DAY SEVEN

Structural
Organisation
in Animals
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Animal Tissue u Organ and Organ system u Structural Organisation in Some Animals

The term ‘Tissue’ was introduced by Bichat. A tissue is a group of similar cells specialised
for performing a common function.
The branch of biological science which deals with the study of tissue is called Histology.
Term ‘Histology’ was coined by Mayer (1819). Marcello Malpighi is known as founder of
Histology.

Animal Tissue
Tissue in animals are classified as; epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue
and nerve tissue.

1. Epithelial Tissue
l
These are ectodermal in origin and cover the outer surface of all body organs and also
lines the cavities of all hollow organs of body.
l
In this tissue, cells are compactly arranged and are held together by intercellular
junctional complexes. Cells of the lower most layer rest on basement membrane.
l
Based on their functions, epithelial tissue is divided into two types, i.e. covering and
glandular epithelia.
(i) Covering epithelia The covering epithelial tissue is nearest to the environment.
Hence, plays an important role in the life activities of the animal. It is mainly
concerned with protection, respiration, secretion, assimilation and elimination of
waste products.
 Based upon ‘number and arrangement of cell layers’ Exocrine glands can be further classified as
along with ‘shape of the cells’ the covering epithelia is
Structure Location Functions
categorised as simple or unilaminar (single layered),
stratified or compound or multilaminar (multilayered) 1. On the basis of nature of secretion
and specialised epithelium. Mucus Goblet cell of intestine Secretion of mucus
Types of Covering Epithelium Serous Sweat glands Secretion of clear watery
Structure Location Functions fluid or sweat

1. Simple Epithelium Mixed Gastric glands and Secretion of gastric and

pancreatic glands pancreatic juices
l Squamous Cavity of major Absorption, exchange
organs (heart, air sacs of material, filtration 2. On the basis of excretory units
of lungs) Simple Intestinal Secretory units are of
Tubules and ducts of Absorption and same type
l Cuboidal
glands, surface of secretion Compound Liver, pancreas, More than one type of
ovary salivary duct secretory units are present
l Columnar Gastrointestinal tract Secretion of materials 3. On the basis of secretory nature
from special goblet
cells and absorption Holocrine Sebaceous glands Complete secretory unit
disintegrates
l Ciliated Respiratory tract, Movement of mucus,
Merocrine Sweat glands, salivary Secretion by diffusion
Fallopian tube urine, egg, etc.
and intestinal
l Pseudo-stratified Salivary glands, male Protection and
Apocrine Mammary glands Secretion accumulates in
urethra, trachea movement of
apical part of secretory
secretion from glands
unit

