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Chapter

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17

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Introduction: Dictionary meaning of conclusion is “a proposition

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concluded or inferred from the premises of an argument.”

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Conclusions rely on the facts of a situation to make a determination that
is not implicitly stated or implied by the information. Essentially, a
conclusion is the next logical step in an information series. A statement
requires two conditions to serve as a conclusion. First, it must be a logically
derived statement from the available information. Second, it must not
be stated or inferred from the available information.
For instance, if you know that Kareena’s current purse looks discolored
and damaged, and she has enough money to buy a new purse, and that
she is in the purse aisle of a store, you can conclude that she will buy a
new purse.
Process of drawing a conclusion

Collects Evaluates
information Information

Evaluates Logical Draws Conclusions

Conclusions (Using Logic)

1. Getting facts: This step includes asking question like “who”, “how”,
“when”, “what”, “where”.
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2. Evaluating the facts: This steps include analyzing questions like Is

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this fact relevant or significant?, Does it support the conclusion?,

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3. Drawing a conclusion: To avoid error ask questions like “Is the

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conclusion valid or consistent with the given information” and “Are

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there any logical flaws in the conclusion?”.

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4. Evaluating a conclusion: This step include asking question “Is the

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conclusion drawn is fair and logical?”.
In this type of questions, One statement is given which is followed by
two or more conclusions. The Candidates are required to find out which
of the conclusion, logically follow from the given statement.
Examples:
1. Statement : Now-a-days, the sale of television sets of company X
has increased.
Conclusion: I. The sale of television sets of other companies has
decreased.
II. The sale of television sets of company X was nil in
the past.
Explanations: In the given statement, nothing is given about the
sale of television sets of other companies. Hence,
conclusion I is not valid while the second conclusion is
not related to the statement. hence, it is also not valid.
2. Statement: If you are skillful IT engineer, we want to engage you in
our organization - an advertisement of company X.
Conclusions: I. The company X thinks that an engineer is a good
worker.
II. The company X is in need of engineers.
Explanations: Both the conclusion are valid because the company
thinks that an engineer is a good worker and also also
in need of engineers, because it is given in
advertisement.
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Points to Remember

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(1) Consider Only the matter which is given in the statement. Do not

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add anything in the statement from your side.
(2) You should avoid the presumption and it should be minded that
the conclusion may not be converted into a course of action.
(3) Generally the past statement is not valid.
(4) If some law or any correction is talked about in the statement then
things related to it will be taken as conclusion because the idea of
making a law or correction is that people will follow it. But mind it
that conclusion should directly be connected to the statement.
(5) If in conclusion the words, like : DEFINITELY, QUICKLY,
CENT-PERCENT, ONLY ONE, ONLY FOREVER,
ALL, ALWAYS, EVERY etc. , are linked then these are not
considered. But if the conclusion is the direct result of the statement,
then it is considered.

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Direction:(1-30)In each of the following questions, a statement is given,

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followed by two conclusions.

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Give answer

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(a) if only conclusion I follows, (b) if only conclusion II follows,
(c) if either I or II follows, (d) if neither I nor II follows,
(e) if both I and II follow
1. Statement: Sonya scored 94% marks in the examination.
Conclusion: I. Sonya topped in her class
II. Sonya is a bright student.
2. Statement: Food in ‘TONY’s’ restaurant is very costly.
Conclusion: I. The quality of their food is very good.
II. The restaurant has a good ambience.
3. Statement: Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man
and writing an exact man.
Conclusions: I. Pointed and precise expression comes only
through extensive writing.
II. Extensive reading makes a complete man.
4. Statements: Jade plant has thick leaves and it requires little water.
Conclusions: I. All plants with thick leaves require little water.
II. Jade plants may be grown in places where water
is not in abundance.
5. Statements: Modern man influences his destiny by the choice he
makes unlike in the past.
Conclusions: I. Earlier there were fewer options available to man.
II. There was no desire in the past to influence the
destiny.
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6. Statements: The distance of 900 km by road between Bombay

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and Jafra will be reduced to 280 km by sea. This will

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lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum on fuel.

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Conclusions: I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road.

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II. Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent

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7. Statement: Company X has marketed the product. Go ahead,

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purchase it if price and quality are your
considerations.
Conclusions : I. The product must be good in quality.
II. The price of product must be reasonable
8. Statement: Good voice is a natural gift but one has to keep
practising to improve and excel well in the field of
music.
Conclusions: I. Natural gifts need nurturing and care.
II. Even though your voice is not good, one can keep
practising.
9. Statement : A man must be wise to be a good wrangler. Good
wranglers are talkative and boring.
Conclusions : I. All the wise persons are boring.
II. All the wise persons are wranglers.
10. Statement: The national norm is 100 beds per thousand
population but in this state it is 150 beds per
thousand.
Conclusions : I. Our national norm is appropriate.
II. The state’s health system is taking adequate care
in this regard.
11. Statements: Nation X faced growing international opposition for
its decision to explode eight nuclear weapons at its
test site.
Conclusions: I. The citizens of the nation favoured the decision.
II. Some powerful countries do not want other
nations to become as powerful as they are.
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12. Statements: National Aluminium Company has moved

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Georgia from a position of shortage to self-sufficiency

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in the metal.

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Conclusions: I. Previously, Georgia had to import aluminium.

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II. With this speed, it can soon become a foreign

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exchange earner.
13. Statement: Vegetable prices are soaring in the market.
Conclusions: I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity.
II. People cannot eat vegetables.
14. Statement: Death keeps no calendar.
Conclusions: I. Man must die one day.
II. Death can come at any time.
15. Statement: The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it.
Conclusions: I. Your life will be dull if you don’t face a problem.
II. To escape from problems, you should have some
solutions with you.
16. Statements: The Government run company had asked its
employees to declare their income and assets but it
has been strongly resisted by employees union and
no employee is going to declare his income.
Conclusions: I. The employees of this company do not seem to
have any additional undisclosed income besides
their salary.
II. The employees union wants all senior officers to
declare their income first.
17. Statement: India is seeking partnership with Germany in
aeronautical engineering and space exploration.
Earlier, India entered into partnership with some
other countries in aeronautical engineering.
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Conclusion: I. It is high time for joint venture between the

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Germany and India, because Germany is developing

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State of-the-art technologies in aeronautical

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engineering.

