project : nhô ra khỏi
Closed spaced : được đặt gần nhau
Single footing : móng đơn
Merge : lẫn, kết hợp vào nhau
Strap : bản giằng
Continuous footing : móng liên tục
Two-way continous foundation: móng liên tục trực giao
Placed at right angles : đặt vuông góc nhau 47
Raft/mat foundation : móng bè
1. VOCABULARY
Available area : diện tích có ích/có sẵn
In view of : xét đến, theo cách nhìn
Its own rigidity : độ cứng của riêng nó
Diferential settlement : lún/lệch không đồng nhất
Rigidity : độ cứng
Beam-and-girder floor : sàn dầm
Structural characteristic : đặc trưng về kết cấu
Stepped footing : móng bậc
Brick and stone masonry : khối xây gạch đá
Plain concrete : bê tông thuần túy
Slab footing : móng bản
Grillage footing : móng lưới 48
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1. VOCABULARY
Available area : diện tích có ích/có sẵn
In view of : xét đến, theo cách nhìn
Its own rigidity : độ cứng của riêng nó
Differential settlement : lún/lệch không đồng nhất
Rigidity : độ cứng
Beam-and-girder floor : sàn dầm
Structural characteristic : đặc trưng về kết cấu
Stepped footing : móng bậc
Brick and stone masonry : khối xây gạch đá
Plain concrete : bê tông thuần túy
Slab footing : móng bản
Grillage footing : móng lưới 49
Timber beam : dầm gỗ
2. READING
Footing is a substructure which is placed below the surface of
the ground to transmit the loads to the underlying soil or rock. Its
function is to spread the building loads over a sufficient area soil to
secure adequate bearing capacity. Footing can be divided into the
following classes according to the manner in which they receive
the loads.
- An isolated or independent footing supports a single
column, pier, or other concentrated loads. One that supports a
column is called a single footing which is usually square,
sometimes rectangular.
- A wall footing supports a wall by extending along the entire
length of the wall. It is a reinforced concrete strip, wider than
the wall, which distributes the pressure of the wall.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
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2. READING
- Combined footings or strap footings are used when a
footing is not permitted to project the exterior walls. Combined
footings under two or more columns are also used closed
spaced, heavily loaded interior columns when single footings, if
they were provided, would completely or nearly merge. A strap
footing consists of two footings connected by a beam, called a
strap. The single or combined column footing are the most
frequently used types of spread foundations on soils of
reasonable bearing capacity.
- A continuous footing supports a row of three or more
columns.
- A two-way continuous foundation consists of continuous
footings placed at right angles to each other.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
2. READING
- A raft or mat foundation consists of a solid reinforced
concrete slab which extends under the entire building area and
supports all the wall and column loads from the building. It
distributes the load of the structure over the maximum
available area. Such a foundation, in view of its own rigidity
also minimizes differential settlement. A type which provides
more rigidity and it often more economical consists of an
inverted beam-and-girder floor.
Footing are divided into the following groups according to their
structural characteristics
- A simple footing projects about 5.6 cm beyond the edge of
a wall or column. Such footings are only for light loads and the
streeses in the material are low. 52
Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
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2. READING
- Stepped footing provides for a wider distribution of the
load over the soil. It is made of brick and stone masonry or
plain concrete. It has now been largely replaced, however, by
reinforced concrete slab footing.
- A slab footing consists of a reinforced concrete slab
supporting a wall, a single column, two columns, several
columns, or all columns of a building.
- A grilling footing consists of the structural elements which
are tiers of parallel steel I beams or timber beams.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
54
Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
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KHOA XÂY DỰNG
PART 6:
SOIL MECHANICS
55
Th.S. NCS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Soil mechanics : cơ học đất
Shear strength : sức chống cắt
Cohesion : lực dính
Angle of internal friction : góc ma sát trong
Major principle stress : ứng suất chính
Minor principle stress : ứng suất hông
Pressure : áp lực
Consolidation : cố kết
Density of soil : dung trọng của đất
Dry density : dung trọng khô
Saturated density : dung trọng bão hòa 56
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1. VOCABULARY
Unit weight : trọng lượng riêng
Water content (w) : độ chứa nước
Void ratio : hệ số rỗng
Porosity (n) : độ rỗng
Degree of saturation : độ bão hòa
Percentage of air voids : % độ rỗng không khí
Air content : độ chứa không khí
Drain : thoát nước
3-axis compression test : thí nghiệm nén 3 trục
Failure : phá hoại
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4. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
Adhesion is the shear resistance between soil and another
material.