2. Stratified Epithelium NOTE • Simple or compound glands can be further classified into
Epidermis of skin and Protection against
tubular (tube-like secretory unit), acinous (rounded) and
l Squamous
hair, oral cavity, abrasion alveolar (flask-shaped).
tongue
Cell Junctions
l Columnar Epiglottis, mammary Protection and
gland ducts, parts of secretion
The structures that provide structural and functional links
urethra between the adjacent epithelial cells are called cell junctions.
Neighbouring cells are held together by different types of cell
l Cuboidal Sweat glands, female Helps mechanical and junctions. They may be
urethra, anal canal. chemical stress.
(i) Tight junctions (Zonula occludens), checks the flow of
3. Specialised Epithelium materials between the cells, e.g. brain.
l Transitional Wall of urinary Allows expansion, (ii) Gap junctions, facilitate the communication between
bladder capability to modify the cells by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer
shape of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules.
l Neurosensory Lining of retina, Main receivers of (iii) Adhering junctions, perform cementing function to keep
tongue, ear stimuli neighbouring cells together.
l Pigmented Basal layer of retina Provide the eye its
and posterior part of colour 2. Connective Tissues
iris
l
These are most abundant and widely distributed tissue of
(ii) Glandular epithelia Glandular epithelial cells are the body. These are mesodermal in origin.
specialised cells that perform the function of secreting l
These bind together the various tissues of an organ to
hormones, sweat, mucus, enzyme and other products. support different parts of the body and is involved in
They may be unicellular (e.g. goblet cells of alimentary packaging around different organs.
canal) and multicellular (e.g. salivary gland). l
Hertwig (1883) coined the word mesenchyma for the
Based on the mode of pouring of their secretions, glands mesodermal tissue present between ectoderm and
may be exocrine (i.e. secretion releases through ducts or endoderm.
tubes) or endocrine (i.e. hormones secreted directly into l
Connective tissues constitute about 30% of the body mass.
blood). These have both cellular and extracellular components.
l
Connective tissues play an important role in body defence, l
Fibrous cartilage contains prominent fibres in matrix
tissue repair, fat storage, transport of materials, support, and connects bones like pubis symphysis in pelvis
insulation, etc. and form intervertebral discs.
l
There are three types of connective tissue l
Elastic cartilage provides strength and maintain
shape of ear pinna, tip of the nose, epiglottis,
(i) Connective Tissue Proper Eustachian tube and larynx.
It has a viscous, gel-like matrix composed of proteoglycans. (b) Bone It is a solid, rigid connective tissue consisting of
It is of following types four parts, i.e. periosteum, matrix, endosteum and bone
(a) Loose connective tissue Cells and fibres are loosely arranged marrow.
in a semi-fluid matrix. They are of the following types l
The outer dense and white fibrous sheath of bone is
l
Areolar tissue occurs beneath the epithelia of many called periosteum.
hollow visceral organs, skin and in blood vessels l
Matrix occurs in form of layers, the lamellae which
(arteries and veins). It contains different types of cells are of three types namely Haversian lamellae,
like fibroblasts (irregularly shaped flat cells flat concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae and is
synthesise collagen and elastin and secrete major heavily deposited with apatite salts of Ca and
amount of matrix), macrophage (large irregular phosphorus.
amoeboid cells, phagocytic in nature), plasma cells l
False irregular spaces called lacunae, occur in the
(synthesise antibodies) and mast cells (irregular ovoid
matrix. Each lacuna is occupied by flat bone cell or
cells containing basophilic granules made up of
osteocyte (they are metabolically inactive cells).
heparin (anticoagulant), serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
and histamine (vasodilator).
l
The medullary or marrow cavity of bone is lined with
endosteum and osteoblasts are bone forming cells
l
Adipose tissue is located mainly beneath the skin,
that secrete ossein protein in matrix.
heart, blood vessels, kidney and bone. It is specialised
to store fats and reduces heat loss through the skin.
l
Bone marrow is a soft fatty tissue. It is of two types,
There are two types of adipose tissue, white/yellow i.e. red bone marrow (an active tissue, occurs in
tissue (single layered fat droplet present in cell spongy parts of bone, red due to the presence of
surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm) and brown RBCs) and yellow bone marrow (a passive tissue,
tissue (has multiple small fat droplets surrounded by occurs in shafts of bone, yellow due to the presence
larger amount of cytoplasm). The former is found in of adipocytes).
blubber of whales while latter occurs in newborn
(iii) Vascular Connective Tissue
babies and some hibernating animals.
It is also called fluid connective tissue. These are specialised
(b) Dense connective tissue It is mainly made up of
connective tissue that circulate through the cardiovascular
compactly packed bundles of collagen fibres with very
system. It is broadly classified as two main types, i.e. blood
little matrix. It is further classified as
and lymph.
l
Dense regular connective tissue where collagen
fibres are present in rows between many parallel Blood
bundles of fibres. White fibrous, e.g. tendon (connects
It is composed of a straw-coloured transparent fluid called
muscle and bone) and yellow elastic, e.g. ligament
plasma (55%), in which blood cells (45% formed elements)
(connects bone and bone) are two of its types.
are suspended.
l
Dense irregular connective tissue having fibroblasts
with many fibres oriented differently, e.g. in skin. Plasma
It contains water (90-92%), inorganic salts (Na, Cl, K, Mg,
(ii) Supportive Connective Tissue etc.), plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and
It is of following two types, i.e. cartilage and bone. prothrombin), nutrient and organic waste material, regulatory
(a) Cartilage It is solid, semi-rigid with matrix and is substances (hormones and enzymes) and gases
composed of a firm, but flexible material called chondrin (O2, CO2 and N2).
(protein) that is secreted by cells, called chondrocytes. It
Blood Cells (Formed Elements)
also contains fibres, mostly of collagen.
There are three major functional classes of blood cells
The cartilage is of three types as following
(i) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBCs) These are
l
Hyaline cartilage occurs in the larynx, nasal septum,
circular, biconcave, non-nucleated without any
tracheal rings and costal cartilage and found at the
cytoplasm or organelles and contain a red coloured
ends of bones to form articular cartilage.
respiratory pigment called haemoglobin.
 l
The process by which erythrocytes are formed is l
Platelets contain a variety of substances that promote blood
called erythropoiesis. It takes place in the red bone clotting like thromboplastin and various other blood clotting
marrow of adults and in liver spleen of foetus. factors.
l
The adherence of RBCs together by their concave
surfaces is called rouleaux formation. Lymph
l
RBCs are destroyed in spleen, bone marrow and l
It is a colourless fluid connective tissue made up of
liver, out of which spleen is the most important site plasma and WBCs mostly lymphocytes.
and hence is called as graveyard of RBCs. l
It lacks RBCs, platelets and blood proteins.
l
RBCs can be counted using haemocytometer. l
It carries materials from tissues to blood stream and also in
l
The lifespan of RBCs is 120 days (80 days in rabbit reverse direction.