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II. Both India and Germany, have core competence

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in the given area.

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18. Statements: Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and an
aerogenerator can convert it into electricity. Though
not much has been done in this field, the survey
shows that there is vast potential for developing
wind as alternative source of energy.
Conclusions: I. Energy by wind is comparatively newly emerging
field.
II. The energy crisis can be dealt by exploring more
in the field of aero-generation.
19. Statements: Monitoring has become an integral part in the
planning of social development programmes. It is
recommended that Management Information
System be developed for all programmes. This is
likely to give a feedback on the performance of the
functionaries and the efficacy with which services
are being delivered.
Conclusions: I. All the social development programmes should
be evaluated.
II. There is a need to monitor the performance of
workers.
20. Statement: In the Art Gallery, paintings of a artist are displayed
for the public. The prices of the paintings are too
high for a common man.
Conclusions : I. Common man purchases paintings from other
places.
II. Costly paintings are generally displayed at the
art gallery.
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21. Statements: The serious accident in which a person was run down

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by a car yesterday had again focused attention on

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the most unsatisfactory state of roads.

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Conclusions: I. The accident that occurred was fatal.

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II. Several accidents have so far taken place because

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of unsatisfactory state of roads.

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22. Statements: In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by a
team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by
spinners.
Conclusions: I. 80% of the team consists of spinners.
II. The opening batsmen were spinners.
23. Statement Domestic demand has been increasing faster than
the production of indigenous crude oil.
Conclusions I. Crude oil must be imported.
II. Domestic demand should be reduced.
24. Statement The Prime Minister emphatically stated that his
government will make every possible effort for the
upliftment of poor farmers and farmhands.
Conclusions I. Except poor farmers and farmhands, all others have
got benefits of fruits of development.
II. No serious efforts have been made in the past for
upliftment of any section of the society.
25. Statement The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of
his colleagues.
Conclusions I. The manager did not like Sachin.
II. Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.
26. Statements: The eligibility for admission to the course is minimum
second class Master’s degree. However, the
candidates who have appeared for the final year
examination of Master’s degree can also apply.
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Conclusions: I. All candidates who have yet to get their Master’s

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degree will be there in the list of selected candidates.

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II. All candidates having obtained second class

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Master’s degree will be there in the list of selected

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candidates.

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27. Statement: Now a day a number of telecommunication

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companies are providing better services in the market
to compete with foreign companies.
Conclusion: I. They want India to become number one in the field
of telecommunication. At the same time they want
to fetch more and more money from the other
countries.
II. Company want increase customers and become
no. I position
28. Statements: Government has spoiled many top ranking financial
institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors
of these institutions.
Conclusions: I. Government should appoint Directors of the
financial institutes taking into consideration the
expertise of the person in the area of finance.
II. The Director of the financial institute should have
expertise commensurate with the financial work
carried out by the institute.
29. Statement: Quality has a price tag. India is allocating lots of funds
to education.
Conclusions: I. Quality of education in India would improve soon.
II. Funding alone can enhance quality of education.
30. Statements: In India, more emphasis should be placed on areas
such as agriculture, engineering and technology
instead of basic and pure sciences.
Conclusions: I. India has achieved sufficient progress in basic and
pure sciences.
II. In the past, the productivity factor in our economy
was.
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Directions (1-30) : In each question below is given a statement followed

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by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything

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in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together

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and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt

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from the infromation given in the statement.
Give answer
(a) if only conclusion I follows; (b) if only conclusion II follows;
(c) if either I or II follows; (d) if neither I nor II follows; and
(e) if both I and II follow.
1. Statement : The secret of success is constancy of purpose.
Conclusions : I. Constant dripping wears the stone.
II. Single-minded devotion is necessary for
achieving success.
2. Statement : The percentage of the national income shared by
the top 10 per cent of households in India is 35.
Conclusions : I. When an economy grows fast, concentration of
wealth in certain pockets of population takes place.
II. The national income is unevenly distributed in
India.
3. Statement : The Prime Minister emphatically stated that his
government will make every possible effort for the
upliftment of poor farmers and farmlands.
Conclusions : I. Except poor farmers and farmlands, all others have
got benefits of fruits of development.
II. No serious efforts have been made in the past
for upliftment of any section of the society.
4. Statement : The Cabinet of State X took certain steps to tackle
the milk glut in the state as the cooperatives and
government dairies failed to use the available milk.
- A news report.
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Conclusions : I. The milk production of State X is more than its

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need.

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II. The Government and co-operative dairies in

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State X are not equipped in terms of resources and

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technology to handle such excess milk.

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5. Statement : The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of

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his colleagues.
Conclusions : I. The manager did not like Sachin.
II. Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.
6. Statement : Double your money in five months-An
advertisement.
Conclusions : I. The assurance is not genuine.
II. People want their money to grow.
7. Statement : Only good singers are invited in the conference.
No one without sweet voice is a good singer.
Conclusions : I. All invited singers in the conference have sweet
voice.
II. Those singers who do not have sweet voice are
not invited in the conference.
8. Statement : Company X has a record of manufacturing cameras
of quality and the latest design so that you do not
spoil even a single shot irrespective of the weather
conditions.
Conclusions : I. No other company except X is reputed in the
camera industry.
II. Anyone can take an acceptable shot with camera
X.
9. Statement : Recent trends also indicate that the number of child
migrants in large cities is increasing. These children
leave their families to join the ranks of urban poor
doing odd jobs in markets, workshops, hotels or in
service sectors.
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Conclusions : I. Migration to big cities should be checked.

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II. The plight of poor children should be thoroughly

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studied.

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10. Statement : No country is absolutely self-dependent these days.

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Conclusions : I. It is impossible to grow and produce all that a

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country needs.

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II. Countrymen in general have become lazy.
11. Statement : National Aluminium Company has moved India
from a position of shortage to self-sufficiency in the
metal.
Conclusions : I. Previously, India had to import aluminium.
II. With this speed, it can soon become a foreign
exchange earner.
12. Statement : “The Government will review the present policy
of the diesel price in view of further spurt in the
international oil prices”. - A spokesman of the
Government.
Conclusions : I. The Government will increase the price of the
diesel after the imminent spurt in the international
oil prices.
II. The Government will not increase the price of
the diesel even after the imminent spurt in the
international oil prices.
13. Statement : If all players play to their full potential, we will win
the match. We have won the match.
Conclusions : I. All players played to their full potential.
II. Some players did not play to their full potential.
14. Statement : The T.V. staff deserves an applaud for showing
booth capture.
Conclusions : I. T.V. aims at showing things in their true
perspective.
II. People involved in booth capturing have been
recognised and are being tried by law.
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15. Statement : The national norm is 100 beds per thousand

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population but in this state, 150 beds per thousand

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are available in the hospitals.

