Philosophy & Concept

To maximise well control without compromising safety

environment standard
Three factors govern the Success of Well Control:
1. Human:
o Fitness (Physical & Mentally)
o ASK (Attitude, Skill & Knowledge)
o Team Effort
o Democratic approach
o Communication & Coordination
o Resposibility
2. Equipment:
o Full Inventory
o Independent Inspectin
o Function and/or Pressure test
o Back-up & Spare
o Preventive Maintenance
3. Plans & Procedures (well plan, back-up plan...)
 Well Control Event/Incident

Impact of a Well Control Incident:

☻ Human Impact
☻ Environmental Impact
☻ Asset impact
☻ Over regulations
☻ Business disruptions
☻ Local and Public Image Impact
Attending the Well Control course will help to:
 Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage
well site operations and maintain well control at all times.
 Maintain trust of stack holders
 Avoid over regulations
 Raising the competence
 Act as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the
information they need to work in the different positions.
 Methematic Of Life

A=1 B=2 C=3 D=4 E=5 F=6 G=7 H=8

I=9 J=10 K=11 L=12 M=13 N=14 O=15 P=16
Q=17 R=18 S=19 T=20 U=21 V=22 W=23 X=24
Y=25 Z=26

ATTITUDE
1+20+20+9+20+21+4+5 = 100%
 Avoiding Well Control Incidents

1. Improvement of procedures /
documentation.
2. Increased or improved control / check /
verification.
3. Strengthening well control training and
assessment.
4. Improved work practice/ operational follow-
up of barriers.
5. Improved technical well design.
 Oilfield Life Cycle

Exploration Drilling Completions Production Abandonment

 IADC Definition

Workover is a well service operation conducted

on dead wells.
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers
High potential damage to the formation if kill fluids is
not properly calculated.

Well Intervention is a well service operation conducted

on live wells.
Pressure Control – 3 Barriers
(Coiled Tubing, Slickline, Wireline & Snubbing)
 Well Control

 IWCF  NORSOK (UK)  IADC  API (USA)

 International Well Control Forum  International Association of Drilling Contractors
 Must  Recommended Practice

• Well Intervention • Well Control WellCAP WellCAP

WellSHARP WellSHARP
(Well Intervention) o Drilling
o Coiled Tubing o Workover
o Snubbing
o Wireline
o Slickline

 Passing Score : 70% or Greater

 Retake Score : 50% or Greater  Life Well  Dead Well
 Question : 85 questions, 2 hrs  FP  HP  HP  FP
 Under Balance  Over Balance
 3 Barrier  2 Barrier
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WELLSHARP - WORKOVER
Module 1 – Bottom Hole Pressure

Module 2 – Volume Calculation

Module 3 – Completion Fluid

Module 4 – Barriers

Module 5 – Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior

Module 6 – Killing Methods

Module 7 – Equipments
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 1
Bottom Hole Pressure
 Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the pressure exerted by column fluid,
depend on density (MW) and vertical depth (TVD)

𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐬𝐢 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝐱 𝐌𝐮𝐝 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐩𝐩𝐠 𝐱 𝐓𝐕𝐃𝐟𝐭

HP = Pressure Hydrostatic, psi

MW = Mud Weight, ppg
TVD = True Vertical Depth, ft
 Density Conversion Factor

1 ft3 contains 7.48 gallons

1 ppg is weight equal to 7.48 pounds
pound
1 ppg = 7.48
f3
pound 1
1 ppg = 7.48 x
ft 2 ft
7.48 pound 1
1 ppg = x x
144 in2 ft

0.052 Psi
1 ft = 12 in, or 1 ft 2 = 144 in2 Psi
1 ppg = 0.052
ft
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐬𝐢/𝐟𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝐱 𝐌𝐮𝐝 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐩𝐩𝐠
 Bottom Hole Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP SICP

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD

BHP

FP
 Bottom Hole Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP
SICP
o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses

APL

BHP

FP
 Bottom Hole Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP Tripping in Hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure

Surge

BHP

FP
 Bottom Hole Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP Tripping In Hole =
Swab 0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure
o BHP Tripping Out Hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD - Swab Pressure

BHP
FP
 Bottom Hole Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP SICP

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP tripping in hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure
o BHP tripping out hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD - Swab Pressure
o BHP when the well is shut in :
BHP
BHP in Drilling string =
FP 0.052 x MW x TVD + SIDP
BHP in Annulus =
0.052 x MW x TVD + HSP Influx + SICP
 Formation Pressure

 Porosity is a rasio of void (pore) space to

solid volume.
 Permeability is the ability of the formation
to allow fluid movement of flow.
 Formation Pressure is the pressure
contained inside the rock pore.
 The higher the permeability, the faster influx Porosity Permeability
can be occurred.
 Static Pressure (SP) is the pressure observed when the well is
completly shut-in, a non flow condition. At this time only type of
two pressure acting; formation and hydrostatic.

700 700

Fast
Pressure
PSI PSI

Slow
High Permeability Low Permeability

Time
Exercise
Exercise 1.1.
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure, given the following information:
Shut-in Tubing Pressure = 300 psi
Fluid weight = 10 ppg
Well Depth = 10,000’ TVD / 10,200’ MD
Tubing Depth = 10,000’ TVD / 10,200’ MD
Viscosity = 50 cp
Open hole = 7-5/8”

Answer :
BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD
= 0.052 x 10 x 10,000
= 5,200 psi
Exercise
Exercise 1.2.
You have just started up the pump at 3 bbls/min and have 875 psi
pump pressure, Well Data :
Brine weight = 10.2 ppg
Well depth = 8,000 ft
Calculated inside tubing pressure loss = 800 psi
Calculated inside annular pressure loss = 75 psi
Calculate the current bottom hole pressure (BHP)?

Answer :
BHP = HP + APL
0.052 x 10.2 x 8000 + 75 = 4318.2 Psi
 Pressure, Gradient & Mud Weight

o Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x ppg x ft (TVD)

Exercise 1.3.
Well information: TD at 8,000’ MD / 7,500’ TVD. Current mud weight
is 9.8 ppg. What is the hydrostatic pressue?
Answer :
Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x 9.8 x 7,500 = 3,822 psi
o Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.052 x ppg
Exercise 1.4.
What is the pressure gradient (psi/ft) for 13.0 ppg mud?
Answer :
Pressure Gradient = 0.052 x 13 = 0.676 psi/ft
𝒑𝒔𝒊/𝒇𝒕
o Mud Weight (ppg) = 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐
Exercise 1.5.
What is equivalent mud weight in ppg for a formation with 0.62 psi/ft ?
Answer :
0.62
Mud Weight = = 11.923 ≈ 11.9 ppg
0.052
 Shut In Well Head Pressure (SIWHP)

SIWHP
Exercise 1.6. (Oil Well)
SIWHP = 2,500 psi
Oil density = 7.0 ppg
Depth of top perforation = 9,500 ft Completion fluid
What is Formation Pressure?
Column of Producing

Answer :
FP = 0.052x7x9,500 + 2,500 = 5,958 psi Fluid in tubing & casing
Top of Perforation

End of Perforation

𝐅𝐏 = 𝐇𝐒𝐏 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐥𝐮𝐢𝐝 + 𝐒𝐈𝐖𝐇𝐏

 Specific Gravity (SG)
Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of a reference substance
Pure Water has a density of 8.33 ppg and a Specific Gravity (SG) of 1
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌𝐻2𝑂
Pressure Gradient psi/ft = 0.052 x Mud Weightppg
Pressure Gradient psi/ft = 0.052 x 8.33 𝑥 SG
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐬𝐢/𝐟𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝐒𝐆

Exercise 1.6.
What is the pressure gradient (psi/ft) for 1.1 SG fluid?
Answer :
Pressure Gradient = 1.1 x 0.433 = 0.4763 psi/ft
Exercise
Exercise 1.7.
A workover is to be performed on a well.
Information :
Perforation = 9,100 ft TVD
Formation pressure = 5,200 psi
Produces fluid gradient in tubing = 0.087 psi/ft (full gas column)
Equivalent fracture density = 16 ppg
1. What would be the minimum fracture pressure (FP)
2. What static tubing pressure (STP) would fracture the formation

Answer :
1. Minimum Fracture Pressure
FP = 0.052 x 16 x 9,100 = 7,571 psi
2. Static Tubing Pressure to fracture formation (full gas column)
STP = 7,571 – 0.087 x 9,100 = 6,780 psi
 Circulating Pressure
Friction losses in the circulation:
1. In surface equipment (stand pipe, rotary hose, swivel & kelly)
2. In drill string (drill pipe & drill collar)
3. Bit nozzles or jets
4. Annular spaces
 Annular Pressure Losses (APL)