and 100 days in frog). l
Lymph capillaries present in the intestinal villi are called
(ii) Leucocytes (White Blood Cells/WBCs) These are the lacteals, which are associated with the absorption of digested
largest blood cells and can be circular or irregularly food.
shaped with nucleus. The liferpan of RBCs is 3-4 days.
It is divided into two main groups based on their
nuclear shape and cytoplasmic granules.
3. Muscular Tissue
A. Granulocytes (Granular with lobed nucleus) These l
Muscular tissues are mesodermal in origin except iris and
are of three types ciliary body of eyes which are ectodermal in origin. Study of
l
Neutrophils They have highly lobulated nucleus muscles is called Myology.
(2-7 lobes) and contain hydrolysing enzyme that l
They contribute most to the total weight of body (about
kills the microbes by phagocytosis. They 40%-50%).
stimulate the production of interferons, antiviral l
The muscle cells are always elongated, slender and
substances. spindle-shaped fibre like cells. These are of three types, i.e.
l
Eosinophils They are larger than neutrophils striated, non-striated and cardiac muscles.
and have bilobed nucleus. They phagocytose Differences between Striated, Smooth (non-striated) and
antigen-antibody complexes and their number Cardiac Muscles
increases on allergic conditions like asthma and
Striated Smooth Cardiac
hay fever. Character
Muscle Muscle Muscle
l
Basophils They are intermediate in size
Location Limbs, tongue, In the wall of all Myocardium of
between neutrophils and eosinophils. They are pharynx, visceral organs heart
non-phagocytic with 2-3 lobes of nucleus and beginning of
release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine. oesophagus
B. Agranulocytes (Agranular with non-lobed Size and shape Long, cylindrical Short, Short,
nucleus) These are of two types with blunt ends spindle-shaped cylindrical with
with pointed flat ends
l
Monocytes They are the largest corpuscles with
ends
eccentrically placed kidney-shaped nuclei. They
are most active phagocytes and in tissue spaces Nucleus Multinucleate, Uninucleate, Uninucleate,
nucleus nucleus central nucleus central
they are transformed into macrophages like peripheral
Kupffer cells in liver, osteoblasts in bone, etc.
Myofibrils The presence of No bands Bands present
l
Lymphocytes These are the smallest leucocytes dark and light
with large, round dense nuclei. They are bands
non-motile and non-phagocytic and are of two Blood supply Highly vascular Less vascular Highly vascular
types namely T-lymphocytes (formed in thymus) Mitochondria Numerous Less in number Numerous
and B-lymphocytes (formed in bone marrow) and glycogen
which are involved immunity and antibody granules
production. Innervation From CNS From ANS Both CNS and
(iii) Blood platelets (Thrombocytes) are round or oval, ANS
biconvex discs, formed by fragmentation of huge cells Branching Unbranched Unbranched Branched
called megakaryocytes. Mode of Contract rapidly Contract slowly Contract rapidly,
l
The formation of platelets are called thrombopoiesis contraction for short period, for long period rhythmically
which takes place in red bone marrow. get fatigued very as do not get and never gets
soon fatigued fatigued
l
The lifespan of platelets is about one week.
 System Component Function
4. Nervous Tissue
Endocrine system Pituitary, adrenal, Coordinates and
l
These are specialised tissues with no intercellular spaces. thyroid and other integrates body
Their main function is receiving stimuli and for conducting ductless glands. activities.
impulses to control and coordinate body functions.
Reproductive Testes, ovaries and Carries out
l
These tissues are devoid of power of division and system associated reproductive reproduction.
regeneration and form nervous system of the animal. structures.
l
They are composed of following elements Immune system Lymphocytes, Removes foreign bodies
macrophages and (pathogens) from the
■ Ependymal cells (lines the cavity of brain and spinal
antibodies. bloodstream.
cord) neurons (conduct nerve impulse), neurosecretory
cells (release neurohormones) and neuroglial cells
(supporting cells).
■ Neuroglial cells are of three types, i.e. astrocytes or
Structural Organisation
macroglia (most abundant supporing cells with repair in Some Animals
function), oligodendrocytes (maintain myelin sheath)
and microglia (specialised macrophages and scavenger 1. Cockroach
of nervous system).
These are brown-coloured, nocturnal (i.e. more active at
■ The structure of neuron consists of dendrites, cyton or
night), omnivorous and cursorial insects.
cell body, nucleus, axon, synaptic buttons, Nissl’s
granules, neurilemma and nodes of Ranvier. These are found in places, where there is warmth, dampness
and plenty of organic food available.
Organ and Organ System Morphology
Tissues organise to form organs, which in turn associate to l
Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen. In each
form organ systems in the multicellular organisms. Such an
segment, exoskeleton consists of hardened plates called
organisation is essential for more efficient and better
sclerites, joined to each other by a thin and flexible
coordinated activities of millions of cells constituting an
articular membrane (arthrodial membrane).
organism.
l
The mouth parts consists of a labrum (upper lip), a pair of
The Major Vertebrate Organ Systems
mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip).
System Component Function l
Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs.
Integumentary Skin, hair, nails and Covers the body and Forewings called tegmina are opaque dark and cover the
system sweat glands. protects it. hindwings when at rest.
Digestive system Mouth, oesophagus, Digests and absorbs l
The hindwings are transparent, membranous and are used
stomach, intestine, soluble nutrients from
in flight.
liver and pancreas. ingested food.
l
The abdomen in both males and females consists of
Respiratory system Lungs, trachea and Exchanges of gases
other air passage ways. (mainly O2 and CO2 )
10 segments. 7th segment together with the 8th and 9th
sterna forms a brood or genital pouch, whose anterior part
Circulatory system Heart, blood vessels, Transports materials contains female gonopore, spermathecal pores and
blood, lymph and throughout the body
collateral glands.
lymph nodes. and connects various
organ systems. l
In males, genital pouch lies at the hind end of abdomen
Urinary system Kidney, bladder and Removes nitrogenous
bounded dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and ventrally by
associated ducts. metabolic wastes from the 9th sternum.
the blood stream. l
Males bear a pair of short, thread-like structure called anal
Skeletal system Bones, cartilage and Protects the body and styles, which are absent in females.
ligaments. provides support for l
In both sexes, 10th segment bears a pair of jointed
locomotion and
filamentous structures called anal cerci.
movement.
Muscular system Skeletal muscle, Produces body Anatomy
cardiac muscle and movement and heat.
smooth muscle. (i) Digestive system is divisible into foregut, midgut and
hindgut.
Nervous system Nerves, sense organs, Receives stimuli,
brain and spinal cord. integrates information l
The mouth leads to pharynx followed by oesophagus,
and directs the body. which opens into a sac-like structure called crop that
 is used to store food. The crop is followed by gizzard, l
The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the
which helps in grinding the food particles. adult form. The last nymphal stage has wing pads, but only
l
Hepatic or gastric caecae present at the junction of adult cockroaches have wings.
foregut and midgut, secrete digestive juice.
l
Hindgut is broader than the midgut and divisible into 2. Earthworm
ileum, colon and rectum.
It inhabitates the upper layer of moist soil and can be traced
