DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi - 590018)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout
Bengaluru-560111
PROJECT SYNOPSIS
BIDIRECTIONAL DC/DC CONVERTER WITH DUAL ENERGY
STORAGE FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
Project Group Number: 22
SURAJ S 1DS22EE077
SIDDHARTH S RAO 1DS22EE085
SIVASANKAR V S 1DS22EE086
SOURABH 1DS22EE087
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Premkumar M
Professor & HOD
Dept. of E&E Engg.
DSCE, Bengaluru
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018
2025-26
1
ABSTRACT
As the world moves towards electric mobility, energy efficiency along with battery lifespan are vital
considerations in electric vehicles. This project focuses on the development of a Bidirectional DC/DC converter
integrated with a dual-energy storage system, a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor to optimize energy flow
in EVs. The system is used to drive a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) through a custom designed
3-phase bridge inverter, enabling precise motor control and regenerative braking.
The bidirectional converter provides a controlled power flow from the battery and supercapacitor to the motor
during acceleration and stores energy during regenerative braking. This system improves battery life, provides
better dynamic response, and enhances the overall system efficiency. The setup operates in the 150–200W range,
suitable for small scale prototypes useful for demonstrating the working of the system.
The proposed system manages energy distribution between the lithium-ion battery and the supercapacitor based
on load needs. During high-demand situations, like rapid acceleration, both sources can work together. The
supercapacitor handles quick power spikes to ease the load on the battery, and during light-load or braking
situations, the converter switches to energy recovery mode, storing the regenerated energy effectively.
To test the system's functionality, simulations and hardware tests will be carried out under different operating
conditions, including acceleration, braking, and steady cruising. Overall, this project showcases a compact, smart
energy management solution with strong potential for use in electric two-wheelers and as a platform for studying
power electronics and electric drive systems.
2
INTRODUCTION
EVs are changing the automotive world by providing eco-friendly options to internal combustion engines.
However, traditional single-battery systems have issues. These include lower peak power handling and poor
regenerative braking. To address these problems, this project uses a dual-energy storage system that combines a
lithium-ion battery, which has high energy density, and a supercapacitor, which has high power density controlled
by a bidirectional DC/DC converter.
The setup powers a PMSM motor known for its high efficiency, compact size, and smooth torque. The converter
enables energy to flow in both directions, helping the motor during peak loads and capturing energy during
deceleration. We make use of a 3-phase inverter to gain finer control over motor operation. This prototype
simulates essential EV functions like acceleration, cruising and braking.
The integration of a bidirectional DC-DC converter with dual energy storage creates a smarter power
management system. During sudden load demands, like acceleration or hill climbing, the supercapacitor can
quickly provide high current without putting extra strain on the battery. At the same time, the lithium-ion battery
delivers energy over a longer period. Conversely, during regenerative braking, the system efficiently returns
energy to the supercapacitor, which is better suited for quick charge and discharge cycles. This coordinated energy
flow boosts system efficiency, extends battery life, and reflects the behavior of real-world electric vehicle designs.
Additionally, the project focuses on hardware implementation and real-time control using a microcontroller for
PWM generation, processing sensor feedback, and managing switching logic. The custom-designed 3-phase
inverter not only drives the PMSM motor accurately but also supports regenerative operation, which improves
energy use. By simulating realistic EV scenarios within a 150 to 200W range, this prototype works as both a
research platform and helps facilitate a deeper understanding of certain core concepts in the field of power
electronics.
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LITERATURE SURVEY
The authors of [1] introduced a hybrid bidirectional DC-DC converter featuring mutual control loops to achieve
better stability between the high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) sides. Their approach integrates average
current control and sliding mode techniques to enable dynamic power flow in both directions, ensuring reliable
energy transfer for hybrid energy systems. This study emphasizes how such hybrid topologies can maintain stable
operations while balancing energy between storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors.
