Chapter 1: Sets (Full Practice)
1. What is a Set?
1. Define a set and give two examples.
Answer: A set is a well-defined collection of objects. Examples: {1, 2, 3}, {a, e, i, o, u}.
2. Give two methods to represent a set.
Answer: Roster (listing elements) and Set-builder form.
3. Identify which of these are sets: (i) {2, 4, 6}, (ii) “all tall students”, (iii) {x | x > 0 and x^2 = 4}.
Answer: (i) and (iii) are sets; (ii) is not well-defined.
4. Write the set of vowels in English.
Answer: {a, e, i, o, u}
5. Write the set of natural numbers less than 6.
Answer: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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2. Null Set
1. What is a null set? Give an example.
Answer: A null set is a set with no elements. Example: {}
2. If A = {x | x is a positive even number < 0}, find A.
Answer: {}
3. Give an example of a set whose intersection with every set is null.
Answer: {} (Null set)
4. Is the null set a subset of every set?
Answer: Yes
5. If U = {1,2,3,4}, find the complement of the null set.
Answer: {1,2,3,4}
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3. Finite and Infinite Sets
1. Give one example each of finite and infinite sets.
Answer: Finite: {1, 2, 3}, Infinite: {1, 2, 3, …}
2. Determine if the set of natural numbers less than 10 is finite or infinite.
Answer: Finite
3. Is the set of all points on a line finite or infinite?
Answer: Infinite
4. List the first 5 elements of the set of even natural numbers.
Answer: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
5. Is the set of all letters in the English alphabet finite or infinite?
Answer: Finite
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4. Subsets
1. If A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}, is A ⊆ B?
Answer: Yes
2. Define proper subset.
Answer: A ⊂ B if A ⊆ B and A ≠ B
3. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {a, b, c}, is P a proper subset of Q?
Answer: No
4. If A = {1,2,3}, list all subsets of A.
Answer: {}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}
5. Check if {} ⊆ {a,b,c}.
Answer: Yes
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5. Power Set
1. Find the power set of {1, 2}.
Answer: {}, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}
2. How many elements are in the power set of a set with 3 elements?
Answer: 2^3 = 8
3. List all subsets of {a, b}.
Answer: {}, {a}, {b}, {a, b}
4. Find the power set of {}.
Answer: {} (the empty set)
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5. If A = {x, y}, verify that |P(A)| = 2^n.
Answer: |P(A)| = 4 = 2^2
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6. Universal Set and Complement
1. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and A = {2, 4, 6}, find A′.
Answer: {1, 3, 5}
2. If U = {x | x = 1 to 10} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, find B′.
Answer: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10}
3. Find the complement of the null set in U = {1, 2, 3}.
Answer: {1, 2, 3}
4. If U = {a,b,c,d}, C = {b,c}, find C′.
Answer: {a,d}
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5. True or False: A ∪ A′ = U.
Answer: True
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7. Operations on Sets
Union
1. Find A ∪ B if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Answer: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. P = {a, b}, Q = {b, c}, find P ∪ Q.
Answer: {a, b, c}
3. In a class, 20 students like Maths, 15 like Physics, 5 like both. Find a total who likes either.
Answer: 20 + 15 − 5 = 30
4. If X = {1,2,3}, Y = {3,4,5}, find X ∪ Y.
Answer: {1,2,3,4,5}
5. If A = {1,2}, B = {}, find A ∪ B.
Answer: {1,2}
Intersection
1. Find A ∩ B if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Answer: {3}
2. P = {x, y, z}, Q = {y, z, w}, find P ∩ Q.
Answer: {y, z}
3. If 10 students like cricket, 8 like football, 3 like both, how many like both?
Answer: 3
4. If M = {1,2,3}, N = {2,3,4}, find M ∩ N.
Answer: {2,3}
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5. Verify (A ∩ B) ⊆ A.
Answer: True
Difference
1. Find A − B if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Answer: {1, 2}
2. P = {a, b, c}, Q = {b}, find P − Q.
Answer: {a, c}
3. If M = {1, 2, 3, 4}, N = {2, 4}, find M − N.
Answer: {1, 3}
4. A = {1,2,3}, B = {1,3,5}, find B − A.
Answer: {5}
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5. Show that A − A = {}.
Answer: {}
Complement
1. State De Morgan's Laws.
Answer: (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′ and (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
2. If U = {1,2,3,4,5}, A = {2,4}, find (A′)′.
Answer: {2,4}
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3. Verify De Morgan for A = {1,2}, B = {2,3}, U = {1,2,3,4}.
Answer: (A ∪ B)′ = {4}, A′ ∩ B′ = {4}, verified
4. If C = {a,b}, U = {a,b,c,d}, find C′.
Answer: {c,d}
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5. True or False: (A′)′ = A
Answer: True
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8. Intervals
1. Convert the interval (6, 12] into set-builder form.
Answer: {x | 6 < x ≤ 12}
2. Express [0, 5) in set-builder form.
Answer: {x | 0 ≤ x < 5}
3. If A = {x | 3 ≤ x ≤ 7}, written as an interval.
Answer: [3, 7]
4. Express the interval (−∞, 0) in set-builder form.
Answer: {x | x < 0}
5. Write the interval {x | x ≥ 2} in interval notation.
Answer: [2, ∞)
9. Practical Problems
1. If A = {x | x is a positive integer ≤ 5}, find n(A).
Answer: 5
2. In a class of 40 students, 25 like Maths, 20 like Physics, 10 like both. How many like either?
Answer: 25 + 20 − 10 = 35
3. If 30 students take English, 20 take Hindi, 10 take both, find how many take only English.
Answer: 30 − 10 = 20