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Conclusions : I. Our national norm is appropriate.

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II. The state’s health system is taking adequate care

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in this regard.

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16. Statement : Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we
have to alter it every six months.
Conclusions : I. Fashion designers do not understand the public
mind very well.
II. The public by and large is highly susceptible to
novelty.
17. Statement : Money plays a vital role in politics.
Conclusions : I. The poor can never become politicians.
II. All the rich men take part in politics.
18. Statement : Fortune favours the brave.
Conclusions : I. Risks are necessary for success.
II. Cowards die many times before their death.
19. Statement : I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.
Conclusions : I. Writer’s knowledge is very poor.
II. The world of knowledge is too vast to be explored
by a single person.
20. Statement : A man must be wise to be a good wrangler. Good
wranglers are talkative and boring.
Conclusions : I. All the wise persons are boring.
II. All the wise persons are good wranglers.
21. Statement : A Corporate General Manager asked four managers
to either submit their resignations by the next day
or face termination orders from service. Three of
them had submitted their resignation by that
evening.
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Conclusions : I. The next day, the remaining manager would also

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resign.

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II. The General manager would terminate his

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services the next day.

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22. Statement : In spite of the claim of the Governmet, terrorism

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being under check, killing continues.

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Conclusions : I. The terrorists have not come to an understanding
with the government.
II. The government has been constantly telling a
lie.
23. Statement : Modern man influences his destiny by the choice
he makes unlike in the past.
Conclusions : I. Earlier there were less options available to man.
II. There was no desire in the past to influence the
destiny.
24. Statement : The serious accident in which a person was run
down by a car yesterday had again focused attention
on the most unsatisfactory state of roads.
Conclusions : I. The accident that occurred was fatal.
II. Several accidents have so far taken place because
of unsatisfactory state of roads.
25. Statement : In case of outstanding candidates, the condition of
previous experience of social work may be waived
by the admission committee for M.A. (Social work).
Conclusions : I. Some of the students for M.A. (Social work) will
have previous experience of social work.
II. Some of the students for M.A. (Social work) will
not have previous experience of social work.
26. Statement : For over three decades Company X has been totally
involved in energy conservation, its efficient use
and management.
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Conclusions : I. The Company has yet to learn and acquire basic

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things in this area.

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II. It is dedication that is more important than

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knowledge and expertise.

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27. Statement : All those political prisoners were released on bail

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who had gone to jail for reasons other than political

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prisoners were released on bail who had gone to
jail for reasons other than political dharnas. Bail was
not granted to persons involved in murders.
Conclusions : I. No political prisoner had committed murder.
II. Some politicians were not arrested.
28. Statement : The best evidence of India's glorious past is the
growing popularity of Ayurvedic medicines in the
West.
Conclusions : I. Ayurvedic medicines are not popular in India.
II. Allopathic medicines are more popular in India.
29. Statement : Players who break various records in a fair way get
special prizes. Player X broke the world record but
was found to be under the influence of prohibited
durg.
Conclusions : I. X will get the special prize
II. X will not get the special prize.
30. Statement : Although we have rating agencies like Crisil, ICRA,
there is demand to have a spearate rating agency
for IT companies to protect investors.
Conclusions : I. Assessment of financial worth of IT companies
calls for separate set of skills, insight and
competencies.
II. Now the investors investing in IT companies will
get protection of their investment.

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1. Statement : This book will help because all good books help.

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Conclusions :

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(a) This is not a good book. (b) This a good book

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(c) No good book helps. (d) Some good books help.

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(e) None of these
2. Statement : All that glitters is not gold.
Conclusions :
(a) Non-metals also glitter. (b) Only gold glitters.
(c) Not all metal glitter. (d) Glittering things may be deceptive.
(e) None of these
3. Statement : All beggars are poor.
Conclusions :
(a) If A is a beggar, than A is not rich.
(b) If A is not rich, then A is not a beggar.
(c) All those who are poor are also beggars.
(d) If A is rich, then A is not a beggar.
(e) Both a and d.
4. Statement : Soldiers serve their country.
Conclusions :
(a) Men generally serve their country.
(b) Those who serve their country are soldiers.
(c) Some men who are soldiers serve their country.
(d)Women do not serve their country because they are not soldiers.
(e) None of these
5. Statement : Ability is poor man's wealth.
Conclusions :
(a) A poor man is always able.
(b) A poor man has the ability to earn wealth.
(c) A wealthy man is always able.
(d) A poor man can earn wealth if he has ability.
(e) None of these
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6. Statement : A factory worker has five childern. No else in the

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factory has five childern.

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Conclusions :

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(a) All workers in the factory have five children each.

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(b) Everbody in the factory has children.

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(c) Some of the factory workers have more than five children.

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(d)Only one worker in the factory has exactly five children.
(e) None of these
7. Statement : Most of politicians are liars. Harish tells lies.
Conclusions :
(a) Harish is a politician.
(b) Those who do not tell lies are not politicians.
(c) Some politicians do not tell lies.
(d) You can only get benefit by telling lies.
(e) None of these
8. Statement : All guilty polticians were arrested. Kishan and
chander were among those arrested.
Conclusions :
(a) All politicians are guilty.
(b) All arested people are politicans
(c) Kishan and Chander were not politiicians.
(d) Kishan and Chander were guilty.
(e) None of these
9. Statement : Every man should have his identity card with him.
That card should mention his blood group,
complete address and telephone number for
contact, in case, some serious accident take place.
Conclusions :
(a) Blood cannot be transfused until its group it mentioned in the card.
(b) The police needs this information specially when the accident is
fatal.
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(c) In case of emergency, he may forget his address and may need the

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card to contact the house.

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(d)None is supposed to forget his phone number under any

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circumstances.

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(e) When the seriosly injured person is helpless to tell his blood group,

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this information would suffice to indicate the required blood group.