(ii) Circulatory system It is of open type with blood flowing by their faecal deposits called worm castings.
in the open spaces. The blood flows freely in the body
cavity which is called haemocoel. Morphology
l
Heart consists of elongated muscular tube lying along l
It is cylindrical and divided into similar segments
the mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen. (metameres).
l
Blood from sinuses enter in the heart through ostia l
First body segment, peristomium contains the mouth.
and blood is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again. Segments 14-16 in a mature worm are covered by a
(iii) Respiratory system consists of a network of trachea that prominent dark band of glandular tissue, clitellum.
opens through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles l
Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are present on
present on the lateral side of the body. The opening of ventro-lateral sides of intersegmental grooves, i.e. 5-9
spiracles is regulated by the sphincters.
segments.
(iv) Excretory system consists of Malpighian tubules l
A pair of male genital pore and a single female genital pore
present at the junction of midgut and hindgut.
is present on ventro-lateral side of 14th and 18th segments,
Malpighian tubules are 100-150 yellow coloured thin
respectively. Thus, it is a bisexual organism.
filamentous tubules. In addition, the fat body
nephrocytes and uricose glands also help in excretion. Anatomy
(v) Nervous system consists of a series of fused, l
Alimentary canal is straight. Calciferous glands, present in
segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired
stomach, neutralise the humic acid present in humus.
longitudinal connectives on the ventral side.
Typhlosole is present between 26-35 segments.
(vi) Sensory organs in cockroach includes 4 antennae, eyes,
l
Circulatory system closed type. No specialised breathing
maxillary palps, labial palps and anal cerci. The
compound eyes of cockroach consist of 2000 hexagonal devices.
ommatidia each. A cockroach can receive several images l
Respiratory gaseous exchange through moist body surface.
with the help of several ommatidia. This is called l
Excretory organ is called nephridia (3 types, septal
mosaic vision. integumentary and pharyngeal).
(vii) Reproductive system Cockroaches are dioecious l
Nervous system represented by ganglia.
animals, i.e. both the sexes have well-developed
reproductive organs.
l
Sensory system have no eyes, but are light and touch
sensitive organs. Special chemoreceptors (taste receptors)
l
Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes
react to chemical stimuli.
one lying on each side in the 4-6th abdominal
segments. l
Sexual reproduction is present and development is direct.
l
The sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles and are
glued together in the form of bundles called
3. Frogs
spermatophores, which are discharged during They are poikilotherms and have camouflaging ability
copulation. (mimicry). During peak summers and winters, they take
l
Female reproductive system consists of two large shelter in deep burrows, thus they show aestivation and
ovaries, lying laterally in the 2-6th abdominal hibernation, respectively.
segments. Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single
median oviduct, which opens into the genital
Morphology
chamber. l
Skin is smooth, slippery and absorbs water.
l
The fertilised eggs are encased in capsules called l
Body is divided into head and trunk, exhibits sexual
oothecae. Development is parametabolous, dimorphism, male frogs can be distinguished by sound
i.e. through nymphal stage. The nymph looks similar producing vocal sacs and copulatory pad present on the
to adults except difference in size. first digit of forelimbs.
Anatomy thyroid, thymus, etc., are present and nervous system is
well organised.
l
Digestive system Alimentary canal is short and digestive
glands are present. l
Reproduction In male, a pair of yellowish testes present,
l
Respiration In water, respiration through skin (cutaneous while in female, a pair of ovaries present.
respiration), while on land, skin and lungs (pulmonary l
Fertilisation external in water. Development involves a
respiration) both acts as respiratory organs. larval stage called tadpole. It undergoes metamorphosis
l
Vascular system closed type. to become an adult.
l
Excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, l
Metamorphosis is a change in the form and structure of
cloaca and urinary bladder, ureotelic animal. body tissues. It is controlled by thyroxine hormone of
l
Control and coordination Endocrine glands as pituitary, thyroid gland.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 A tissue is a 8 Vagina, oesophagus and urethra contain which type of
(a) group of separate organs that are coordinated in their tissue?
activities (a) Stratified squamous epithelium
(b) group of similar cells that function together to perform (b) Simple squamous epithelium
an activity (c) Ciliated epithelium
(c) layer of cells surrounding an organ (d) Columnar epithelium
(d) one layer thick sheet of cells 9 Transitional epithelium lines the
2 Simple tissue is defined as (a) epiglottis (b) skin
(a) group of similar cells, which are common in origin (c) urinary bladder (d) Fallopian tube
(b) different types of cells performing same functions 10 The junction, which helps to stop substances from
(c) different types of cells performing different functions leaking across a tissue is
(d) organised group of cells performing many functions (a) gap junction (b) tight junction
3 Compound tissue is defined as (c) adhering junction (d) All of these
(a) similar types of cells held together by connective tissue 11 Normal wear and tear of cells in simple epithelia is
(b) different types of cells, which are different in structure negligible because
and function
(a) epithelial cells are very tough
(c) different types of cells performing one function
(b) epithelial cells are closely fitted like tiles of a mosaic
(d) similar cells at different regions performing many
functions (c) epithelial cells are kept moist due to the material that
diffuse through it
4 Epithelial tissue serves as (d) None of the above
(a) protective covering (b) reproductive structures
(c) corpuscles (d) nerve cells
12 Pavement epithelium is another name for
(a) cuboidal epithelium
5 Epithelial tissue arises from (b) ciliated epithelium
(a) ectoderm (b) endoderm (c) simple squamous epithelium
(c) mesoderm (d) All of these (d) stratified epithelium
6 Which of the following is the characteristic of epithelial 13 The type of epithelial cells, which line the inner surface of
tissues? Fallopian tubes, bronchioles and small bronchi is known as
(a) They are highly vascularised (a) squamous epithelium (b) columnar epithelium
(b) They never possess glands (c) ciliated epithelium (d) cubical epithelium
(c) They have large intercellular spaces
(d) They have a rapid rate of cell division 14 Select the correctly matched pair.
(a) Cuboidal epithelium — Blood vessels
7 Brush-bordered epithelium is found in (b) Columnar epithelium — Uterine endometrium
(a) Fallopian tube (b) small intestine (c) Simple epithelium — Nasal cavity
(c) stomach (d) trachea (d) Stratified epithelium — Thyroid follicles
15 Choose the correctly matched pair. j CBSE-AIPMT 2014 27 Connective tissue is
(a) Inner lining of salivary ducts – Ciliated epithelium (a) ectodermal in origin with intercellular spaces
(b) Moist surface of buccal cavity – Glandular epithelium (b) mesodermal in origin without intercellular spaces
(c) Tubular parts of nephrons – Cuboidal epithelium (c) ectodermal in origin without intercellular spaces
(d) Inner surface of bronchioles – Squamous epithelium (d) mesodermal in origin with intercellular spaces