SICP o Occur in the annulus between the

casing/hole and the work string.
o Bore Diameter ↑ , APL ↓
o Velocity ↑ , APL ↑
HSP mud in APL in Annulus
Drillstring o Viscosity ↑ , APL ↑
 Annular Pressure Losses (APL)

BOREHOLE DIAMETER
Where :
APL = Annular Pressure losses
MW = Mud Weight 𝟏.𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙 𝑴𝑾𝒑𝒑𝒈 𝒙 𝑳𝒇𝒕 𝒙 𝑽𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝒏
L = Length of annular APL 𝐩𝐬𝐢 = 𝑫𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝟐 − 𝑫𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝟐
V = Annular velocity
Dh = Hole or Casing ID
Dp = Drill Pipe or Drill Collar OD
Answer :
Exercise 1.7.
Annular Velocity (ft/min)
Mud weight = 13.0 ppg
320
Length = 8,000 ft = 24.5 𝑥 = 299 ft/min
Circulation rate = 320 gpm 6.52 − 4.02
Hole size = 6.5 in Annular Pressure Loss (psi)
Drill pipe OD = 4.0 in 1.4327 x 10−7 x 13 𝑥 8,000 𝑥 2992
Determine annular pressure loss? =
6.52 − 4.02
= 531.65 psi
Continued...
VELOCITY (Bernoulli Equation)
Where :
APL = Annular Pressure losses, psi
r = Fluid Density, lbs/ft3 𝝆 𝝑𝟐 𝟐 − 𝝑𝟏 𝟐
𝜗 = Velocity, ft/sec 𝑨𝑷𝑳 = 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 =
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝒈
G = gravity, ft/sec2

Exercise 1.8.
If an expansion increase a 4” schedule 40 pipe to a 6” schedule 40
pipe, the inside diamter from 4.026” to 6.065”. If the the flow rate
through the expansion is 368 gmp, the vecosity goes from 9.27 ft/sec
to 4.09 ft/sec. Determine the change in static pressure across the
expansion due to the change in velocity is :
Answer :
62.4 4.09𝟐 −9.27𝟐
𝑨𝑷𝑳 = 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟐x32.2
= -0.5 psi
The negative value indicates that outlet pressure is greater than outlet
pressure, so pressure increased by 0.5 psi due to the conversion of
velocity head to pressure head
 Buoyancy Factor
FG = Force of gravity
FG = m x g
Legend :
o m = Mass (kg)
o g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
o V = Volume (m3 )
o D = Density (kg/m3)

FB = Force of buoyancy
FB = V x D x g

FB  FG FG  FB FB = FG

Float Sink Buoyant

Continued...
Exercise 1.9.
40 kilogram square wooden with dimension : 0.75L x 0.25W x 1H
(meters). Assuming ordinary gravity and water with ordinary density,
1,000 kg/m 3 and 9.81 m/s2. How is condition of square wooden in the
water ?

Answer :
 FB = V x m x g
(0.75 x 0.25 x 1) x 1,000 x 9.81 = 1,839.375 N
 FG = m x g
40 x 9.81 = 392.4 N
 FB  FG
Continued...
Buoyancy Factor is the factor that is used to compensate
loss of weight due to immersion in drilling fluid
String Weight (in mud) = String Weight (in air) x Buoyancy Factor
65.4 −Mud Weight Weight
Buoyancy Factor =
65.4
Note : 65.4 ppg is density of steel

Exercise 1.10.
A drillstring weight 180,000 lbs in air, how much
will it weight in 11.5 ppg mud?
Answer :
65.4 − 11.5
𝐵𝐹 = = 0.8242
65.4
Weight in mud = 180,000 x 0.8242 = 148,356 lbs

Buoyancy
Force
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 2
Volume Calculation
 Volume Calculation

Volume = Width x Length x Height

𝑓𝑡 3
ft3 = 0.1781 bbl or bbl =
5.615

Exercise 2.1.
What is the volume of tank in
a. in3
b. ft3 2’ 3’’ H
c. barrel
d. bbl/in 4’ 6’’ W
e. bbl/ft 6’ L
Continued...
Answer: 2’ 3’’ H
a. Volume ( in3 )
6’ L = 6 x 12 = 72” 4’ 6’’ W
4’ 6” W = 4 x 12 + 6 = 54” 6’ L
2’ 3” H = 2 x 12 + 3 = 27”
Volume = 72 x 54 x 27 = 104,976 in3
b. Volume ( ft3 )
6’ L = 6’
6
4’ 6” W = 4 + 12 = 4.5′
3
2’ 3” W = 2 + 12 = 2.25′
Volume = 6 x 4.5 x 2.25 = 60.75 ft3
c. Volume ( barrel )
1 ft3 = 0.1781 bbl
60.75
Volume = 60.75 x 0.1781 = 10.819575 bbl, or = = 10.81923419 bbl
5.615
d. Volume ( bbl/in )
10.819575
Volume = 27
= 0.400725 bbl/in
e. Volume ( bbl/ft )
10.819575
Volume = 2.25
= 4.8087 bbl/ft
 Volume
D Volume = Base Area x Length
2
D
Base Area = π xL
2
Wanted input D in “inch” and L in “feet”

1 ft = 12 in ; 1 ft2 =144 in2 ; ft3 = 0.1781 bbl

L 3.14 x D2
1 ft 3 = x ft = 0.1781 bbl
4
bbl 3.14 in2
0.1781 = x
ft 4 144
bbl 3.14 x 0.1781 x D2 D2
= =
ft 4 x 144 1029.4
D2
bbls/ft = -------------
1029.4
Continued...

Tubing Diplacement
Tubing Capacity Annulus Capacity

ID of Tubing

OD of Tubing

ID of Drillpipe
2 2
IDCsg − ODTbg
Annulus Capacity =
1029.4
2 2
ODTbg − IDTbg
Tubing Displacement =
1029.4
2
IDTbg
Tubing Capacity =
1029.4
Exercise :
Exercise 2.2.
How many barrels would it take to fill 5 stands of 2.7/8” tubing
with 2.441” ID, 93’ per stand (pull wet)
2
ODTbg 2.7/82
Answer : = 1029.4
xLTbg = 1029.4 x 5 x 93 = 3.733743564 ≈ 3.7 bbl

Exercise 2.3.
Calculate the annular volume for 8,200’ of 3-1/2’ tubing. Casing is
7”, 26 ppf, 6.276” ID
6.2762−3.52
Answer : = 1029.4
x8,200 = 216,1774269 ≈ 216.2 bbl
Exercise 2.4.
What is capacity of 2-7/8” tubing with 2.441” ID, 8,500 ft length
2.4412
Answer : = 1029.4
x8,500 = 49.20059112 ≈ 49.20059112 bbl
 Exercise :
CASING Exercise 2.5.
OD – 7” 1. Open Hole capacity
ID - 6.366”
LENGTH -3,500 FT
2. Casing Hole capacity
3. Tubing displacement
TUBING 2.3/8 4. Tubing capacity
OD – 2.375” 5. Total Tubing + Annulus capacity
ID – 2.041”
LENGTH - 4,200 FT 6. Time for one circulation

HOLE SIZE – 6-1/4” BIT

Pump Output = 0.0155 bbl/strk

SPM = 60
 Answer : 1. Open hole capacity
2
∅ 𝐵𝑖𝑡 2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑇𝑏𝑔
= 𝑥𝐿𝑇𝑔𝑏
1029.4
CASING
6.252 − 2.3752
OD – 7” = 𝑥 700 = 22.7 𝑏𝑏𝑙
ID - 6.366” 1029.4
LENGTH -3,500 FT 2. Casing hole capacity
2 2
𝐼𝐷𝐶𝑠𝑔 − 𝑂𝐷𝑇𝑏𝑔
= 𝑥𝐿𝑇𝑏𝑔
TUBING 2.3/8 1029.4
OD – 2.375” 6.3662 −2.3752
ID – 2.041” = 𝑥3,500 = 118.6 𝑏𝑏𝑙
1029.4
LENGTH - 4,200 FT 3. Tubing displacement
2 2
𝑂𝐷𝑇𝑏𝑔 − 𝐼𝐷𝑇𝑏𝑔
HOLE SIZE – 6-1/4” BIT = 𝑥𝐿𝑇𝑏𝑔
1029.4
Pump Output = 0.0155 bbl/strk 2.3752 −2.0412
= 𝑥4,200 = 6.0 𝑏𝑏𝑙
1029.4
SPM = 60 4. Tubing capacity
2
𝐼𝐷𝑇𝑏𝑔 2.0412
= 𝑥𝐿𝑇𝑏𝑔 = 𝑥4,200 = 17.0 𝑏𝑏𝑙
1029.4 1029.4
5. Total Tubing + Annulus capacity
= 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑇𝑏𝑔 + 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝐶𝑠𝑔/𝑇𝑏𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑂𝐻/𝑇𝑏𝑔
= 17.0 + 118.6 + 22.7 = 158.3 bbl
6. Time to circulate from surface to bit
𝑉
158.3
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 0.0155
= = = 170.2 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑃𝑀 60
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 3
Completion Fluid
 Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonia Fluid Non- Newtonia Fluid
o have the SAME viscosity at all o Does NOT have the same
flow and shear rates viscosity at all flow and shear rates
o Fluid, such as water, are normally o These fluids are compounds, or
homogeneous, or uniform in mixture a changing viscosity over
composition different flow and shear rates
o These are also know as “simple o Contain non additives
fluids”
o Contain non additives