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10. Statement : All the books, written by Prabhakar, are textbooks.
Some of his books published by ABC Publishing
Company.
Conclusions :
(a) ABC Publishing Comany publishes textbooks only.
(b) Some textbooks written by prabhakar are published by publishers
other than ABC Publishing Company.
(c) ABC Publishing Company publishes some ciritical essays wirtten
by Prabhakar .
(d)All the books published by ABC Publishing Company have been
written by Prabhakar.
(e) None of these.
11. Statement : The data given by the U.S. Labour Ministry indicate
that till the year 2016, there will be a shortage of
1,00,000 programmers. A spokesman from the
industry said. "We should understand this
throughly America needs indian programmers. This
is not only the question of investment but also of
the talent with which the Indian programmers are
equipped".
Conclusions :
(a) In other sectors also, there will be shortage of the talented labour
till the year 2016.
(b) Indian programmers are among the most talented in the world.
(c) Indian programmers are available on comparatively less salary in
comparison to the programmers from other countries.
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(d)In spite of entering with huge capital in the software Training, U.S.

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could not be able to meet its own needs fully.

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(e) The Indian softwere market is well equipped to send programmers

ob
.w
to other countries.

or
dp
re
12. Statement : Monopoly is characterised by an absence of or

ss
.c
decline in competition. ABC company realizes that

om
its operations are in competitive industries.
Conclusions :
(a) The ABC Company is in a service Industry.
(b) The ABC Company is publicly owned.
(c) ABC's market is not monopolistic.
(d) the ABC Company has no domestic competitors.
(e) None of these
13. Statement : I. None but the rich can afford air travel.
II. Some of those who travel by air become sick.
III. Some of those who become sick require
treatment.
Conclusions :
(a) all the rich persons travel by air
(b) Those who travel by air become sick
(c) All the rich persons become sick.
(d) All those who travel by air are rich .
(e) None of these
14. Statement : I. None but studnets are members of the club.
II. Some members of the club are married persons.
III. All married persons are invited for dance.
Conclusions :
(a) All members of the club are married persons.
(b) All students are invited for dance.
(c) All married students of the club are invited for dance.
(d)All members of the club are invited for dance.
(e) None of these
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15. Statement : I. Processed meat is a perishable food.

ur
sm
II. All perishable foods are packed in sealed tins.

ah
bo
ob
III. Sealed tins sometimes do not contain processed

.w
or
meat.

dp
re
Conclusions :

ss
.c
(a) Non-perishable foods are never packed in sealed tins.

om
(b) Poocessed meat is always packed in sealed tins.
(c) Processed meat is sometimes not packed in sealed tins
(d)Sealed tins always contains perishable food.
(e) None of these
16. Statement : Amit and subhash are friends. Subhash is friendly
with all Amit has many enemies. Rahul and Amit
do not like each other.
Conclusions :
I. Amit, Rahul and subhash form a clique.
II. Rahul and subhash are friends.
III. Subhash is fiendly with Amit's friends.
IV. Amit and Rahul are both friends of Subhash.
The conclusion(s) correctly drawn is/are
(a) III and IV (b) II and III (c) I and II
(d) II, III and IV (e) None of these
17. Statement : All watches sold in that shop are of high standard;
some of the HMT watches are sold in that shop.
Conclusions :
I. All watches of high standard were maufactured by HMT.
II. Some of the HMT watches are of high standard.
III. None of the HMT watches is of high standard.
IV. Some of the HMT watches of high standard are sold in that shop.
The conclusion (s) correctly drawn is/are
(a) III and IV (b) I and III (c) I and IV
(d) II and IV (e) None of these
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18. Statement : A wise man saves for a rainy day.

ur
sm
ah
A rainy day signifies adversity.

bo
ob
Conclusions : I. A fool squanders everything.

.w
or
II. A wise man is likely to get into adversity.

dp
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ss
III. A clear day signifies prosperity.

.c
om
The conclusion(s) correctly drawn is/are
(a) I only (b) I and II (c) II only
(d) I and III (e) None of these
19. Statement : Mosquitoes and cockroaches die by Baygon
whether it is in the form of power or liquid.
However, it was found that more of the
cockroaches died instantly by eating Baygon power
while more mosquitoes died after Baygon liquid
was sprayed.
Conclusions : I. Mosquitoes do not die by Baygon powder.
II. Baygon liquid has little effect on cockroaches.
III. Baygon powder has more concentration for
killing insects.
The conclusions correctly drawn is/are
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and IV
(d) III and IV (e) None of these
20. Statement : Foreigners in Jordan without a valid work permit
will be deported. A few Indian employees in the
building industry in Jordan do not possess valid
work permits.
Conclusions : I. All Indians engaged in building Industry in Jordan
will be deported to India.
II. A few Indians in building industry in Jordan will
be deported.
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III. A bulk of Indians in Jordan will be deported to

ur
sm
ah
India.

bo
ob
IV. Indian employees in building industry without

.w
or
dp
work permit will be deported from Jordan.

re
ss
The conclusion(s) correctly drawn is/are

.c
om
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and IV
(d) III and IV (e) None of the
21. Statement : Hitesh told Mohit a ghost lived by the peepal tree
on the outskirts of the village.
Conclusions :
(a) Peepal trees grow on the outskirts of the village.
(b) Ghosts live on peepal trees.
(c) Hitesh perhaps believed in the stories of ghosts.
(d) Mohit must be afraid of ghosts.
(e) None of these
22. Statement : Many creative perons become artists.
Conclusions :
(a) A creative person will certainly become an artists.
(b) It is not possible to become an artist without creativity.
(c) A high level of creativity is needed to become an artist.
(d)Some artists are creative persons.
(e) None of these
23. Statement : Television convinces viewers that the likelihood
of their becoming the victim of a violent crime is
extremely high; at the same time by its very nature,
TV persuades viewers to passively accept whatever
happens to them.
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Conclusions :

ur
sm
(a) TV viewing promotes criminal behaviour

ah
bo
ob
(b) TV viewers are most likely to be victimized than others.