16 An exocrine gland, in which a portion of the secretory cell 28 Wharton’s jelly present in umbilical cord is an example of
is discharged with the secretion is termed as (a) adipose tissue
(a) apocrine (b) merocrine (b) mucous connective tissue
(c) endocrine (d) holocrine (c) areolar tissue
(d) elastic connective tissue
17 The function of the gap junction is to j CBSE-AIPMT 2015
29 Select the correctly matched pair.
(a) performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells
(a) Chondroblast — Matrix secreting
together
cells of cartilage
(b) facilitate communication between adjoining cells by (b) Elastic cartilage — In pubic symphysis
connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions, (c) Fibrous cartilage — Pinna of ear
small molecules and some large molecules (d) Hyaline cartilage — Intervertebral disc
(c) separate two cells from each other
30 The bone marrow is composed of
(d) stop substance from leaking across a tissue
(a) muscle fibres and adipose tissue
18 The main difference in white and yellow fibres is of (b) areolar tissue and adipose tissue
(a) protein (b) colour of the fibres (c) adipose tissue and calcified cartilage
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (d) adipose tissue, areolar tissue and blood vessel

19 Which one is a specialised connective tissue among 31 Vascular tissue or fluid tissue is made up of
these? (a) RBCs, WBCs and plasma
(a) Adipose tissue (b) Bone (b) RBCs, plasma and platelets
(c) Areolar tissue (d) Fibroblasts (c) RBCs, WBCs, plasma and platelets
(d) WBCs, plasma and platelets
20 All the following are examples of connective tissue except
(a) tendons (b) ligaments
32 Which of the following is not correct?
(c) muscle (d) adipose tissue (a) The brown adipose tissue cell has a single large droplet
surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm, whereas
21 Cartilage is a non-vascular connective tissue having the white adipose tissue cell has many small droplets of
matrix of fat suspended in a larger amount of cytoplasm
(a) elastin (b) keratin (b) Brown fat cells contain many mitochondria, while white
(c) fibrin (d) chondrin fat cells have comparatively few
22 White fibrous tissue are present at the joints of (c) Brown fat has a larger capacity for generating heat than
(a) cranial bones white fat
(b) humerus and glenoid cavity (d) Brown fat is mainly found in newborn mammals
(c) femur and acetabulum 33 The striated appearance of a myofibril is due to the
(d) carpals and metacarpals distribution pattern of
23 Bone marrow is absent in (a) actin and myosin (b) fascicles
(a) reptilians (b) amphibians (c) troponin (d) meromyosin
(c) fishes (d) birds 34 Cardiac muscle is found in
24 Camel’s hump is made up of (a) pericardium (b) endocardium
(a) skeletal tissue (b) muscular tissue (c) myocardium (d) peritoneum
(c) cartilage (d) adipose tissue 35 What is not true about striated muscles?
25 Which one of the following substances, if introduced in (a) They are multinucleate and syncytial
the blood stream would cause coagulation at the site of (b) Are found in pulmonary vein
its introduction? (c) Sarcolemma is found over them
(a) Fibrinogen (b) Prothrombin (d) Jaw muscles are striated voluntary and strongest
(c) Heparin (d) Thromboplastin 36 Bundles of striated muscle fibres called fasciculi are
26 Mark the odd one. enclosed by a sheath called
(a) Monocytes (b) Lymphocytes (a) epimysium (b) endomysium
(c) Neutrophils (d) Erythrocytes (c) perimysium (d) peritoneum
37 The transparent lens in the human eye is held in its 47 How many teeth are present in cockroach’s gizzard?
place by j NEET 2018 (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 6
(a) smooth muscles attached to the iris
48 Heart of cockroach is
(b) ligaments attached to the iris
(c) ligaments attached to the ciliary body (a) myogenic (b) neuromyogenic
(d) smooth muscles attached to the ciliary body (c) neurogenic (d) None of these