Sea Water

Fresh Water Gelled Fluid Fluid with

chemical
added
Crude Oils

Acid
 Fluid Flow Patterns
Fluid will flow through a line in one of three different ways:

Plug Flow Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

 Drilling Mud Vs Completion Fluid

Drilling Mud Completion Fluid

o High viscosity in order to rid the o Typically clear fluids with low
hole of cutting. viscosity
o Higher density to control o Low density to minimize fluid
formation pressure and wellbore losses and lost circulation
stability
o Have additives to prevent fluid o Has been filtered to remove
loss to the formation particles that can damage the
formation
 Completion Fluid

Compatible with the formation fluids and rock

Minimize formation damage and to control formation pressure.
Low solid
As debris removal and hole cleaning
Non corrosive
Allow other well operations to be condected
As packer fluids
 Brines Characteristics
Clear brine fluids are highly concentrated
mixtures of inorganic salts, usually
chlorides and bromides
The point where no additional salt will
dissolve is called the saturation point.
If more salt is added, it will not dissolve
and fall to the bottom of the pit.
Solid: the density of a brine solution is a function of temperatur.
Increase temperature in wellbore will decrease density due to
thermal expansion.
Contain some solids including:
 Corrosion products,
 Bacteria, debris from the wellbore and surface tanks
Increase pH affect increase density
 Continued...
Fluid Additive:
1. Density, Chlorides (Cl) and Bromides (Br)
Increase density for completion fluid that it is used to kill well

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Calsium Chloride (NaCl2)

 Continued...

Lid Rider
Hydrometer
Level Glass
reading

Hydrometer
Balance Arm
Knife Edge
Fulcrum
Base
Conventional Mud Balance

Water in the jar

Pressurized Mud Balance Hydrometer

 Continued...
2. Lost Circulation Pills, Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
to limit loss control
 Continued...
3. Energized fluids, Nitroge (N2) or carbon dioxide (CO2).
Hydraulic Fracturing, to achieve significantly more
hydrocarbon recovery than nonenergized approaches
 HYDRATE
o Crystallization is the point in which the fluid starts to freeze
o Crystallization reduces the density and ability to be pumped efficiently.
o Hydrates are a solid, frozen mixture of water and gas.
 Presence of free water
 Presence of light gas molecules
 Relatively high pressure
 Relatively low temperature
o Removing Hydrates.
 Reduce pressure
(Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas above it, the plug may blow up).
 Raise temperature
 Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).
 Packer Fluid
Packer fluids are fluids placed in
the annulus between production
tubing and casing.
Therefore, a good packer fluid
must be stable with time and
temperature
The fluid must also be able to be
pumped and must not harm packer
seals.

The purpose of packer fluid:

Provide required hydrostatic pressure
To prevent collapsing of casing and burst of the production string
Non-toxic and non-corrosive
Not solidify or settle out of suspension over long time periods
Not damage formation
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 4
Barriers
1. Question: What kind of well service
disaster could happen caused by
pressure?
Answer: Blow-Out
2. Question: What Causes Blow-Out?
Answer: Barrier failure
3. Question: What is the equipment used to control a well from blow-out?
Answer: Barrier
4. Question: What is Barrier?
Answer: Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow of
wellbore fluids.
5. Question: What the requirement for component to be considered a
barrier ?
Answer: Component is pressure tested and verified
Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION
Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

TAKE KICK
Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
 Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

KILL WELL TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
 Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

KILL WELL TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
 Barrier Philosophy

Stuffing Box
Primary Barrier

BOP
Secondary Barrier
Wireline BOP
Secondary Barrier

Completion fluid
Primary Barrier Master Valve
(Wire cutter)
Tertiary Barrier

Workover Well Intervention

Well Control Pressure Control
2 Barriers 3 Barriers
 Barrier Theory

Minimum Barrier Requirements :

1. A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be
available at all times to prevent flow to the environment.
2. The barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the well.
3. The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of
each other.
4. If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory
measures into effect immediately. During this phase, efforts to
re-establish the barrier and return the well to double barrier
protection, are the only type of work permitted.
 Barriers
Sequence of Barrier Operation (Snubbing)

Applications
o Through tubing intervention (washing, unloading, stimulation etc.)
o Milling inside tubing or casing
o Running or pulling production strings
o Through tubing drilling (over or underbalanced)
o Deploying perforating guns under Pressure
o Blowout recovery operations
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Well Barrier Elements (WBEs) ???

1. Fluid Barriers (Drilling fluids, Brine)
2. Casing and Cement
3. Drill string
4. Drilling, Wireline, Coil Tubing or Workover BOP’s
5. Wellhead
6. Deep set tubing plug
7. Production Packer
8. Stab-in Safety Valves
9. Completion String
10. Tubing Hanger
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

1. Primary Barrier :1st line of defense system

2. Secondary Barrier : 2nd line of defense system
3. Tertiary /Shearing Barrier : 3rd line of defense system when
1st & 2nd system failed or been compromised. Must have the
ability to shear pipe/line (used in emergencies)

Note :
o A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed
for component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure.
(pressure drop)
o The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation.
(well program, API, NORSOK, or manufacturer
recommendations).
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance
o Drilling & Workover  Double Barriers Protection
o Well Intervention Triple Barriers Protection
Stripper
Primary Barrier
Annular BOP

Annular BOP BOP Secondary Barrier

Secondary Barrier
BOP
Shear & Seal BOP Tertiary/Shearing
Barrier

Mud Primary Barrier

Formation Pressure Formation Pressure

Drilling / Workover Well Intervention

 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Wire Line
CT Drilling
SL EL/BL
Primary Stuffing
GIH Stripper Mud
Box
Secondary BOP BOP BOP BOP
Tertiary /
UMV /
Shearing / Shear Shear Seal
Single -
Safety Head Seal Ram Ram
Shear Ram
Barrier

UMV
SingleShear Ram
(Upper Master Valve)
• Capacity (Low) • Capacity (High)
• Can not seal off • Can seal off

Legend
GIH : Greased Injection Head
BL : Braided Line
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier Type Barrier Integrity

1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”
Closed through out operations & Must be
 Close Type
“Leak Tight”
 Closeable Type (BOP &
Close when required & API leakage criteria.
Xmas Tree)
2. Hydrostatic Barrier (Drilling Must be diligently monitored for a period of
mud, Cement spacer, Brine, time to Ensure Thermal Expansion &
Water) Contraction Effects Have Ceased

If the density and level of the fluid are not

monitored, can the fluid be an effective barrier?
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Stuffing Box

Lubricator

BOP
MUD

Xmas Tree

Tubing
Casing

Mechanical Barrier DHSV

o Advantage: Reduces
formation potential damage Hydrostatic Barrier
& cost efficient. o Advantage: Working in dead well.
o Disadvantage: Working o Disadvantage: High potential of
under pressure. formation damage.
PACKER
WL PLUG
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Principles of Fluid barriers :

For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
 Correct specification : Means that the fluid has the correct
specific gravity.
 Testing : Refers to monitoring the specifications when the fluid is
being weighed and pumped.
 Observation : Means that the well should be monitored for a
period in order to satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is
stabilizing it.
 Simply : we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and
specifications) to minimize formation overpressure & ensure
formation fluid compatibility
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSE TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Grease Injection Head (GIH) Annular BOP
Stuffing Box BOP
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Stuffing Box Salt Water
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
WL Plugs Ice Plugs
Bridge Plugs Overbalance Fluid
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Wire Line
CT Drilling Mechanical Fluid
SL EL/BL
Primary Stuffing Close: Mud
GIH Stripper Mud • Stuffing Box (Overbalance
Box
Closeable: 200 psi)
Secondary BOP BOP BOP BOP • BOP • FP = 5000 psi
Tertiary / • X-Tree • Frac = 6000 psi
Shearing UMV / • 5200 < HP < 5800
Shear Shear Seal
Barrier/ Single -
Seal Ram Ram
Safety Head Shear Ram
Barrier
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier should be tested for its integrity :
Low
Pressure

Inflow Test / Negative Test:

 Reducing the pressure on the upper Barrier
side of the barrier to detect any leaks.
 Bleed off the pressure a bove the plug High
 Monitor build-up pressure Pressure

High
Pressure
Pressure Test / Positive Pressure test:
 Increasing the pressure to a value higher
than the lower side of the barrier do detect Barrier

any leaks.
 Hold pressure from Both direction Low
Pressure
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Minimum Barrier Requirements

 A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be available at all times
to prevent flow to the environment.
 As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the well.
 The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of each other.
 If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into effect
immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return the
well to double barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
 In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate greater than
0, before any work is conducted.
 The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this requirement in
certain circumstances.
 Double barrier principle : There is must always be two barrier elements between the
well and the external environment. One barrier element is a back-up for the other.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Documentation of leak and function testing of well barriers

o All well integrity tests shall be documented and accepted by an
authorized person.