Ageing is the processes that occur with time, independent of
changes in loading, and cause changes to the state of a soil.
The general Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is given by: =
+ , where is the angle of internal friction.
Allowable bearing pressure is that can be allowed on a
foundation soil, usually to limit settlements.
Bedrock, which underlies surface deposits of soil and is
weathered or broken rock, is so stiff and strong enough to carry
foundation loads. 58
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4. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
Water content (w) is defined as the ratio of weight of water to the
weight of solids in a given mass of soil.
Density of soil is defined as the mass the soil per unit volume.
Bulk density is the total mass of the soil per unit of its total
volume.
The dry density is dry mass of soils per unit of total volume of
the soil mass.
When the soil mass is saturated, is bulk density is called
saturated density. 59
Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
4. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
The submerged density is the submerged mass of the soil solids
per unit of total volume of the soil mass.
The unit mass weight of a soil mass is defined as it s weight per
unit volume.
The bulk weight is the total weight of a soil mass per unit of its
total volume.
The dry unit weight of soil is weight of solids per unit of its total
volume of the soil mass.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
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4. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
The unit weight of soil solids is the weight of soil solids per unit
volume of solids.
The submerged unit weight is the submerged weight of soil
solids per unit of the total volume of soils.
Saturated unit weight is the ratio of the total weight of a
saturated soil sample to its total unit volume.
Void ratio (e) of a given soil sample is the ratio of the volume of
void to the volume of soil solids in a soil mass.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
4. TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE
Porosity (n) is the ratio of volume of voids in a soil to its total
volume.
The degree of saturation (Sr) is defined as the ratio of the
volume of water present in a given soil mass to the volume of
voids on it.
Percentage of air voids is defined as the ratio of the volume
of air voids to the total volume of soil mass.
The air content is defined as the ratio of volume of air void to the
volume of voids.
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Th.S. NCS. Bùi Anh Kiệt
9
KHOA XÂY DỰNG
CHƯƠNG 3:
COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
30
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Compression member : cấu kiện chịu nén
Axial compression : nén dọc trục, nén đúng tâm
Vertical member : cấu kiện thẳng đứng
Transfer : truyền (lực)
Floor and roof load : tải trọng sàn và mái
Foundation : nền móng
Additional bending : lực uốn bổ sung (cộng thêm)
Eccentric load : tải lệch tâm
Rigidity of joints : độ cứng của mối nối
Wind load : tải trọng gió
Earthquake : động đất
Seismic load : tải trọng động đất
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Shock : va chạm
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Inclined legs : các chân nghiêng
Rigid frame : khung cứng
Bending stress : ứng suất do uốn
Ratio of A to B : tỉ lệ giữa A với B
Longitudinal dimension : kích thước theo chiều dọc
Lateral dimension : kích thước theo chiều ngang
Bend : uốn
To any extent : đến chừng mực nào đó
Resultant : hợp lực
Axis : trục
Uniformly distributed : phân bố đều
Cross-section : m/c ngang
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Fail (v) - failure (n) : bị hư hại, bị phá hoại
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Buckling : sự oằn
Bending : sự uốn
Magnitude : độ lớn
Intermediate in A to B : trung gian giữa A và B
Combination : tổ hợp, sự phối hợp
Direct stress : ứng suất (kéo, nén) đúng tâm
Lateral load : tải trọng ngang
Post : cột (cột đèn, cột điện)
Truss member : thanh giàn
Prop : thanh, cột dùng để chống đỡ
Partition : vách ngăn
Wood frame construction : kết cấu khung gỗ
33
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Stud : thanh đứng chịu nén trong
tường, hoặc vách ngăn
Slender (adj) : mảnh
Block of prism : khối lăng trụ
Masonry : khối xây, sự xây
Pier : trụ (trụ cầu, trụ pin)
Pillar : trụ (cột) bằng gạch, đá
Ornamental purpose : mục đích trang trí
Peasant : nông dân
Marble : đá hoa cương
Veneer : lớp ốp bề mặt
Monument : đài tưởng niệm, di tích
34
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
A column is a structural member which is mainly subjected to
axial compression. The column in a building is a vertical member
which transfers floor and roof loads to the foundation. Columns
may be subjected to additional bending because of (due to)
eccentric load, rigidity of joints, wind loads, and earthquake
shocks. Other structural members such as arches, inclined legs of
rigid frames are subjected to axial compression, combined with
bending which causes bending stresses.