38 Which one of the following statements is incorrect? 49 Type of respiration in cockroach is

(a) Cardiac muscles experience fatigue (a) cutaneous (b) tracheal
(b) Smooth muscles are uninucleate and involuntary (c) pulmonary (d) bracheal
(c) Gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the human body 50 Which among these is not involved in excretion in
(d) Triceps and biceps are antagonistic muscles cockroaches?
39 Smooth muscle fibres are (a) Malpighian tubules (b) Nephrocytes
(a) cylindrical, branched, multinucleate (c) Uricose glands (d) Maxillary palps
(b) spindle-shaped, unbranched, uninucleate
51 Which one of the following is not a sensory structure in
(c) cylindrical, unbranched, multinucleate cockroach?
(d) spindle-shaped, branched, uninucleate
(a) Antennae (b) Eyes
40 Smooth muscles are j NEET-II 2016 (c) Anal cerci (d) Proventriculus
(a) involuntary, fusiform, non-striated
(b) voluntary, multinucleate, cylindrical 52 In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in which part of
(c) involuntary cylindrical, striated the reproductive system? j NEET-II 2016

(d) voluntary, spindle-shaped, uninucleate (a) Seminal vesicles (b) Mushroom glands
(c) Testes (d) Vas deferens
41 Nerve cell is originated from embryonic
(a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm 53 What external changes are visible after last moult of a
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) endoderm cockroach nymph? j
NEET 2013
42 Which statement is not true about nerve fibres in mammals? (a) Anal cerci develop
(a) All nerve fibres are non-medullated (b) Both forewings and hindwings develop
(b) Afferent (sensory) nerves transmit impulses to brain and (c) Labium develops
spinal cord (d) Mandibles become harder
(c) Efferent (motor) nerves carry signals from brain and 54 Which one of the following features is not present in
spinal cord to effector organs Periplaneta americana j
NEET-I 2016
(d) Mixed nerves carry signals in both directions
(a) Indeterminate and radial cleavage during embryonic
43 What is not true about glial cells? development
(a) Modified glial cell called Schwann cell secretes myelin (b) Exoskeleton composed of N-acetylglucosamine
sheath (c) Metamerically segmented body
(b) Assist in nourishment neurons (d) Schizocoelom as body cavity
(c) Modulate nerves of impulses
(d) Secrete neurotransmitters that facilitate synaptic
55 In earthworm, genital papillae occur in segments
transmission (a) 16th and 17th (b) 16th and 18th
(c) 17th and 19th (d) 17th and 18th
44 An organ is a
(a) group of two or more kinds of tissues, united structurally 56 The structure in earthworm which serves as a wedge to
and coordinated together to perform an activity force open cracks in the soil is
(b) group of similar cells that function together in a (a) peristomium (b) clitellum
specialised activity (c) typhlosole (d) prostomium
(c) multilayered sheet of cells 57 The main function of clitellum is
(d) solid structure formed of embryonic mesoderm
(a) cocoon formation (b) locomotion
45 Which of the following features is used to identify a male (c) excretion (d) copulation
cockroach from a female cockroach? j
NEET 2018
(a) Forewings with darker tegmina 58 Which of the following correctly describes the location of
(b) Presence of caudal style some body parts in the earthworm (Pheretima)?
j
CBSE-AIPMT 2009
(c) Presence of a boat-shaped sternum on the 9th
abdominal segment (a) Two pairs of accessory glands in 16th-18th segments
(d) Presence of anal cerci (b) Four pairs of spermathecae in 4th-7th segments
46 In cockroach, the arthrodial membrane (c) One pair of ovaries attached at intersegmental septum
(a) covers the compound eyes(b) forms the hypopharynx of 14th and 15th segments
(c) forms the tegmina (d) joins the sclerites (d) Two pairs of testes in 10th and 11th segments
59 In the circulatory system of Pheretima A, B, C and D A B C D E
represents (a) Gall bladder Lung Fat bodies Kidney Rectum
A (b) Gall bladder Lung Testes Kidney Rectum
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (c) Gall bladder Lung Fat bodies Testes Rectum
3 4 B (d) Gall bladder Lung Ovary Testes Rectum
1 2
64 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II

C A. Ligament 1. Stores fat

D B. Tendon 2. Connects bone to bone
(a) A–Lateral hearts, B–Subneural vessel, C–Commissural C. Areolar tissue 3. Connects muscle to bone
vessel, D–Lateral oesophageal vessel
(b) A–Lateral hearts, B −Lateral oesophageal vessel, D. Adipose tissue 4. Forms blood cells
C–Subneural vessel, D–Commissural vessel 5. Filling tissue
(c) A–Lateral hearts, B–Commissural vessel, C–Subneural
vessel, D–Lateral oesophageal vessel Codes
(d) A–Commissural vessel, B–Lateral hearts, C–Lateral A B C D
oesophageal vessel, D–Subneural vessel (a) 2 3 5 4
(b) 2 3 5 1
60 Chromatophores in skin of frog are found in stratum
(c) 2 3 1 4
(a) corneum (b) compactum
(d) 2 4 5 1
(c) germinativum (d) mostly spongiosum
61 Choose the incorrect statement regarding the circulatory 65 Match the following columns.
system of frog. Column I Column II
(a) Sinus venosus receives, blood through major veins A. Phallomere 1. Chain of developing ova
called vena cava
(b) The ventricle opens into a sac-like conus arteriosus B. Gonopore 2. Bundles of sperm
(c) The erythrocytes are nucleated C. Spermatophore 3. Opening of the ejaculatory duct
(d) Special venous connection between liver and intestine
called renal portal system is present D. Ovarioles 4. The external genitalia