.w
or
(c) People should not watch TV.

dp
re
(d)TV promotes a feeling of helpless vulnerability in viewers.

ss
.c
om
(e) None of these
24. Statement : All students in my class are bright. Manish is not
bright.
Conclusions :
(a) Some students are not bright
(b) Manish must work hard.
(c) Non-bright ones are not students.
(d) Manish is not a student of my class.
(e) None of these
25. Statement : During the 'Puja days', people visit those houses
where 'puja' is performed. They make it a point to
go even if they are not invited. Manmohan visited
the house of Keshav, his office colleague, during
'puja days'.
Conclusions :
(a) Keshav had invited Manmohan for some other function
(b) Manmohan, being a religious man, went to keshav's house uninvited
in Keshav's house, 'puja' was performed.
(c) In Keshav's house, 'Puja' was performed.
(d) Manmohan was invited by Keshav.
(e) None of these
26. Statement : I. I watch T.V. only if I feel bored.
II. I feel never bored when I have my brother's
company.
III. Whenever I go to the theatre I take my brother
along.
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Conclusions :

ur
sm
(a) If I am bored, I seek my brother's comany.

ah
bo
ob
(b) If I am not bored, I do not watch T.V.

.w
or
dp
(c) If I am bored, I watch T.V

re
ss
(d) If I am not with my brother then I watch T.V.

.c
om
(e) None of these
27. Statement : I. All members of Mohan's family are honest.
II. Some members of Mohan's family are not
employed.
III. Some employed persons are not honest.
IV. Some honest persons are not employed.
Conclusions :
(a) All members of Mohan's family are employed.
(b) The employed members of Mohan's family are honest.
(c) The honest members of Mohan's family are not employed.
(d)The employed members of Mohan's family are not honest.
(e) None of these
28. Statement : All scientists working in America are talented. Some
Indian scientists are working in America.
Conclusions :
I. None of Indian scientists is talented.
II. Some talented Indian scientists have migrated to America.
[Link] talented scientists are Indians.
IV. Some Indian scientists are talented.
(a) I only (b) II only (c) II and III
(d) II and III (e) II and IV
29. Statement : Ministers arrived at the public functions in their
care.
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Conclusions : I. All ministers are rich.

ur
sm
II. Ministers have cars.

ah
bo
ob
III. Ministers came to the public function.

.w
or
(a) I alone (b) I and III (c) I and II

dp
re
(d) II and III (e) None of these

ss
.c
om
30. Statement : Few shops on this road have neon lights, but they
all have signboards.
Conclusions : I. Some shops have either signboards or neon lights.
II. Some shope have both signboards and neon lights.
III. Some shops have no neon lights.
IV. Some shops have no signboards.
The conclusion (s) correctly drawn is/are
(a) I alone (b) I and IV (c) II alone
(d) II and III (e) None of these

1. Statement : The distance of 900 km by road between Bombay

and Jafra will be reduced to 280 km by sea. This
will lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum
on fuel.
Conclusions : I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road.
II. Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.
2. Statement: Good voice is a natural gift but one has to keep
practising to improve and excel well in the field of
music.
Conclusions : I. Natural gifts need nurturing and care.
II. Even though your voice is not good, one can
keep practising.
3. Statement : Domestic demand has been increasing faster than
the production of indigenous crude oil.
Conclusions : I. Crude oil must be imported.
II. Domestic demand should be reduced.
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4. Statement : All the organised persons find time for rest.

ur
sm
ah
Sunita, in spite of her very busy schedule, finds time

bo
ob
for rest.

.w
or
dp
Conclusions : I. Sunita is an organised person.

re
ss
II. Sunita is an industrious person.

.c
om
5. Statement : This book 'Z' is the only book which focuses its
attention to the problem of poverty in India between
1950 and 1980.
Conclusions : I. There was no question of poverty in India before
1950.
II. No other book deals with poverty in India during
1950 to 1980.
6. Statement : The Government of country X has recently
announced several concessions and offered
attractive package tours for foreign visitors.
Conclusions : I. Now more number of foreign tourists will visit
the country.
II. The Government of country X seems to be serious
in attracting tourists.
7. Statement : Prime age school-going children in urban India have
now become avid as well as more regular viewers
of television even in household without a T.V. As a
result there has been an alarming decline in the
extent of readership of newspapers.
Conclusions : I. Method of increasing the readership of
newspapers should be devised.
II. A team of experts should be sent to other
countries to study the impact of T.V. on the
readership of newspapers.
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8. Statement : From the next academic year, studnets will have

ur
sm
the option of dropping Mathematics and Science

ah
bo
for their school leaving certificate examination.

ob
.w
Conclusions : I. Students who are weak in Science and

or
dp
re
Mathematics will be admitted.

ss
.c
II. Earlier students did not have the choice of

om
continuing their education without taking these
subjects.
9. Statement : In a recent survey report, it has been stated that
those who undertake physical exercise for at least
half an hour a day are less prone to have any heart
ailments.
Conclusions : I. Moderate level of physical exercise is necessary
for leading a healthy life.
II. All people who do desk-bound jobs definitely
surffer from heart ailments.
10. Statement : This world is neither good nor evil; each man
manufactures a world for himself.
Conclusions : I. Some people find this world quite good.
II. Some pople find this world quite bad.
11. Statement : Today out of the world population of several
thousand million, the majority of man have to live
under governments which refuse them personal
liberty and the right to dissent.
Conclusions : I. People are indifferent to personal liberty and the
right to dissent.
II. People desire personal liberty and the right to
dissent.
12. Statement : Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some
regular stuents fail in the examinations.
Conclusions : I. All failed students are regular.
II. All successful students are not regular.
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13. Statement : To cultivate interest in reading, the school made it

ur
sm
compulsory from June this year for each student to

ah
bo
read two books per week and submit a weekly

ob
.w
report on the books.

or
dp
re
Conclusions : I. Interest in reading can be created by force.

ss
.c
om
II. Some students will eventually develop interest
in reading.
14. Statement : The use of non-conventional sources of energy will
eliminate the energy crisis in the world.
Conclusions : I. Modern technology is gradually replacing the
conventional sources of energy.
II. The excessive explotiation of environment has
lead to deplention of conventional sources of
energy.
15. Statement : The national norm is 100 beds per thousand
population but in this state, 150 beds per thousand
are avilable in the hospitals.
Conclusions : I. Our national norm is appropriate.
II. the state's health system is taking adequate care
in this regard.
16. Statement : Any young man who makes dowry as a condition
for marriage, discredits himself, condemned by
people and dishonours womanhood.
Conclusions : I. Those who take dowry in marriage should be
condemned by society.
II. Those who do not take dowry in marriage respect
womanhood.
17. Statements: Leaders, who raise much hue and cry about the use
of Hindi, generally send their children to English
medium schools.
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Conclusions: I. India lacks good Hindi medium schools.

ur
sm
ah
II. There is a world of difference between preaching

bo
ob
and practicing.