Columns may be divided into three general classes according
to the ratio of the longitudinal dimension to the lateral dimension.
If the length of a column is relatively small when compared
with its lateral dimension, the column does not tend to bend to any
extend when carrying a load; if the load is applied so that its
resultant is on the axis of the column, the stresses will be uniformly
35
distributed over each cross section of the column.
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
If the length of the column is great when compared with its
lateral dimension, the column will tend to fail by bending or
buckling when carrying a load, the magnitude of the direct
compressive stress being small. A third class includes columns
intermediate in ratio of length to lateral dimensions to the classes
just mentioned; such columns tend to fail by a combination of
direct stress and bending of buckling. Reinforced concrete
columns are usually of the first class if there are no lateral loads;
timber and steel columns may be in either the first or third class.
Columns of the second class are not used in any extend.
Columns are often called posts, especially when made of
timber. Truss members carrying compressive stresses are called
struts, but their action is the same as that of columns. In general,
members that carry compressive stresses are called columns,
struts, posts, or props. 36
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
3. GRAMMAR
USING PASSIVE FORM
Light concrete reduces the weight of building
Peasants usually construct their dwelling house of local
materials
Engineers divide structural clay tile into two classes.
This architect often designs industrial buildings.
Workers mix cement with aggregates and water to make
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concrete.
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
3. GRAMMAR
USING PASSIVE FORM
Workers join beams and columns together to construct a
structural frame
Engineers use marble as a veneer for monument buildings
Columns support beams in a beam-column structure.
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TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
4. ON CONSTRUCTION SITE CONVERSATION
39
4. ON CONSTRUCTION SITE CONVERSATION
40
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
4. ON CONSTRUCTION SITE CONVERSATION
41
4. ON CONSTRUCTION SITE CONVERSATION
42
1. VOCABULARY
Roof : mái
Flat roof : mái bằng
Slope : độ dốc, nghiêng
Drainage : sự thoát nước
Shed roof : mái 1 dốc
Lean-to : mái 1 dốc tựa vào tường của
ngôi nhà khác
Gambrel roof : mái có 2 độ dốc, mỗi mái có
độ dốc khác nhau
Break : chỗ gãy khúc
Space : không gian
Shed dormer : cửa trời có mái nghiêng
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Mansard roof : mái dốc 4 phía
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Desk roof : mái nghiêng 4 phía, có
khoảng mái bằng ở đỉnh
Saw-tooth roof : mái răng cưa
Opportunity : cơ hội
Light : ánh sáng
Ventilation : thông gió
Steep face : mặt có độ dốc lớn
Glass : kính
Faced towards the north : hướng về phía Bắc
Glare : ánh sáng chói chang
Radiant heat : nhiệt bức xạ
Watertight : không thấm nước 45
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
1. VOCABULARY
Valley : khe tiếp giáp giữa 2 mái
Long span : nhịp dài
Intermediate : trung gian
Singly or doubly curved roof : mái cong 1 hoặc 2 chiều
Imperviousness : tính không thấm nước
Condensation : sự ngưng tụ thành nước
Insulation : sự cách li
46
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
Roof is a structure which is placed at the top of the building to
protect it against the weather. Roofs may be divided into the
following types.