The authors of [2] focused on designing a HV gain bidirectional DC-DC converter for supercapacitor-assisted
electric vehicles. The proposed converter achieved a significant voltage boost ratio with reduced component
stress, making it ideal for interfacing LV supercapacitors with HV battery systems. Their experimental results
validate the converter's high efficiency and suitability for fast charge-discharge cycles in EV powertrains,
highlighting the importance of bidirectional energy flow and regenerative braking support.
The authors of [3] presented a novel velocity control scheme for a PMSM fed by an inverter-DC/DC Buck
converter. They developed a passivity-based approach to simplify the controller design and provided a formal
proof of asymptotic stability for constant-speed operation. This method is noteworthy as it eliminates the need
for high-order derivatives in the control loop, making it more robust and computationally efficient for AC motor
applications in EVs.
The authors of [4] proposed a new vector control method for PMSM motors known as theta- Field-Oriented
Control (FOC), which reduces computational complexity while maintaining performance similar to traditional
FOC. By decoupling calculations from the PWM cycle and introducing an additional angular parameter, this
method enables higher PWM frequencies and improves performance in field-weakening regions—especially
valuable for high-speed EV traction motors.
The authors of [5] explored a novel rotor topology for PMSMs to improve high-speed and low-noise operation,
which is crucial in electric vehicles. The proposed design minimizes radial magnetic force fluctuations and
acoustic noise while maintaining high efficiency and torque density. Their findings support the development of
quieter and more reliable PMSM drives, particularly beneficial in urban mobility and premium EV segments.
The authors of [6] presented a comprehensive classification of bidirectional DC–DC converters, dividing them
into isolated and non-isolated types. The paper discussed various topologies such as buck-boost, SEPIC, Ćuk,
interleaved, and dual-active bridge (DAB), each tailored to meet specific application needs. For instance,
interleaved and multilevel topologies were found effective in reducing current ripples and improving thermal
performance, especially in high-power automotive applications.
The authors of [7] further explored the control techniques and trends in bidirectional DC–DC converters,
specifically within EV power systems. They highlighted the increasing use of Wide Bandgap semiconductors like
SiC and GaN, which enable higher switching frequencies, lower losses, and compact converter designs.
Furthermore, they identified a growing interest in AI-based control strategies, which offer predictive and adaptive
responses for better performance under dynamic driving conditions. The paper also
classified converter designs by power levels per SAE J1772 standard and emphasized the role of hybrid storage
(battery + supercapacitor) for peak load handling and regenerative braking.
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The authors of [8] focused on impedance analysis for battery-based bidirectional DC–DC converters in cascaded
systems. The study showed that to ensure system stability, the converter’s output impedance should be minimized
when acting as a source, and input impedance should be maximized when acting as a load. The paper also
presented design rules for LC filters and PI controller tuning to improve small-signal stability. This insight is
especially useful in systems involving multiple converters such as in hybrid energy storage systems with both
supercapacitors and batteries.
The authors of [9] provided a detailed review on electric motor control systems in EVs, including the PMSM used
in the current project. They compared control techniques like FOC, Direct Torque Control, Model Predictive
Control (MPC), and Sliding Mode Control, focusing on torque ripple mitigation and efficiency improvement.
PMSM, with high torque and power density, was found to be particularly effective for EV traction applications
when integrated with precise torque control algorithms.
The authors of [10] proposed an improved control strategy for a PMSM drive system integrated with a
bidirectional DC/DC converter. By utilizing fixed SVPWM modulation and voltage instruction compensation,
their method reduces inverter switching loss and improves motor efficiency. Their work demonstrates how
dynamic voltage regulation enhances system performance, especially under weak magnetic conditions critical for
broadening the operational range of EV motors.
The authors of [11] provided a comprehensive review of axial flux PMSMs, highlighting their compact design
and high power density. They discussed torque ripple minimization and efficiency optimization strategies,
particularly useful in EV applications where limited space and high thermal loads are key concerns. Their findings
emphasize that optimal PMSM control is essential for improving overall EV drivetrain performance.