62 Select the correct route for the passage of sperms in Codes

male frogs. j
NEET 2017 A B C D
(a) Testes → Bidder’s canal → Kidney → Vasa efferentia → (a) 3 4 2 1
Urinogenital duct → Cloaca (b) 4 3 2 1
(b) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Kidney → Seminal vesicle → (c) 4 2 3 1
Urinogential duct → Cloaca (d) 2 4 3 1
(c) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Bidder’s canal → Ureter →
Cloaca Directions (Q. Nos. 66-67) In each of the following
(d) Testes → Vasa efferentia → Kidney → Bidder’s canal → questions a statement of Assertion is given followed by a
Urinogenital duct → Cloaca corresponding statement of Reason. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as
63 The given figure is related to diagrammatic representation (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
of internal organs of frog. Identify A to E . correct explanation of the Assertion
Heart (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
Oesophagus
the correct explanation of Assertion
Liver (c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is false
A
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
B
Stomach
66 Assertion Areolar tissue is a connective tissue.
C
Reason Areolar tissue is found beneath epithelia of
D stomach.
Ureter Intestine 67 Assertion Earthworm possess both male and female
Urinary bladder E reproductive organs.
Cloaca Reason Self-fertilisation is absent in earthworm.
Cloacal aperture
DAY SEVEN STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS 103