The chart and the test documentation should contain:

o type of test,
o test pressure,
o test fluid,
o system or components tested,
o estimated volume of system pressurized,
o volume pumped and bled back,
o time and date.
• What items are required for barrier (BOP)
tested verification documents : (select 3
Answer)

• 1- Pressure Rating .
• 2- Sign Off.
• 3- Kick of Depth.
• 4- Fluid Weight.
• 5- Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
• 6- Deviation Survey.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Cased Hole Well o “Pressure test” with mud or water

o “Inflow test” by displacing mud with sea water (washing)
Cement Plug o “Pressure test” to verify for the future leakages
X-mas Tree & o “Pressure test” by pumping
Well Head o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
pressure
Production o “Pressure test” by pumping
Packer Without o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
Perforation pressure
Production o “Pressure test” by pumping
Packer Without o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
Perforation pressure
Production o Perforation: “Pressure test” from annulus
Packer With o Tubing Hanger: “Inflow/Pressure test”by pumping from
annulus and check for leakages
o Casing : “Pressure test”
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier should be tested for its integrity :
o In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate
greater than 0, before any work is conducted.
o The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this
requirement in certain circumstances.

Question :
What items are required for barrier (BOP) tested verification documents:
(Select 3 Answer)
A. Pressure Rating . yumy
B. Sign Off. yumy
C. Kick of Depth.
D. Fluid Weight / type yumy
E. Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
F. Deviation Survey.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Wire Line
CT Drilling Mechanical Fluid Test
SL EL/BL
Primary Stuffing Close: Mud • Inflow /
GIH Stripper Mud • Stuffing Box (Overbalance Negative Test
Box
Closeable: 200 psi) • Pressure /
Secondary BOP BOP BOP BOP • BOP • FP = 5000 psi Positive Test
Tertiary / • X-Tree • Frac = 6000 psi
Shearing UMV / • HP = 5200 - 5800
Shear Shear Seal
Barrier/ Single -
Seal Ram Ram
Safety Head Shear Ram
Barrier

Note:
 IWCF : LOT  Included test new barrier
 IADC : LOT  Excluded test new barrier
Question :
How a well integrity maintained during a completion / intervention
operation?
A. By using energency shut-down systems
B. Only two barrier are required
C. Only 1 barrier is required
D. Additional barrier are used to backup failed barriers yumy
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Well Barrier Evelope is a group of individual barrier elements.

Examples:
o Stuffing Box is part of Lubricator Envelope.
o Xmas Tree is part of Packer Tubing Envelope.
o Casing is part of Production Casing Envelope & etc
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Packer
 Tubing
 Tubing Accessories
 Tubing Hanger
 Xmas Tree
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Production Casing
 Side Outlets Valves
 Tubing Hanger
 Tubing Head
 Casing Head Housing
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Packer
 Tubing
 Tubing Accessories
 DHSV
 Downhole Barrier
o Plug  to seal / isolate the completion string at this location
o Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV)  CE (Module)

Plugs can be divided into three categories:

o Positive Plug  hold pressure from both directions
o Test Plug  hold pressure from above (standing valve)
o Pump Through Plug  hold pressure from below (check valve)

You should:
o Check that the pressure ratting is correct.
o Check that the plug is holding pressure after setting.
Question :
Which of the following can be a mechanical barrier?
A. Brine
B. Drilling Fluid
C. Well Control method
D. A tubing plug yumy
Question :
A properly operating check valve should have equal pressure above and below
check valve?
A. True
B. False yumy

Question :
What is the primary function of bridge plug?
A. Test the tubing or casing
B. Isolate the wellbore
C. Isolate the tubing from the casing yumy
D. None of the above
Question :
Which of the following plugs holds pressure from above only?
A. 3-positive plug
B. 2-test plug yumy
C. 2 & 3
D. 1-pump through plug
Question :
Which of the following plugs holds pressure from below only?
A. 2 and 3
B. 3-positive plug
C. 1-pump through plug yumy
D. 2-tes plug
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 5
Kick, Shut-In & Gas Behavior
 Kick
Kick is unschedule or unwanted entry of formation fluid (gas, water,
oil) into the well bore.
NOT considered as kick :
 Fluid produced during under balanced drilling.
 Fluid produced during a Drill Stem Test (DST)

Blow Out is defined as an uncontrolled flow of kick. The blow out

may take place at the surface or under ground between two
separate permeable formation

BHP  PF Kick
 Cause of Kicks / Wellbore Influx
1. Lack of knowledge and experience of personne (Human Error)
2. Light density fluid in wellbore
o Light pills, sweep, spacer in hole
o Accidental dilution of drilling fluid
o Gas cut mud
3. Abnormal pressure formation
4. Failed to keep the hole full during a trip
5. Severe lost circulation
o Mud properties – mud weight is too heavy and too viscous.
o High Equivalent Circulating Density
o High surge pressure due to tripping in hole so fast
o Drilling into weak formation strength zone
6. Swabbing causes reducing wellbore hydrostatic pressure.
 Kick Warning
 Drilling Breaks: A change in the rate of penetration that may or may not
be a result of penetrating a pressured reservoir. (ROP )
 Torque & Drag 
 Change in Cutting Shapes
 Chloride content & Temperatur in mud 
 Background / Connection Gas 
 Return flow rate 
 Pit Gain  Gauge on Rig Floor
 Flow from well when pump Drillers
off
Console
 SPM , Pressure 
Bell
 Shale Density  Nipple Bell Nipple
Geolograph Drilling Computerized To Shakers
Recorder System
Drill Pipe

Paddle
Normal Pressure Zone Transition – Abnormal Zone

To Pits Gas Detector

Weight Indicator Trip Tank
Recorder
Mud
Trip Tank
Pump
 Logic Of Hole Fill-Up Volume
☺ Pulling Dry;
Fill-up Volume = String Metal Displacement x Length
☺ Pulling Wet;
Fill-up Volume = String Closed End Displacement x Length

Bell
Nipple

Trip Tank
Indicator
Full

Empty

Trip Tank
Pump
Trip Tank

Remote Choke

PULL OUT HOLE

 Logic Of Hole Gain Volume
☺ Run Into Hole;
Pit Gain Volume = String Closed End Displacement x Length

Bell
Nipple

Trip Tank
Indicator
Full

Empty

Trip Tank
Pump
Trip Tank

Remote Choke

RUN INTO HOLE

 Logic Of Bleed-Off Volume
1. Indicate Swab Efect
2. Flow Check  Well Flow, and Shut-in
3. Strip Into Hole by Bled-off Volume (String Closed End x
Length) by Maintain Casing Pressure Constant

Bell
Nipple

Trip Tank
Indicator
Full

Empty

Trip Tank
Pump
Trip Tank

Remote Choke

STRIP INTO HOLE

Pulling Out Wet Pipe

Drill Pipe
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑 L Capacity
Pull
(𝑫𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒑. + 𝑫𝑷𝒅𝒊𝒔.) 𝐱 𝐋 = 𝑨𝒏𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒑. 𝒙 ∆𝑯 Drill Pipe
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐫𝐨𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝐱 𝐌𝐖 𝐱 H Displacement

H Drop
Annulus
Capacity

ID Casing
Continued...