.w
or
dp
18. Statement : It is almost impossible to survive and prosper in

re
ss
this world without sacrificing ethics and morality.

.c
om
Conclusions : I. World appreciates some concepts but may not
uphold it.
II. Concept of ethics and morality are not
paracticable in life.
19. Statement : It has been decided by the government to withdraw
33% of the subsidy on cooking gas from the
beginning of next month – A spokesman of the
Government.
Conclusions : I. People now no more desire or need such subsidy
from Government as they can afford increased price
of the cooking gas.
II. The price of the cooking gas will increase at least
by 33% from the next month.
20. Statement : Use "Kraft" colours. They add colour to our life. —
An advertisement.
Conclusions : I. Catchy slogans do not attract people.
II. People like dark colours.
21. Statement : Death keeps no calendar.
Conclusions : I. Man must die one day.
II. Death can come at any time.
22. Statement : Water supply in wards A and B of the city will be
affected by about 50% on Friday because repairing
work of the main lines is to be carried out.
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Conclusions : I. The residents in these wards should economise

ur
sm
on water on Friday.

ah
bo
II. The residents in these wards should store some

ob
.w
water on the previous day.

or
dp
re
23. Statement : Parents are prepared to pay any price for an elite

ss
.c
education to their children.

om
Conclusions : I. All parents these days are very well off.
II. Parents have an obsessive passion for a perfect
development of their children through good
schooling.
24. Statement : Jade plant has thick leaves and it requires little
water.
Conclusions : I. All plants with thick leaves require little water.
II. Jade plants may be grown in places where water
is not in abundance.
25. Statement : After this amendment to the Constitution, no child
below the age of 14 years will be employed to work
in any factory or mine or engaged in any other
hazardous employment.
Conclusions : I. Before this amendment, children below 14 years
were employed to work in factory or mine.
II. The employers must now abide by this
amendment to the Constitution.
26. Statement : In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by
a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made
by spinners.
Conclusions : I. 80% of the team consists of spinners.
II. The opening batsmen were spinners.
27. Statement : America's defence secretary reiterated that they
would continue to supply arms to Pakistan.
Conclusions : I. Pakistan is incapable of manufacturing arms.
II. It would ensure peace in the region.
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28. Statement : Nation X faced growing international opposition

ur
sm
for its decision to explode eight nuclear weapons

ah
bo
at its test site.

ob
.w
Conclusions : I. The citizens of the nation favoured the decision.

or
dp
re
II. Some powerful countries do not want other

ss
.c
nations to become as powerful as they are.

om
29. Statement : Adversity makes a man wise.
Conclusions : I. The poor are wise.
II. Man learns from bitter experience.
30. Statement : The commissioner of police has appealed people
not to put up banners which obstruct pedestrian or
motor traffic.
Conclusions : I. some of the people may respond and will not put
up such banners.
II. Policemen will have to keep a watchful eye on
the new banners which are being put up on the
roads.

1. (b): only II follows because we can say 94% marks is definitely a good
marks but I not follows because we don’t know about topper’s
mark, it may be greater than 94% marks.
2. (d): Neither I nor II is follows. There is no relation between the quality/
ambience with cost.
3. (e): Both follows, I follow as writing makes an exact man. Conclusion
II also directly follows from the statement.
4. (b): Only IInd conclusion follow, but can’t say that all thick leaves
require little water so I is not follows.
5. (a): Only Ist follows because the choice he makes unlike in the past is
directly indicate that fewer option were available in the past to
the man.
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6. (b): IInd follows because in the statement clearly talking about fuel

ur
sm
saving but not given any clue about transportation by sea is cheaper

ah
bo
than bus.

ob
.w
7. (e): Both follows, the statement clearly mentioned about price and

or
dp
re
quality

ss
.c
8. (a): I follows but I not follows because there is no clear give for what

om
to one con practicing.
9. (d): Neither I nor II follows. Because we can’t point out that the person
is wise to be boring or wranglers.
10. (b): Only conclusion II follows. Ist is not related to the statement.
11. (d): Neither I nor II is follows in conclusion I talking about the citizens
decisions but there is not mentioned anywhere in statement and
IInd talking about are assumption so its not follows
12. (e): The word "self-sufficiency" indicates that the company needed to
import metal previously, so I flollows. Self sufficiencey in metal
will make it a exporter of alluminium, and return it will earn foreign
exchnge so statement II is true.
13. (d): Neither I nor II follows statement is not talking about scarcity of
vegetable.
14. (b): From statements it can be concluded that death may come at any
time.
15. (d): Neither I nor II is follows. Istconclusion is says about life will be
bore or dull without problems but it’s not related to statement
same as in IInd there is not talking about solution in statement.
16. (d): I. This is not mandatory that the employees don’t have any
additional income beside salary, because It’s not mentioned in
statement.
II. This is also beyond from statement. Statement is not talking
about anybody wants senior officers to declare their income.
17. (d):
18. (e): Not much has been done, this means it is a new field. And wind
energy has vast potential, so it can solve our energy problems.
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19. (e): Both follows, According to the statement monitoring is an

ur
sm
important part of planning of social level part program’s and all

ah
bo
the information according statement both conclusion should be

ob
.w
follows.

or
dp
20. (b): only conclusion II is true clearly indicating in statement. I is not

re
ss
.c
related to statement.

om
21. (e): Both follows (clearly mentioned in statement)
22. (d): Neither I nor II. There is no due about the percentage of spinners
consists in team also not mentioned that the opener was spinners
23. (c): Either crude oil should be imported or demand should be reduced.
According to the statement which clearly mentioned that demand
of crude oil is increasing than production.
24. (d) Neither I nor II follows (clearly not related to above statement)
25. (d): Neither I nor II follows because the conclusion matter is not
mentioned in the statement
26. (d): Neither I nor II follows because the statement does not talking
about selected Candidate its talking about only the eligibility
criteria.
27. (b): All companies are trying to be number one.
28. (e): According to the statement, Government has spoiled financial
institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors. This means
that only those persons should be appointed as Directors who are
experts in finance and are acquainted with the financial work of
the institute. So, both I and II follow.
29. (a): According to the statement, funding is necessary to improve
quality and India is allocating funds to education. This means
that quality of education will improve in India. So, I follows. But
funding alone is sufficient to enhance quality, is not true. So, II
does not follow.
30. (b): That more emphasis should be laid on productivity areas instead
of sciences does not mean that the country has achieved sufficient
progress in sciences. But it implies that productivity factor was
previously being neglected. So, II follows while I does not.
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1. (e): Both I and II directly follow from the given statement.