The authors of [12] introduced a multi-source, multi-load DC-DC converter designed for EVs, integrating battery
and solar power systems. The converter achieved ±1% voltage stability and 93% efficiency under varying load
conditions. This system's ability to handle multiple energy inputs and outputs without cross-regulation issues is
especially beneficial in hybrid storage setups combining lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
The authors of [13] specifically addressed dual-battery systems with their bidirectional DC/DC converter design.
Their converter allows flexible power transfer between a primary and secondary battery, enhancing energy
recovery during braking and improving dynamic performance. Simulation results validated the system's efficiency
in managing energy flow in hybrid electric vehicles.
The authors of [14] reviewed various non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies used in EV energy
storage systems. They emphasized the importance of converter configurations like interleaved and cascaded buck-
boost designs, which offer high efficiency and reduced current ripple. These topologies are particularly suited for
dual energy storage architectures involving supercapacitors and batteries.
The authors of [15] examined DC-DC converter control methods in microgrid and EV applications. Their work
discussed bidirectional topologies like the DAB and various control strategies including MPC, which improve
converter performance under dynamic load conditions-a key requirement in EV systems with variable power
demands.
Recent research by Ahmed et al. [16] presented an advanced energy management system (EMS) for a
battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in electric vehicles. Their approach integrates
regenerative braking control to maximize kinetic energy recovery and strategically distribute it between the
ultracapacitor and battery. Using bidirectional buck–boost DC-DC converters, the EMS dynamically adjusts the
power distribution factor during motoring and prioritizes ultracapacitor charging during braking. Simulation and
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experimental validation demonstrated improved vehicle acceleration, higher energy efficiency, and extended
battery lifespan compared to conventional single-storage systems.
The author of [17] developed a modular bidirectional DC/DC converter architecture for electric and hybrid
vehicles that supports dual energy sources. Their topology is designed for high efficiency and flexibility, enabling
independent or simultaneous operation of different storage devices. The system is capable of bidirectional power
transfer between sources and loads, supporting both motoring and regenerative braking modes. Experimental
results confirmed reduced power losses, improved thermal performance, and enhanced energy recovery, making
it suitable for compact EV designs.
The author of [18] proposed a high-efficiency two-phase interleaved charge-pump bidirectional DC/DC converter
topology. The design achieves a high voltage conversion ratio in both directions—operating as a voltage-
multiplier boost converter in discharge mode and a voltage-divider buck converter in charge mode. Experimental
results from a 500 W prototype demonstrated peak efficiencies of 97.7% in discharge and 98.4% in charge mode.
The interleaving technique effectively reduced current ripple and conduction losses, while the lowered voltage
stress on active switches enabled the use of low-voltage devices for improved performance.
The author of [19] explored energy flow optimization in electric vehicles using a PMSM motor fed by a controlled
DC–DC buck converter and inverter system. Their method enables precise velocity control while managing
battery current stress. The proposed control strategy improves torque response, minimizes overshoot, and
optimizes power delivery during transient conditions. The study also highlighted the potential for integrating
supercapacitors into the system to further improve dynamic performance and braking energy recovery.
The author of [20] introduced a new method of vector control for PMSM motors aimed at improving efficiency
and stability in EV applications. By refining the d–q axis current control, the proposed method reduces torque
ripple and enhances low-speed operation—critical for stop-and-go urban driving. When paired with a
bidirectional DC–DC converter and dual energy storage system, this approach supports smoother power
transitions between the battery and supercapacitor, ultimately improving driving comfort and extending
component lifespan.
The authors of [21] detailed the development of a dual-battery bidirectional DC–DC converter for hybrid EV
systems, emphasizing modularity and fault tolerance. Their design allows seamless switching between power
sources, reduces the size of passive components, and maintains stable DC bus voltage under fluctuating load
demands. This work supports our choice of a custom 3-phase bridge inverter integrated with a hybrid energy
storage system, as it validates the operational and efficiency benefits of such architectures in electric mobility
applications.