Exercise 4.5.
How much pressure decrease after pulling wet 12 stands (1
stand = 90 ft) of well Drill Pipe 5” OD, 4.276” ID. Casing installed
9-5/8” OD, 9.1” ID. Density 11 ppg

Answer
VDrop x ∆H = VPull x L
9.12 − 52 52
x ∆H = x 12 x 90
1029.4 1029.4
26.23
∆H = = 466.73 ft
0.0562

Pressure Drop = 0.052 x MW x ∆H

Pressure Drop = 0.052 x 11 x 466.73 = 267 Psi
Pulling Out Dry Pipe

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑 L

Pull
𝑫𝑷𝒅𝒊𝒔. 𝐱 𝐋 = (𝑨𝒏𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒑. +𝑫𝑷 𝒄𝒂𝒑. )𝒙 ∆𝑯 Drill Pipe
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐫𝐨𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝐱 𝐌𝐖 𝐱 H Displacement

Drill Pipe
Capacity

H Drop
Annulus
Capacity

ID Casing
Continued...

Exercise 4.6.
How much pressure decrease after pulling dry 12 stands (1 stand
= 90 ft) of well Drill Pipe 5” OD, 4.276” ID. Casing installed 9-5/8”
OD, 9.1” ID. Density 11 ppg

Answer
VDrop x ∆H = VPull x L
(9.12−52 ) + 4.2762 52 − 4.2762
x ∆H = x 12 x 90
1029.4 1029.4

7.045939304
∆H = = 95.3 ft
0.073920901
Pressure Drop = 0.052 x MW x ∆H

Pressure Drop = 0.052 x 11 x 95.3 = 55 psi

 Flow Check Procedure
Flow check procedure while Drilling :
1. Alert the crew
2. Stop the rotary
3. Pick up off the bottom and space out tool joint above rotary table
4. Shut off pumps
5. Observe the well for flow
Flow check procedure while Tripping :
1. Alert the crew
2. Set slips so the last tool joint is at normal working level above
rotary table
3. Install FOSV in open position
4. Observe the well for flow (make flow check prior to pulling BHA
through BOPs)
If the well is flowing, shut-in procedures should begin immediately
 Shut-In Procedure
The importance of shutting in quickly:
o To minimize influx size
o To minimize SICP
o To minimize pressures on the wellbore

Shut-in Procedure while Tripping

1. Position tool joint above rotary and set slip
2. Install FOSV (while valve is open)
3. Close FOSV
4. Close the well with regard to each shut-in arrangement
5. Make up Kelly or Top Drive
6. Open FOSV
Note : An inside BOP can be installed between step 4 dan step 5
 Hard and Soft Shut-In

Line Up Hard Shut-In Soft Shut-In

Choke line manual valve Open Open
HCR Close Close
Line valva between HCR & Choke Open Open
Remote Choke Close Open
Line valve from choke to MGS Open Open

Hard Shut-In Procedure Shoft Shut-In Procedure

Close BOP Open the HCR valve on choke line
Open the HCR valve on choke line Close BOP
- Close remote choke
Record the Shut-in pressure (SIDP-SICP) Record the Shut-in pressure (SIDP-SICP)

Refer to API RP 59
 Formation Characteristics
 Porosity is a rasio of void (pore) space to
solid volume.
 Permeability is the ability of the formation
to allow fluid movement of flow.
 The higher the permeability, the faster
influx can be occurred.
Porosity Permeability
700 700

PSI PSI
Fast

Pressure
Slow
High Permeability Low Permeability

Time
 Gas Characteristic and Behavior

o Gas is the lowest density  will M I G R A T E

o While migration can be expanded or NOT expanded
o Pressure – Volume relationship (Boyle’s Law)

PV
= Constant
T
 Gas Influx Behavior in Open Well
(Uncontrolled Gas Expansion)

1250

P@ surface
@surface, P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
V=?
P1 V1 = P2 V2  5,200x10 = 14.7xV
V2 = 3,537 bbl
10 ppg

P@5000
V3 = ?

@7,500 ft
P2 P2 = HP = 0.052x10x7,500 = 3,900 psi
P1 V1 = P2 V2  5,200x10 = 3,900x V2
V2 = 13.3 bbl
Volume kick 10 bbl P1 @10,000 ft, 10 bbl
TVD 10,000 ft
P1 = HP = 0.052x10x10,000 = 5,200 psi
 Gas Influx Behavior in Open Well
(Uncontrolled Gas Expansion)

1250
1. Bottom hole pressure reduces
2. Gas bubble pressure reduces
3. Pressure below the bubble reduces
4. Pressure above the bubble remains constant

Gas Volume

4 (Pressure)
Well Depth

1
 Gas Influx Behavior in Close Well
(No Expansion but Migrating Upward)

300 psi

10 ppg

Gas = BHP = 5,500 psi

10,000 ft

BHP  5,500 psi BHP = HP + Shut-in

Pit = 0.052x10x10,000+300=5,500
Deviation
Gas at bottom hole
Gas Influx
5 bbl
 Gas Influx Behavior in Close Well
(No Expansion but Migrating Upward)

Shut in = Gas - HP
? 5,500-3,900=1,600

10 ppg

HP
0.052x10x7,500=3,900

Gas
@7,500 ft 5,500 psi
(5,500 psi) 7,500 ft

HP
10,000 ft 2,500 ft
0.052x10x2,500=1,300
? BHP = Gas + HP
5,500+1,300=6,800
 Gas Influx Behavior in Close Well
(No Expansion but Migrating Upward)

Shut in = Gas - HP
? 5,500-0=5,500
5,500 psi
Gas
0 ft
(5,500 psi)
10 ppg

@7,500 ft

HP
10,000 ft 2,500 ft
0.052x10x10,000=5,200
? BHP = Gas + HP
5,500+5,200=10,700

Gas at surface
Gas Influx Behavior in Close Well
(No Expansion but Migrating Upward)

1. Bottom hole pressure increase

2. Gas bubble pressure remains same
3. Pressure at any point below or above gas
3 influx increase, and increase by same
amount (BHP, SIDPP & SICP)
2
3

1
 Percolation (Migration) Rate
Exercise 6.1.
Well was shut-in due to kick and Shut in pressures had been recorded.
During the next 30 minutes of monitoring it is recorded that pressure on
both SIDPP and SICP has increased by 250 psi. If the present mud
weight = 10 ppg and well depth is 8,500’TVD,
Calculate the rate of Influx migration in feet per hour.

Answer :
Increase in pressure per hour = 250 x 2 = 500 psi
500
Rate of Influx migration (ft/hr) = = 962.5 ft/hr
10 x 0.052
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 6
Well Killing Methods
 Well Killing Methods

Conventional Killing for production well:

1. Driller Method 1. Bullhead
2. Wait and Weight Methods The Most preferable method in case of
3. Concurrent Methods emergency.
2. Forward Circulation
Minimize formation damage.
3. Reverse Circulation
Best planned kill method
4. Lubricate & Bleed
Last resort alternative method.
 Driller’s Method

Consist of two circulation :

SIDP o In the 1st circulation, the influx is circulated out using
SICP the original mud weight.
o In the 2nd circulation, the kill mud replaces the
original mud and restores the primary control of well.

Formula required :
SIDP
 KMW = OMW +
0.052 x TCD
 ICP = SIDP + KRP
KMW
 FCP = x KRP
OMD
Drill String volume
 Surface to bottom Stroke =
Pump output
Annulus volume
 Annulus Stroke =
Pump output
 SIDP
ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP First Circulation

Step 1
 Bring pump up to kill speed slowly maintain
Casing Pressure constant

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP First Circulation

Step 2
 Circulate gas from bottom to top of casing shoe
maintainDrill Pipe Pressure constant
Casing Pressure
o Increases as influx expands in drill collar annulus
o Decreases as influx crosses over from drill collar
annulus to drill string annulus & losses height
Shoe Pressure
o Increase while gas is moving up in open hole section
and becoming maximum at the top of casing shoe.
MAASP
o Constant while gas is moving up in open hole section
Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP First Circulation

Step 3
 Continue circulating gas inside casing hole maintain
Drill Pipe pressure constant
Casing Pressure
o Increase
Shoe Pressure
o Decrease while gas entering the casing hole
MAASP
o Increase quickly while gas entering the casing hole

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP First Circulation

Step 4
 Continue circulating gas reach the surface maintain
Drill Pipe pressure constant
Casing Pressure
o Increase and becomes maximum at the top of surface.
Shoe Pressure
o Constant during move up inside casing hole
MAASP
o Increase slowly with same value as Casing pressure
while Gas is moving up inside casing

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP First Circulation

Step 5
 Continue circulating gas out of well-bore maintain
Drill Pipe pressure constant
Casing Pressure
o Decrease to SIDP while gas is completely displaced
from well-bore
Shoe Pressure
o Constant while gas displaced from well-bore
MAASP
o Decrease to initial value while gas is diplaced from
well-bore

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 SIDP
ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP
Csg Pressure First Circulation

Step 6
 Stop the pump slowly maintain
Casing Pressure constant
Casing Pressure
o SICP = SIDP

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP SIDP

Bit Surface
 SIDP
ICP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP Second Circulation

Step 7
 Line up on kill mud
 Bring pump up to kill speed slowly maintain
Casing Pressure constant

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SIDP

 SICP

Surface Bit Surface

 ICP
FCP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP Second Circulation

Step 8
 Pump kill mud fluid from surface to bottom maintain
Casing Pressure constant
Drill Pipe Pressure
 Decrease from ICP to FCP as the heavy kill mud fills
the string.