A flat roof is extensively used in all kinds of building. It may
have a certain slope to ensure proper drainage.
A shed roof slopes in one direction only. It may be used on
entire buildings. When it is connected with other types of
building, it is called a lean-to.
A gable roof slopes in two directions. It is widely used in
dwelling houses.
A hip roof slopes in four directions. This type of roof is widely
used in the USA.
47
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
A gambrel roof slopes in two directions, but there is a break
in the slope of each side. The gambrel roof is used for
dwelling houses because of the efficient use of the space
under the roof, especially when a long shed dormer is used.
A mansard roof slopes in four directions, but there is a break
in each slope.
A desk roof slopes in four directions, but has a desk at the
top.
The saw-tooth roof is used quite extensively on industrial
buildings because of (due to) the opportunities they offer in
light and ventilation. The steep face or the vertical face of
the saw-tooth roof are mostly glass and are faced towards
the north, the light from that direction being more nearly
constant throughout the day than the light from other 48
directions.
TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
The roof structures, which cover long span and large areas
without intermediate supports and (which) use a minimum of
material, have been also used in roof construction. They are
singly or doubly curved roofs, such as arches, cylindrical
shells, folded plates, hyperbolic parabolic, domes, and
cable-supported roof, etc.
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TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
2. READING
In addition to the structure requirements, the roofs must be
impervious to the passage of water, secure adequate
drainage, and furnish protection against condensation. In
order to secure adequate drainage for the flat roof, roof
slabs may be pitched slightly, or a filling of some light
material may be used, the thickness of the filling being
various so as to give the required slope of the roof surface.
Consideration may be avoided by proper ventilation and
insulation. Imperviousness may be provided by the
application of some separate roof coverings such as a
combination of felt and gravel in alternate layers.
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TS. BÙI ANH KIỆT
GERUND
1. Gerund as a subject:
- Erection of modern buildings (Erecting modern buildings) needs
new methods of construction.
- Hard working helps you (to) promote in your career.
2. Gerund behind several verbs:
Consider (xem xét)
Enjoy (thích)
Advise (khuyên)
Avoid (tránh)
Admit (thừa nhận)
Finish (hoàn thành) + V-ing
Start (bắt đầu)
Continue (tiếp tục)
Allow (cho phép)
Permit (cho phép) 51
Intend (có ý định)
- Placing concrete should avoid segregating.
GERUND
3. Verb + adverb + Gerund
Agree with (đồng ý với…)
Argue about (tranh cãi về…)
Object to (phản đối…) + V-ing
Succeed in (thành công trong…)
Depend on = base on (phụ thuộc vào..)
- Engineers are arguing about using prestressed concrete for
constructing this building.
4. Noun + adverb + Gerund
Difficulty in (khó khăn về…)
Effect of (sự ảnh hưởng của...)
Interest in (sự quan tâm đến…)
Matter of (vấn đề …) + V-ing
Objection to (sự phản đối…)
Advantage of (lợi ích về…)
Success in (thành công trong…) 52
Possibility of (khả năng…)
- We had the difficulty in finding a solution for this weak foundation
GERUND
5. Adjtive + Adv + Gerund
Interested in (quan tâm đến…)
Capable of (có khả năng…)
Concerned about (liên quan đến…) + V-ing
Crowded with (đông…)
Acquainted with (quen với…)
Popular with (phổ biến với…)
- The architect is interested in designing modern buildings
6. Adverb + Gerund
After , Against , As a result of , From , Because of, Before , By, By means of
Despite, for, Inspite of, Instead of, without, Besides, as well as,…
- Before placing concrete, formworks must be cleaned.
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GERUND
It’s worthwhile (discuss) this problem
The engineers advised (demolish) this old building
If local conditions are available, there is a possibility of (replace)
steel with reinforced concrete
The bending moment is found by (take) the moments of
external forces with respect to the point zero.
The machine stopped (work) because it broke down
(Investigate) soil mechanics must be carried out before
(construct) a building.
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Concrete should be cured after (be placed).