The authors of [22] addressed performance issues in small-capacitor motor drive systems, including DC-link
voltage fluctuation and torque ripple. They propose a combined control strategy using third-harmonic current
injection to minimize voltage ripple. An improved repetitive control with PI control is applied to suppress torque
ripple and enhance dynamic response. Experiments validate significant improvements over traditional PI or RC-
only methods.
The authors of [23] focused on interleaved single-input multiple-output (SIMO) DC-DC converters to enhance
efficiency and power sharing in multi-output systems. A combination method integrating interleaving with
advanced control to reduce current ripple and improve load regulation is proposed. This approach ensures
balanced power distribution among outputs while maintaining high efficiency. Experimental validation
demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional SIMO converter designs.
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The authors of [24] explained how use of Space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) techniques for
controlling three-phase inverters offer improved DC bus utilization and harmonic reduction compared to
traditional PWM methods. An SVPWM algorithm is presented that enhances switching efficiency and output
voltage quality. Simulation results confirm its capability to produce a balanced three-phase output with reduced
total harmonic distortion.
The authors of [25] explained how research on DAB DC-DC converters has focused on improving efficiency,
expanding the zero-voltage switching range, and enhancing transient performance. Modulation strategies such
as single phase-shift, extended phase-shift, and triple phase-shift have been proposed to reduce current stress
and improve power transfer. Many approaches achieve gains in one performance aspect but compromise
another, such as dynamic response or control simplicity. The proposed method introduces an optimization
strategy to balance both static and dynamic performance.
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GAP ANALYSIS
The electric vehicle sector is rapidly evolving, and is implementing multiple features rapidly. However, the
following gaps have been identified in current research and implementation, which this project aims to address:
1.1 Energy Storage System Design:
Most vehicles make use of a single lithium-ion battery, which limits performance during high power demand or
regeneration. There is no provision for fast response or energy buffering, which can lead to inefficient energy
use.
Gap: Absence of hybrid energy storage integration.
This project combines a lithium-ion battery with a supercapacitor to manage both high energy and high power
requirements.
1.2 Bidirectional Power Conversion:
Unidirectional DC-DC converters are more commonly used, enabling only one-way energy transfer. These
systems cannot support regenerative braking or battery-to-battery energy sharing.
Gap: Inability to handle two-way power flow.
This project implements a bidirectional DC-DC converter to allow power to flow both ways, supporting motor
drive and energy recovery.
1.3 Motor Drive and PMSM Utilization:
PMSMs, provide better control when it comes to switching characteristics due to the use of a custom designed 3
phase bridge inverter.
Gap: Limited use of industry-standard PMSM motors.
This project uses a PMSM motor with a custom 3-phase inverter for high performance and realistic EV
simulation.
1.4 Regenerative Braking Integration:
Regenerative braking is often overlooked due to the complexity of power flow control and hardware limitations.
Energy during braking is typically wasted as heat.
Gap: Lack of practical energy recovery systems.
This project includes regenerative braking support to store braking energy into the supercapacitor via the
bidirectional converter.
1.5 Intelligent Power Management Logic:
Battery-supercapacitor switching is either hardcoded or manually controlled. There’s no load-based energy
balancing.
Gap: Absence of real-time, adaptive control.
This project uses sensors and microcontroller logic to monitor load, voltage, and current, enabling dynamic
energy source switching.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The primary objective of this project is to design and implement a prototype energy management system for
electric vehicles using a bidirectional DC-DC converter and a dual-energy storage system comprising a lithium-
ion battery and a supercapacitor. The system also incorporates a custom 3-phase inverter to drive a PMSM.
The specific objectives are as follows:
1. To design and develop a bidirectional DC-DC converter capable of efficiently managing power flow
between the lithium-ion battery and the supercapacitor under varying load conditions.