Shoe Pressure
o Constant while kill mud fill drill string

MAASP
o Constant while kill mud fill drill string

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SIDP

 SICP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP Second Circulation

Step 9
 Pump kill fluid from bottom to top of casing shoe
maintain Drill Pipe Pressure constant & equal to FCP

Casing Pressure
o Decrease as kill mud displace original mud in annulus.
Shoe Pressure
o Decrease while kill mud displace old mud in open hole
MAASP
o Constant while kill mud displace old mud in open hole

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SIDP

 SICP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP Second Circulation

Step 10
 Continue pump kill fluid to reach surface maintain
Drill Pipe Pressure constant & equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Decrease as kill mud displace original mud in annulus.
Shoe Pressure
o Decrease until kill mud entering the casing and constant
while moving up inside the casing
MAASP
o Decrease while kill mud displace old mud inside the
casing

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SIDP

 SICP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP Driller’s Method
SICP Second Circulation

Step 11
 When kill fluid at surface, stop the pump slowly maintain
Casing Pressure constant. Bled off, check SIDP and
SICP both should be same and equal to zero.
Note :
 Any pressure buil up on Casing pressure. It could be
• Trapped pressure.
• Incorrect kill mud weight.
• Didn’t wait long enough at initial close-in for
pressures to stabilize.

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SIDP

 SICP

Surface Bit Surface

 Wait & Weight Method

Stabilized Pressures
Kick is circulated out with mud of sufficient density to
SIDP balance of slightly over balance the formation
SICP
Formula required :
SIDP
 KMW = OMW +
0.052 x TCD
 ICP = SIDP + OMW
KMW
 FCP = xKRP
OMD
Drill String volume
 Surface to bottom Stroke =
Pump output
Annulus volume
 Annulus Stroke =
Pump output
ICP−FCP
 Pressure drop/strokes = x100
Surface to bottom strokes
 SIDP
ICP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 1
 Line up on kill fluid
 Bring pump up to kill speed slowly maintain
Casing Pressure constant

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 ICP
FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 2
 Pump a kill fluid from surface to bit maintain
Drill Pipe pressure as per step down pressure schedule.
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Decrease from ICP to FCP as heavier mud being
pumped
Casing Pressure
o Increases as influx expands in drill collar annulus
o Decreases as influx crosses over from drill collar
annulus to drill string annulus & losses height
Shoe Pressure
o Increase while gas is moving up in open hole
MAASP
Shoe o Constant while gas is moving up in open hole
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 3
 Pump kill fluid up annulus maintain
Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Increases as influx expands in annulus
Shoe Pressure
o Become maximum at the top of Casing shoe.
MAASP
o Constant while gas is moving up in open hole

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 4
 Continue pump kill fluid up annulus maintain
Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal tp FCP

Casing Pressure
o Increases as influx expands in annulus
Shoe Pressure
o Decrease while gas enter into casing hole section
MAASP
o Increase quickly while gas is coming into casing hole

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 5
 Continue pump kill fluid up annulus maintain
Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Increases as influx expands in annulus
Shoe Pressure
o Decrease while kill fluid moving up open hole
MAASP
o Increase slowly with same value as casing pressure
while gas is moving up casing hole
Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 6
 Continue pump kill fluid reache surface maintain
Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Increase, and become maximum while gas at the
top of surface
Shoe Pressure
o Constant while kill fluid enter casing hole
MAASP
o Increase until gas reach the choke
Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 7
 Continue circulate gas out of well-bore by kill fluid
maintain Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Decrease while gas is completely displaced from
well-bore
Shoe Pressure
o Constant.
MAASP
o Decrease while gas is diplaced from well-bore.

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 8
 Continue pump kill fluid reache surface maintain
Drill Pipe pressure consant, and equal to FCP
Drill Pipe Pressure
o Constant, and equal to FCP
Casing Pressure
o Decrease as kill fluid displace original mud

Shoe Pressure
o Constant
MAASP
o Decrease while kill fluid displace old mud inside the
casing hole
Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 FCP MAASP
SICP
Wait & Weight Method

Step 9
 When kill fluid at surface, stop the pump slowly
maintain Casing pressure consant. Bled off, check SIDP
and SICP both should be same and equal to zero.

Note :
 Any pressure buil up on Casing pressure. It could be
• Trapped pressure.
• Incorrect kill mud weight.
• Didn’t wait long enough at initial close-in for
pressures to stabilize.

Shoe
Pressure

ICP

 SICP
 SIDP

Surface Bit Surface

 Concurrent Method
The concurrent method : weighting up fluid while the process of
circulating out the kick. It is also called the Circulating and Weight
Method or Slow Weight-up Method.
Well Information :
SIDP = 500 psi
Original MW = 12.5 ppg
SPR = 750 psi
Well TVD = 10,000 ft
Stroke from surface to bit = 855 strokes
500
 KMW = 12.5 + = 13.5 ppg
0.052x10,000
 ICP = 500 + 750 = 1,250 psi
13.5
 FCP = x 750 = 810 psi
12.5
13.5−12.5
 ∆ Desity = = 0.1 ppg
10
855
 ∆ Stroke = = 85.5 strokes
10
1,250−810
 ∆ Pressure = 885 x 88.5 = 44 psi
 Drill Pipe pressure/MW increment per one point of ppg (in place stroke)
1,250−810
13.5−12.5
 Density/Pres, psi/pt = 10
= 44psi/pt
 Concurrent Method

Pressure (psi)

(Stroke)

Density (ppg)
 Bullhead

 Pump kill fluid thru tubing and IN

squeeze influx into formation.
OUT
Advantages:
o Quick & easy methods especially in
smaller tubing.
o No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
o Lower cost & Easy to perform with less
personal.
o No Casing pressure increase
SSD
Disadvantages: Packer
 Scales or contaminants in the tubing are
pumped into formations.
Continued...
Bullheading Limitations:
o Formation Fracture Pressure.
o Tubing burst Pressure.
o Maximum Pressure of surface equipment
o Formation damage.
o Cannot kill all well (especially tight formation and some gas well).

Killing Step:
1. Select the right kill fluid type
2. Calculate the kill fluid weight
𝐵𝐻𝑃+200
KMW = 0.052 𝑥 𝑇𝑉𝐷
3. Calculate the volume required for killing
Total Volume = (1.5 thru 2) x Volume
4. Start Injectivity
5. Start killing Well
 Bulheading Calculation
Well Data:
o Production casing was set at 12,000’MD/12,000’TVD.
o Bottom of perforation is at 11,500’MD/11,500’TVD.
o Top of perforation is at 11,000’MD/11,000’TVD.
o End of production tubing is at 10,500’MD/10,500’TVD.
o Production packer is at 10,300’MD/10,300’TVD.
o Formation fracture gradient is 0.645 psi/ft
o Formation pressure gradient is 0.445 psi/ft
o Shut in tubing pressure = 2,800 psi
o Production casing: 7” OD, 6.366” ID, capacity factor = 0.0371 bbl/ft
o Production tubing: 3.5” OD, 3.068” ID, capacity factor = 0.0087 bbl/ft
o Pump output (bbl/stk) = 0.1 bbl/stk
 0.1

10,500 0.0087 91.4 0.1 914

Volume Over Displacement (bbl)
= Tbg & Csg + Bottom Perfo. to Csg set
1,000 0.0371 37.1 0.1 371 6.3662 − 3.52
= 𝑥200 + 0.0371 𝑥 500 = 24.0 bbl
1029.4

Stoke Over Displacement (stk)