ob
.w
2. (b): Nothing about the growth of economy is mentioned in the

or
dp
statement. So, I does not follow. Also, it is given that 35 per cent

re
ss
of national income is shared by 10 per cent of households. This

.c
om
indicates unequal distribution. So, II follows.
3. (d): No other section of society except farmers has been talked about
in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.
4. (e): The use of the term 'milk glut' makes I follows. Also, the fact that
the cooperatives and Government dairies failed to use the available
milk indicates that they lack the proper infrastructure to handle
such quantities of milk. So, II also follows.
5. (d): The manager might have humiliated Sachin not because of his
dislike but on account of certain negligence or mistake on his part.
So, I does not follow. Also, nothing about Sachin's rapport with
his colleagues can be deduced from the statement. So, II also does
not follow.
6. (b): The authenticity of the given statement cannot be deduced. So, I
does not follow. Since, the advertisement talks of quick returns, it
implies that people want their money to grow, as an advertisement
always imbibes comments and features that attract the attention
of the people immediately. So, II follows.
7. (e): The statement asserts that a good singer always has a sweet voice
and only good singers are invited in the conference. This implies
that all those invited in the conference have sweet voice and those
who do not have sweet voice are not invited. So, both I and II
follow.
8. (b): Clearly, the statement talks of Company X only and no other
company. So, I does not follow. Also, it is mentioned that one can
take a good shot even in bad weather conditions with a camera of
Company X. So, II follows.
9. (d): The statement mentions the problem of increased migration of
children to cities. But the ways to deal with the problem cannot
be deduced from it. So, neither I nor II follows.
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10. (a): Clearly, only I provides a suitable explanation to the given

ur
sm
statement. So, only I follows.

ah
bo
11. (e): According to the statement, National Aluminium Company has

ob
.w
moved India from a position of shortage in the past to self-

or
dp
sufficiency in the present. This means that previously, India had

re
ss
.c
to import aluminium. So, I follows. Also, it can be deduced that if

om
production increases at the same rate, India can export it in future.
So, II also follows.
12. (c): The government seeks to review the policy so as to determine
whether the diesel price needs to be increased or it can be kept
stable by adjusting certain other factors. So, either decision may
be taken. Thus, either I or II follows.
13. (a): The statement asserts that match can be won only if all the players
play to their full potential. So, only I follows while II does not.
14. (a): Clearly, I directly follows from the statement. However, II is not
directly related to the given statement and so does not follow.
15. (b): Whether the national norm is appropriate or not cannot be said.
So, I does not follow. However, more number of beds per thousand
population are available in the state. So, II follows.
16. (b): The statement asserts that people cannot stand any particular trend
for long and seek change quite often. So, only II follows.
17. (d): Neither the poor nor the rich, but only the role of money in politics
is being talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.
18. (a): According to the statement, only those who tackle situations
bravely achieve success. So, I follows. However, II is vague with
regard to the given statement and so does not follow.
19. (b): The statement is a symbolic one and only II correctly explains it.
20. (d): According to the statement, good wranglers are wise men. But it
doesn't mean that all wise men are good wranglers. So, neither I
nor II follows.
21. (c): It is mentioned in the statement that either the managers should
resign by the next day or their services would be terminated. So,
either I or II follows.
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22. (a): The statement implies that the government is continuously

ur
sm
making efforts to curb terrorism, but it still continues to prevail.

ah
bo
Thus, I follows while II does not.

ob
.w
23. (a): Clearly, I directly follows from the statement while II cannot be

or
dp
deduced from it.

re
ss
24. (e): Since the accident has caused concern, it must be fatal. So, I follows.

.c
om
The use of the word 'again' in the statement justifies the fact
mentioned in II. So, II also follows.
25. (e): According to the statement, previous experience is an essential
condition for candidates but in case of outstanding candidates,
this condition shall be waived. This means that some candidates
will have previous experience while some will not. So, both I and
II follows.
26. (d): Since the company has been working in this area for three decades,
it must have the necessary expertise and infrastructure required
in this field. So, I does not follow. However, the qualities that
have made the Company X successful in this field have not been
mentioned. So, II also does not follow.
27. (a): According to the statement, the political prisoners can be divided
into two groups — those who were released and those who were
put in jail for political dharnas. However, no person involved in
murder was released. This means that no political prisoner had
committed murder. So, I follows. Clearly, II is not directly related
to the statement and does not follow.
28. (d): The popularity of Ayurvedic or allopathic medicines in India is
not being talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.
29. (b): Clearly, X will not get the special prize because although he broke
the world record, he was found to use unfair means. So, II follows
while I does not.
30. (a): The need for separate rating agency for IT companies clearly
indicates that such assessment requires a separate set of skills. So,
I follows. However, the statement indicates only the need or
demand and neither the future course of action nor its after-effects
can be judged. So, II does not follow.
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ur
sm
ah
1. (b): Only b follows, This book is good book as it helps.

bo
ob
.w
2. (d): Only d can be concluded from the given statement.

or
dp
re
3. (e): All beggars are poor, so A is not rich and as A is rich, so A will not

ss
.c
be a beggar.

om
4. (c): Some men are soldiers, and soldiers serve their country, so
conclusion 'C' follows.
5. (d): Poor man can earn wealth using his ability so this conclusion
follows.
6. (d): This information is given in the statement so it follows.
7. (c): The word used is "Most" so there may be some politicians who do
not tell lies.
8. (d): Kishan and chander were guilty so they were arrested.
9. (b): This information will help police, so this conclusion follows.
10. (b): Only some of the prabhakar's book are published by APC
company.
11. (b): In statement talent of the Indian programmers is given significance.
So 'b' follows.
12. (c): It is a competitive market, so there are many players in the market,
it means it is not monopolystic market.
13. (d): According to statement I, only rich can afford air travel.
14. (c): Some married person are in the club, so there are student who are
married and all married persons are invited for dance.
15. (b): Processed meat is a perishable food and all perishable foods are
packed in sealed tins.
16. (d): Subhash is friend with every one II, III, IV follows.
17. (d): From statement II and IV follows.
18. (a): Wise man saves for rainy day but not a fool.
19. (b): Baygon liquid has more effect on Mosquitoes not on cockroaches.
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20. (c): Those Indian who do not posses valid work permit will be

ur
sm
deported.