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Epithelial cells of the intestine involved in food absorption 12 If a live earthworm is pricked with a needle in its outer
have on their surface surface without damaging its guts, the fluid that comes
(a) pinocytic vesicles (b) phagocytic vesicles out is
(c) zymogen granules (d) microvilli (a) excretory fluid (b) coelomic fluid
(c) haemolymph (d) slimy mucus
2 The connective tissue that connects the skin to the
underlying structures is called 13 Which one of the following tissues, in mammals shows
(a) areolar tissue (b) serous membrane the least capacity for regeneration?
(c) reticular tissue (d) dense connective tissue (a) Epithelial tissue of the skin
(b) Endothelium of blood vessels
3 Which among the following is not characteristic of yellow
(c) Skeletal tissue of long bones
fibres of connective tissue?
(d) Nervous tissue of brain
(a) Contain elastin
(b) Fewer in number 14 Fat bodies of cockroach are analogous to vertebrate
(c) Straight and branched (a) spleen
(d) Provide toughness and strength (b) adipose tisssue
(c) kidney
4 Most of the neurons of our body are
(d) liver
(a) unipolar (b) bipolar
(c) pseudounipolar (d) multipolar 15 Mycetocyte cells of the fat body of cockroach help in
5 Four healthy people in their twenties got involved in (a) urea formation
injuries resulting in damage and death of a few cells of (b) food storage
(c) synthesis of glycogen from glucose
the following. Which of the cells are least likely to be
(d) intermediary metabolism
replaced by new cells?
(a) Osteocytes (b) Malpighian layer of the skin 16 Earthworms are
(c) Liver cells (d) Neurons (a) uricotelic under conditions of water scarcity
(b) ammonotelic, when plenty of water is available
6 Tissue, which has power of division and regeneration
(c) ureotelic, when plenty of water is available
throughout life is
(d) uricotelic, when plenty of water is available
(a) epithelial tissue (b) muscular tissue
(c) connective tissue (d) nervous tissue 17 Identify the correctly matched pair.
7 The terga, sterna and pleura of cockroach body are (a) Sarcomere — Basic unit of muscle contraction
joined by (b) Haemopoiesis — Formation of RBC
(a) cementing glue (b) muscular tissue (c) Lifespan of — 10 days
(c) arthrodial membrane (d) cartilage human RBC
8 Skeletal muscle fibre is a ‘syncytium’ which means it is (d) Plasma — Blood minus clotting factors
(a) made up of many fibres 18 Cockroach has no RBCs or haemoglobin because
(b) made up of many proteins
(c) swollen in the middle with tapered ends (a) cockroach does not respire
(d) multinucleated (b) cockroach is invertebrate
(c) its blood does not transport O2 and CO2 and tissues
9 Kidney of frog is
have direct exchange of gases from air
(a) archinephros (b) pronephros (d) cockroach respires anaerobically
(c) mesonephros (d) metanephros
19 Which type of tissue correctly matches with its location?
10 Whale is a warm-blooded animal, which lives in cold sea.
Which organ of its body makes it hot? Tissue Location
(a) Blubber (b) Pelage (a) Areolar tissue Tendons
(c) Muscles (d) Blood vessels
(b) Transitional epithelium Tip of nose
11 Bowman’s glands are found in
(c) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach
(a) olfactory epithelium (b) external auditory canal
(c) cortical nephrons only (d) juxtamedullary nephrons (d) Smooth muscle Wall of intestine
20 Which one of the following statements is incorrect? 29 Compound eyes of arthropods form apposition image in
(a) Cartilage contains chondrin, which makes the matrix (a) dim light (b) bright light
(b) Matrix of bone is formed by ossein (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(c) Haversian canal system is characteristic of mammalian 30 The given diagram is of a section of hyaline cartilage, the
bone different parts have been indicated by alphabets.
(d) Volkman’s canal connect the lacuna present in the Choose the correct match.
cartilage
21 How do you differentiate a frog from a toad? E
(a) Frog has no exoskeleton, but toad had scales A
(b) Frog respires through lungs, but toad respires through skin B
(c) Frog has a tail, but toad has no tail C
(d) Frog has no parotid glands, but toad has a pair of D
parotid glands
22. Region of earthworm, which is referred to as forest of
(a) A–Chondrin, B–Chondrocyte, C–Lacuna, D–Capsular
nephridia is
matrix, E–Perichondrium
(a) clitellar region
(b) A–Chondrin, B–Lacuna, C–Chondrocyte, D–Capsular
(b) pharyngeal region
(c) typhlosolar region matrix, E–Perichondrium
(d) intestinal region (c) A–Perichondrium, B–Chondrocyte, C–Lacuna,
D–Capsular matrix, E–Chondrin
23. Identify the substance, which keeps the epithelial cells
(d) A–Capsular matrix, B–Chondrocyte, C–Lacuna,
together.
D–Perichondrium, E–Chondrin
(a) Hyaluronic acid (b) Collagen
(c) Mucin (d) Glycoprotein 31 Which of the following is/are false statement(s)?
(a) Compound squamous epithelium lies in the pancreatic
24. Which one of the following pairs of structures
duct of human
distinguishes a nerve cell from other types of cell?
(b) Stratified epithelial lining is found in intestine
(a) Perikaryon and dendrites
(c) The plasma membrane of intestinal cells are modified
(b) Vacuoles and fibres into microvilli
(c) Flagellum and medullary sheath (d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Nucleus and mitochondria
32. The four sketches (A, B, C and D) given below, represent
25 Identify the incorrect statement. four different types of animal tissues. Which one of these
(a) Tendons connect skeletal muscle with bones is correctly identified in the options given, along with its
(b) Ligaments connect bones with bones correct location and function?
(c) Adipose tissue stores fats
(d) Matrix of cartilage is filled with mast cells and
macrophages
26 Chordae tendineae in heart of frog is found in the wall of A B
(a) ventricle (b) left auricle
(c) right auricle (d) sinus venosus
27 Which one of the following groups of structures/organs
have similar function?
(a) Typhlosole in earthworm, intestinal villi in rat and C D
contractile vacuole in Amoeba
(b) Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules in
cockroach and urinary tubules in rat
(c) Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog and clitellum Tissue Location Function
of earthworm (a) B–Glandular Intestine Secretion
(d) Incisors of rat, gizzard (proventriculus) of cockroach epithelium
and tube feet of starfish (b) C–Collagen Cartilage Attach skeletal
28 Thousands of years old mummies are still in their condition fibres muscles to bones
as they were before due to the non-destruction of (c) D–Smooth Heart Heart contraction
(a) yellow elastin fibres (b) white elastin fibres muscle tissue
(c) collagen fibres (d) veins (d) A–Columnar Nephron Secretion and
epithelium absorption
33 Frog’s heart when taken out of the body continues to beat (a) A −Eosinophil, B −Erythrocyte, C −Neutrophil
for some time. (b) A −Eosinophil, B −Lymphocyte, C −Neutrophil
Select the best option from the following statements. (c) A −Erythrocyte, B −Basophil, C −Neutrophil
(d) A −Eosinophil, B −Monocyte, C −Neutrophil
I. Frog is a poikilotherm.
II. Frog does not have any coronary circulation. 37 Match the following columns.
III. Heart is myogenic in nature. Column I Column II
IV. Heart is autoexcitable. A. Neutrophils 1. Kidney-shaped
(a) Only III (b) Only IV (c) I and II (d) III and IV B. Eosinophils 2. S-shaped
34 The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to C. Basophils 3. 3-5 lobes
(a) the absence of myofibrils in the central portion of D. Monocytes 4. 2 lobes
A-band
(b) the central gap between myosin filaments in the A-band 5. Disc-shaped
(c) the central gap between actin filaments extending Codes
through myosin filaments in the A-band A B C D A B C D
(d) extension of myosin filaments in the central portion of (a) 3 5 1 2 (b) 5 3 2 4
the A-band (c) 2 1 5 3 (d) 3 4 2 1
35 Consider the following statements. Directions (Q. 38-39) In each of the following questions, a
I. Striped muscles are in the form of bundles of cells. statement of Assertion is given followed by the corresponding
II. The Pal muscle fibres, which are called fasciculi. statement of Reason. Of the statements, mark the correct
answer as
III. Skeletal muscles from the largest tissue in the body.
IV. Cardiac muscles in the embryo are originated from (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
mesenchyma cell. correct explanation of Assertion
Choose the option with the correct statement(s). (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
(a) Only I (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) II and IV the correct explanation of Asseretion
(c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is false
36 Study the diagram given below and identify the cells (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
labelled as A, B and C. Choose the correct option.
38 Assertion Body cavity of earthworm has coelomic fluid
C within it.
Reason Coelom has no such significance.
39 Assertion Connective tissue contains a large amount of
non-living intercellular or extracellular matrix.
B
A Reason Intercellular substance is usually made up of
protein fibres.

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (c)
21 (d) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (d) 25 (d) 26 (d) 27 (d) 28 (b) 29 (a) 30 (d)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (a) 34 (c) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (a) 39 (b) 40 (a)
41 (a) 42 (a) 43 (d) 44 (a) 45 (d) 46 (d) 47 (d) 48 (c) 49 (b) 50 (d)
51 (d) 52 (a) 53 (b) 54 (a) 55 (c) 56 (d) 57 (a) 58 (d) 59 (c) 60 (d)
61 (d) 62 (d) 63 (a) 64 (b) 65 (a) 66 (b) 67 (b)

1 (d) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (d) 6 (a) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (c) 10 (a)
SESSION 2
11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (d) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20 (d)
21 (d) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (a) 27 (b) 28 (a) 29 (b) 30. (a)
31 (d) 32 (a) 33 (d) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (d) 37 (d) 38 (c) 39 (b)