91.4 37.1 128.5 0.1 1,285
24.0
= = 240 stk
0.1

128.5 24.0 152.5 0.1 1,525

 4,895

12.4

o SITP = 2,800 psi 5,000

o FP = Pressure Gradient x Top Perforation TVD
= 0.445 x 11,000 = 4,895 psi

o FFP = Fracture Gradient x Top Perforation TVD 2,800

= 0.645 x 11,000 = 7,095 psi
-
Fracture Formation Pressure
o MAMD =
0.052 x Top Perforation TVD
7,095
= = 12.40384615  12.4 ppg -
0.052 x 11,000

o Max. Initial PP = FFP – SITP -

= 7,095 – 2,095 = 5,000 psi
10,300
Legend : 10,300
SITP = Shut In Tubing Pressure (PSI)
FP = Formation Pressure (PSI) 11,000
FFP= Fracture Formation Pressure (PSI) 11,000
MAMD = Maximum Allowable Mud Density (PPG)
PP = Pump Pressure (PSI) -
-

11,500
11,500
4,895 11,000 8.6

12.4 11,000 7,092

4,895 2,800 2,095

7,092 2,095 5,000

8.6 11,000 4,919 7,092 4,919 2,173

4,997 2,173 282.4

128.5 12.85 539.7 1,285 128.5

 4,997.0
12.85 539.7 4,714.6
25.70 1,079.4 4,432.2
38.55 1,619.1 4,149.8
51.40 2,158.8 3,867.4
64.25 2,698.5 3,585.0
77.10 3,238.2 3,302.6
89.95 3,777.9 2,020.2
102.80 4,317.6 2,737.8
115.65 4,857.3 2,455.4
128.50 5,397.0 2,173.0
152.50 5,973.0 1,725.6
 CALCULATION
1) SITP = 2,800 psi
2) FP = Pressure Gradient x Top Perforation TVD = 0.445 x 11,000 = 4,895 Psi
3) FFP = Fracture Gradient x Top Perforation TVD = 0.645 x 11,000 = 7,095 Psi
4) Average HP = FP – SITP = 4,895 – 2,800 = 2,095 psi
Average HP 2,095
5) Initial Average Fluid Density = = = 3.66 ppg
0.052 x Top Perforation TVD 0.052 x 11,000
FP 4,895
6) KFD = = = 8.557692308  8.6 ppg
0.052 x Top Perforation TVD 0.052 x 11,000
7) Max. Initial Surface Pressure = FFP – SITP = 7,095 – 2,095 = 5,000 psi

While Bullheading
8) Max. End Tbg Press = FFP – HP KFD – HP (EOT to TOP)
= 7,095 – 0.052 x 8.6 x 10,500 – 0.052 x 3.66 x (11,000 – 10,500) = 2,304.24 Psi
9) Max. Pressure KFD @ TOP = FFP – HP KFD @ TOP = 7,095 – 0.052 x 8.6 x 11,000 = 2,175.8 Psi

Legend :
SITP = Shut In Tubing Pressure (PSI)
FP = Formation Pressure (PSI)
HP = Hydrostatic Pressure (PSI)
FFP= Fracture Formation Pressure (PSI)
MAMD = Maximum Allowable Mud Density (PPG)
HP = Hydrostatic Pressure (PSI)
KFD = Kill Fluid Density (PPG)
EOT = End Of Tubing
TOP = Top Of Perforation
 Bullheading Chart

6,000
Max. Initial Surface Pressure
5,000 Psi (item 6)
5,000
Pressure (Psi)

4,000
Shut In Tubing Pressure Max. End of Tubing Pressure
Pumping Pressure
2,800 Psi (item 1) 2,304.24 Psi (item 8)
3,000
Max. Pressure @ Top of perforation
2,175.8 Psi (item 9)

2,000

1,000

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Surface to End of Tubing Stroke
914 strokes
Surface to Top of Perforation Stroke
1,285 strokes

Strokes Pumped
 Bullheading
Pump Kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze influx into formation, we
use this method in EMERGENCY.

Advantages:
☺ Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing.
☺ No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
☺ Lower cost & Easy to perform with less personal.
☺ No Casing pressure increase

Disadvantage:
◙ Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped into
formations.
◙ Low formation pressures may be exceeded causing
◙ accidental fractures.
◙ Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for
larger tubing size.
 Foward Circulation

 Pump down kill fluids through IN

Tubing & returns up the
Annulus
OUT
Advantages:
o Large Volume pumped (Tubing + Annulus).
o High surface Pressure.
o Influx will be beneath completion fluid.
o Less safe as hydrocarbons will be brought to
surface through hanger spool outlets.
o Slow pump speed. SSD
o No advantage over reverse circulation Packer
WL Plug
 Reverse Circulation

 Pump kill fluids through casing &

return thru the tubing OUT IN

Advantages:
o Small volume pumped (Tubing)
o Low surface pressure
o Influx will not enter Annulus.
o Fast and PLANNED.
o Can Kill all wells ( if the mechanical condition
of the tubing and casing is appropriate).
SSD
o Formation may be protected from damage
Packer
WL Plug
Disadvantages:
 Slower than Bull heading method
 Volumetric Method
A method of well control in which bottom hole pressure is kept constant when circulation is
not possible and gas is migrating up the hole. Bottom hole pressure is maintained slightly
higher than formation pressure while the gas is allowed to expand in a controlled manner as
it moves to the surface.
A Dictionary for the Petroleum Industry (2nd edition, Petex)

Given Data :
Max. Frac. Press. at shoe = 3,986 psi o High of gas migrate (increase 50 psi)
50
Drilling MW = 9.5 ppg H = = 101.2 ft
Drill Pipe Cap. = 0.01766 bbl/f 0.052𝑥9.5
Drill Collar Cap. = 0.00768 bbl/ft o High of gas migrate (increase 100 psi)
Annular Cap OH/DC 100
= 0.0292 bbl/ft H = = 202.4 ft
Annular Cap OH/DP = 0.0459 bbl/ft 0.052𝑥9.5
Casing Cap Csg/DP = 0.1293 bbl/ft o Volume bleed-off OH/DC (decrease 50 psi)
Drill Collar Length = 600 ft = 0.0292 x 101.2 = 2.9 bbls
Shut-in Data : o Volume bleed-off Csg/DP (decrease 100 psi)
SIDP (Drillstring plug) = 0 psi = 0.0292 x 202.4 = 5.9 bbls
SICP = 300 psi
o Percolation rate
Pit Gain = 10 bbl 50x3
Gauge increase 50 psi per 20 minutes = = 303.6 ft/hr
0.052𝑥9.5
Assume no friction loss in annulus

H
 Volumetric Method

Step 0
 Well shut in. Casing pressure reading 300 psi
DP Press. Csg Press .
0 psi 300 psi

Csg Press (psi)

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 1
 Allow to migrate without expansion, increase casing
DP Press. Csg Press . pressure and BHP (e.e. P1 = 100 Psi) for overbalance
0 psi 400 psi
300

Csg Press (psi)

400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP increase
BHP 100 psi
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 2
 Allow to migrate without expansion, increase casing
DP Press. Csg Press . pressure and BHP (e.e. P1 = 50 Psi) for working pressure
0 psi 450
400 psi

Csg Press (psi)

450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP increase
BHP 150 psi
+ 100 psi 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 3
 Bleed off, allow gas to migrate and expand. Casing
DP Press. Csg Press . pressure constant and BHP decrease by 50 psi
0 psi 450 psi

Csg Press (psi)

450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

150 psi 150

BHP + 100
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 4
 Allow to migrate without expansion, increase casing
DP Press. Csg Press . pressure and BHP (e.e. P1 = 50 Psi) for working pressure
0 psi 500
450 psi

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP + 100
150 psi 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 5
 Bleed off, allow gas to migrate and expand. Casing
DP Press. Csg Press . pressure constant and BHP decrease by 50 psi
0 psi 500 psi

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP + 150
100 psi 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Volumetric Method

Step 6
 Repeat step 2 and 3 until gas is brought up to surface
DP Press. Csg Press .
0 psi XXX
500 psi

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP + 100
150 psi 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Lubricate & Bleed Method

The method is implemented by repeating two steps :

DP Press. Csg Press . Step 1 : Pump kill mud weight into well via annulus
0 psi 900 psi Step 2 : Remove gas on surface by bleeding off
maintain BHP constant
PI x 𝐶𝑎𝑝.𝐶𝑠𝑔/𝐷𝑃
LI =
0.052 x KMW
50 x 0.1293
LI = = 8.88 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
0.052 x 14

Where;
LI = Lube Increment, bbl
PI = Pressure Increment, psi
Cap. Csg/DP = Capacity between casing and drill pipe, bbl/ft
MW = Kill Mud Weight, ppg

BHP + 100 psi

 Lubricate & Bleed Method

Step 1
 Lubricate kill mud volume via annulus,
DP Press.
0 psi Csg Press.