ah
bo
21. (c): Hitesh told ghost story, so he may have believed in ghost.

ob
.w
or
22. (d): Many creative people become artist, so some artist must be

dp
re
creative.

ss
.c
23. (d): Statement says TV "persuades" viewers to accept whatever

om
happens to them, in this way TV is making people vulnerable.
24. (d): As all students are bright, so manish is not my student.
25. (c): From statement it can be concluded that 'Puja' was performed at
Keshav's house.
26. (b): From statement 1, it is clear that 'I' watch T.V. only when I am
boared.
27. (b): As all the member of mohan family are honest, this conclusion is
true.
28. (e): Some Indian scientist work in America, and all American scientists
are talented, so 'II' and 'IV' follows.
29. (d): Only II and III follows from given statement.
30. (d): Only II and III follows.

1. (b): According to the statement, sea transport is cheaper than road

transport in the case of route from Bombay to Jafra, not in all the
cases. So, conclusion I does not follow. The statement stresses on
the saving of fuel. So, conclusion II follows.
2. (a): Clearly, I follows directly from the given statement.
However, II is not related to the given statement and so
does not follow.
3. (c): The statement mentions that demand for oil is increasing faster
than the production. So, either the demand must be reduced or
oil must be imported to cope with the increasing demand. Thus,
either I or II follows.
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4. (e): Sunita has a very busy schedule. This means that she is industrious.

ur
sm
But still she finds time for rest. This means that she is an organised

ah
bo
ob
person. So, both I and II follow.

.w
or
5. (b): The phrase 'only book' in the statement makes II implicit. However,

dp
re
ss
nothing about the state of poverty before 1950 can be deduced

.c
om
from the statement. So, I does not follow.
6. (e): Clearly, the government has taken the step to attract more tourists.
So, both I and II follow.
7. (d): The statement concentrates on the increasing viewership of T.V.
and does not stress either on increasing the readership of
newspapers or making studies regarding the same. So, neither I
nor II follows.
8. (e): Since the new system gives the students the option of dropping
Science and Mathematics, so students weak in these subjects can
also be admitted. So, I follows. Also, it is mentioned that the new
system will come into effect from the next academic year. This
means that it did not exist previously. So, II also follows.
9. (a): The statement mentions that chances of heart ailments are greatly
reduced by a regular half-hour exercise. So, I follows. However, it
talks of only reducing the probability which does not mean that
persons involved in sedentary jobs shall definitely suffer from
heart ailments. So, II does not follow.
10. (e): The statement mentions that the world for a man is as he makes it
for himself. So, some people might find it good and some quite
bad. Thus, both I and II follow.
11. (b): It is mentioned in the statement that most people are forced to
live under Governments which refuse them personal liberty and
the right to dissent. This means that they are not indifferent to
these rights but have a desire for them. So, only II follows.
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12. (d): The given statement clearly implies that all irregular and some

ur
sm
regular students fail in the examinations. This, in turn, means that

ah
bo
ob
all successful studnets are regular but not all regular students are

.w
or
successful. So, neither I nor II follows.

dp
re
13. (b): Clearly, the new scheme intends to develop interest in reading

ss
.c
by incorporating the habit in their routine. So, only II follows while

om
I does not.
14. (e): Both I and II directly follow from the given statement.
15. (b): It is not clear in the statement that national norm is appropriate or
not. But it is clear that state's health system is taking adequate
care.
16. (e): 1st. option can be directly concluded from the statement. And it is
clear from statement that those who take dowry dishonours
womanhood that means those who do not take dowry honours
womanhood.
17. (b): Clearly, II follows directly from the given statement.
18. (b): Clearly, I is vague and so does not follow. However, II directly
follows from the given statement.
19. (d): It is not clear from the statement that people are capable to bear
the increased price of cooking gas. So, I does not follow. Also, the
statement talks of withdrawing 33% of the prevailing subsidy and
not of reducing 33% of the actual price. So, II also does not follow.
20. (d): If any advertisement company make any slogan, they make it by
assuming that people will get attracted to it. But we can't say
definitely that slogan is catchy or not. So first conclusion does not
follow. It is not mentioned in statement that people like any
particular type of colours. So second conclusion does not follow.
21. (b): Second conclusion can be directly concluded from the statement
first one is universal truth but it can not be concluded from the
statement.
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22. (d): Both conculusion cannot be concluded from the given statement.

ur
sm
23. (b): The statement implies that people are inclined towards giving

ah
bo
ob
their children good education. So, only II follows while I does

.w
or
not.

dp
re
24. (b): The statement talks of jade plants only and not 'all plants with

ss
.c
om
thick leaves'. So, I does not follow. Also, since jade plants require
little water, so they can be grown in places where water is not in
abundance. So, II follows.
25. (e): The statement mentions that after the amendment, no child below
14 years will be engaged in hazardous employment. This means
that before the amendment, the practice of employing children
below 14 years was in vogue. This in turn means that employers
will have to abide by the amendment. So, both I and II follow.
26. (d): According to the statement, 80% of the total runs were made by
spinners. So, I does not follow. Nothing about the opening
batsment is mentioned in the statement. So, II also does not follow.
27. (d): Pakistan's ability to manufacture arms is not being talked about in
the statement. So, I does not follow. The fact in II cannnot be
deduced from the given statement. So, II also does not follow.
28. (d): Neither the citizen's response to the decision nor the reason for
opposition by other nations can be deduced from the statement.
So, neither I nor II follows.
29. (b): The statement talks of 'adversity' in general and not 'lack of money'.
So, I does not follow. II correctly explains the statement and hence
it follows.
30. (d): First conclusion may be assumption but it cannot be definitely
concluded from the given statement. So first does not follow.
However, the statement talks of a general appeal and not stringent
directions. So, II does not follow.

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