2. To construct a 3-phase inverter circuit to control a PMSM motor in both motoring and regenerative braking
modes.
3. To develop an intelligent control algorithm using a microcontroller to:
o Sense voltage and current in real time.
o Decide energy source switching logic.
o Ensure safe and efficient operation of the overall system.
4. To implement regenerative braking capability, enabling the PMSM motor to act as a generator during
deceleration and store the recovered energy into the supercapacitor.
5. To evaluate the performance of the system under different operating conditions such as acceleration,
braking and dynamic load transitions, and assess metrics like efficiency, responsiveness, and energy
recovery rate.
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PROJECT METHODOLOGY
The proposed project is implemented through a structured and phased methodology, starting from component
selection and circuit design to control implementation, hardware integration, and system validation. The key steps
involved in the development of the bidirectional DC-DC converter with dual-battery energy storage for electric
vehicle applications using a PMSM motor are outlined below:
1. System Design and Specification
The first phase involves defining the specifications of the system. A 150–200W power rating is chosen for the
prototype. A dual-energy storage approach is adopted, where a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor bank are
selected to handle different power demands. The load is modeled using a PMSM, which reflects real-world EV
motors in terms of performance and control.
2. Design of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
A bidirectional DC-DC converter is designed using a buck-boost topology. This converter allows energy to flow
in both directions:
• From the Dual Energy storage system to the Motor Load through the DC Bus.
• From the Motor to the Dual Energy storage System through the DC Bus.
Power MOSFETs are used as switching devices, and gate driver ICs are used to manage the switching signals.
Inductors and capacitors are selected based on power ratings and ripple constraints. Safety features like
overvoltage and overcurrent protection are incorporated into the converter design.
3. Dual-Battery Energy Storage Integration
The energy storage section comprises:
• A lithium-ion battery pack
• A supercapacitor bank
Balancing resistors and protection circuitry along with continuous parameter monitoring is incorporated to ensure
proper charge/discharge behaviour and safety.
4. Design of 3-Phase Inverter for PMSM Drive
To control the PMSM motor, a custom-built three-phase inverter is designed using six power MOSFETs arranged
in a three-leg bridge configuration. Gate driver ICs are used to control the MOSFETs. The inverter is controlled
using high-frequency PWM signals generated from a microcontroller. This enables precise motor control,
including speed regulation and regenerative operation.
5. Control System Implementation
The system is managed by a microcontroller (STM32 or Texas Board) programmed to:
• Generate PWM signals for both the DC-DC converter and 3 Phase inverter.
• Monitor voltage and current using appropriate sensors.
• Switch intelligently between the battery and supercapacitor based on real-time load demand
• Enable regenerative braking by reversing the direction of energy flow when the motor is decelerating
The software also includes protection logic to prevent overcurrent, overvoltage, and deep discharge conditions.
6. Simulation and Analysis
Before hardware implementation, the proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation
helps verify:
• Bidirectional converter operation under different modes
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• Energy sharing between battery and supercapacitor
• Performance of PMSM motor drive with regenerative braking
• Efficiency and voltage regulation
These simulations guide the selection of control parameters and component ratings.
7. Hardware Assembly and Testing
Once validated through simulation, the entire system is assembled on a hardware level. Proper heat sinks and
safety circuits are used to ensure safe operation. The system is tested under various load conditions that simulate
EV scenarios, including:
• Acceleration
• Braking
• Steady cruising
Data is collected using sensors and analyzed to evaluate system response, efficiency, energy recovery rate, and
performance under dynamic conditions.
8. Final Integration and Evaluation
All subsystems, the bidirectional converter, inverter, dual storage units, and control system are integrated and
tested as a whole. The complete setup is evaluated for:
• Energy flow control
• Efficiency
• Real-time performance
• Safety and stability
This validates the effectiveness of the proposed design in a small-scale electric vehicle application.
Fig 1. Block Diagram
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