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHPBHP
increase 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Lubricate & Bleed Method

Step 2
 Bleed-off gas, casing pressure and BHP decrease
DP Press.
0 psi Csg Press decrease
Csg Press.

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP BHP
decrease 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Lubricate & Bleed Method

Step 3
 Lubricate kill mud volume via annulus
DP Press.
0 psi Csg Press.

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHPBHP
decrease 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Lubricate & Bleed Method

Step 4
 Bleed-off gas, casing pressure and BHP decrease
DP Press.
0 psi Csg Press decrease
Csg Press.

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP BHP
decrease 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
 Lubricate & Bleed Method

Step 5
 Repeat step#1 and #2 until gas is out of the annulus.
DP Press.
0 psi Csg0 Press.
psi

Csg Press (psi)

500
450
400

300

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
BHP

BHP BHP
decrease 150
100

3 6 9
Mud Volume Bleed-off (bbls)
IADC WellSHARP
Well Servicing Workover

Module 7
Equipment
 WELL COMPLETION

Well Completion is the “hardware” of

the outflow system & final stage of a drilled well.

The design philosophy of WC is to “Maximize Profitability”.

◦ by maximizing well hydrocarbon recovery.
◦ by considering the full hydrocarbon resource life cycle.

Quality concepts for WC is;

“A Quality Well is a well which contributes, over its life cycle,
maximum monetary value, without compromising safety &
environmental standards”
 WELL COMPLETION type

1. Producer Well
2. Injector Well
3. Obsrvation Well
4. Kill Well
The well is either Vertically & Horizontally completed.
 Open Hole Completion
 Uncemented Liner Completion
 Gravel Pack / WWS Completion
 Tubingless Completion
 Cemented & Perforated Completion
 Single String or Multiple String Completion
 Conventional or Monobore Completion
 COMPLETION EQUIPMENT

Surface

Sub Surface
 Sub surface equipment

WRSV
Same tubing ID TRSV
SSD

SPM

No Restriction

Conventional Mono-bore
(Longer Duration) (Shorter Duration)
“Completion with fullbore access
across the payzone without diameter restrictions”.
 Completion Accessory

1. Anchoring Device Tubing Hanger

o Landing Nipples Control Line

Flow Coupling
2. Circulation Device Landing Nipple
SC-SSSV
o SSD
Top No-Go Nipple
o SPM
SPM
3. Isolation Device
o Packer Top No-Go Nipple
SSD
o Tubing Seal Assembly, PBR Top Packer
SSD
4. Anti-Erosion Device
o Blast Joint Producing Zone 2 Blast Joint

o Flow Coupling Bottom Packer

Bottom No-Go Nipple
5. Others Perforated Joint
WL Entry Guide
o WLEG Producing Zone 1

o Perforated Joint
o Control Line
 Continued...

Tubing Hanger
Tubing
Tubing
Flow Coupling
SC-SSSV &
Landing Nipple
Flow Coupling Landing Nipple

Production Packer
Side Pocket Mandrel

Tubing Landing Nipple

Perforated Joint
Tailpipe
Side Pocket Mandrel Landing Nipple

Mule Shoe Guide

Upper Completion Lower Completion

 Landing Nipple
1 - Anchoring Device

To install flow control equipment down-hole, either temporarily

or for long periods of time
Type of Landing Nipple:
1. Ported Nipple
 Provide receptacle & communication
2. Selective-Landing Nipple
 Receptacle for selective locks
Ported Nipple
3. No Go Nipple, function:
 Primary  Locate the Lock Mandrek X Nipple

 Secondary  Prevent tools falling down

 Have a smaller shoulder diameter and nipple
diameter than the OD of locking device
 Most common, as last nipple in the tailpipe is
a “Bottom No GO” (XN)
XN Nipple
4. Safety Valve Nipple
 Provides receptacle for SV locks &
hyraulic fluid
SV Nipple
 Sliding Side Door (SSD)
2 - Circulation Device

Provide communication between tubing and annulus for:

o Cairculation for under-balanced fluid
o Killing purpose
o Provide selective zone productions
Type:
o Jar up to open Profile
Seal Bore
o Jar down to open
o Larger flow ports
Inner Sleeve
Features: 3 Positions
o Nipple profiles Ports
o Polished seal bores
o Inner sleeve with packing
o Equalizing ports
Releasing
Shoulder
Can be installed several number
in one tubing string
 Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM)
2 - Circulation Device

Originally designed for gas lift system but it also used for
communication device
Valve Type :
 Dummy Valve (DM)
 Gas Lift Valve (GLV)
 Chemical Injection Valve (CIV)
 Circulation Valve (CV)
 Differential Dump Kill Valve (DDKV)
 Equalizing Valve (EV)
Tubing
SPM
Gas-lift valve

Casing

One way direction

Based reservoir pressure & fluid type
 Packer
3 - Isolation Device

o Fuction: to seal between casing & tubing below the packer

o Act as a barrier and must be no leakages of hydrocarbon /pressure pas packer
o When the production packer is set, normally tested both from above and below
o Normally be set above and close to the top perforation

Type of Packer
o Permanent Packer
 Can be retrieved only by milling it out
 Can be run as part of the completion string
or as part of the tailpipe.
 Can be set hydraulically, mechanical
method or explosive (Electrically WL set).
Slips
 Have double set of slips working in
different direction. Cone
o Retrievable Packer Packing
 Can be run as part of the completion string Element
 Can only be removed together with
production string Mandrel
 Blast Joint
4 – Anti Erotion Device

 Designed to withstand external

corrosion caused by formation fluids.
 Installed opposite perforations where
abrasive action & external cutting
occurs caused by formation fluids or
sand.
 High velocity & high pressures wells
installed both US & DS.
 Placed adjacent to perforations
 Short tubular with SS heavy wall “blast
resistant” coating (3-20 ft)
o Ceramic
o Tungsten
o Rubber
 Flow Coupling
4 – Anti Erotion Device

 Designed to withstand internal

abrasive action from flow
turbulence.
 Medium length (1-6 ft) with
Stainles steel S heavy-wall.
 Installed above/below any area
of flow turbulence to prevent
internal tubing erosion
 Not required if no flow restriction
 Bridge Plug Vs Packer

Bridge Plug Packer

 Wireline Entry Guide (WLEG)
5 – Other

Designed for safe entry of WL tools from

casing into tubing & installed at the end of
production tubing .

Mule Shoe :
Incorporate large 45 angle cut
on one side to facilitate entry of
permanet packer top Mule Shoe

Bell Guide:
Incorporate large 45 lead in
taper to allow re-entry of WL
tools into tubing
Bell Guide
 Perforatd Joint
5 – Other

 Designed to provide true

temperature/pressure flow readings &
prevent vibrations to gauges installed
in high velocities production tubing.
 Installed above gauge hanger landing
nipple
 Tubing pup joint perforated with
greater area than tubing
 Tubing Hanger
5 – Other

Function:
 Suspend tubing string with threaded
connection
 Isolate casing tubing annular
 Receptacle for BPV
 Set in THS and suspend tubing Internal needle valve
weight
Control Line
 Transport hydraulic fluid Contro line to
safety valve
to SCSSV
 Continuous length &
securely clamped on
tubing wall. Tubing Hanger Dua Tubing Hanger
 Down Hole Safety Valve
( DHSV )
DHSV / SSSV : device that isolate well pore pressure and fluids in case of
Emergency. Set below crater depth & above CL hydraulic fluid hydrostatic head.

Sub Surface Safety Valve

(SSSV)

Surface Control Sub-Surface Control

(SC-SSSV) (SSC-SSSV)

Tubing Wireline Differential Ambient

Retrievable Retrievable Pressure Pressure

Control Line Straddle Set Prong

o By pressure either ball or flapper mechanism
o Excess flow (Differential pressure). If the flow through the valve increases greatly (e.g. in a
blowout) the pressure differential across the valve rises and a spring closes the choke.
o Pressure-activated (Ambient pressure). The downhole hydrostatic pressure holds the valve
open. If the flow should suddenly increase the pressure will fall and the valve will close with the
aid of a spring and a pre-loaded nitrogen charge.
 SC-SSSV Type

Flapper Type Closure

Hydraulic
contro line
surface

Hydraulic
pressure bled
off to close
Control sleeve
Fail-safe spring
mechanism
Flapper

Ball Type Closure Open Close

 Tubing Retrievable DHSV

 Installed as an integral part of

the completion string (in the Nipple Profile
nipple profile with open port to Control Line
surface control line)
 May also have a nipple profile Lock-out Mechanism
for a wireline restrievable
DHSV as back-up in case
problem should occur by lock Piston
the valve open and install a Flow Tube
wireline inserted valve
 Has a large internal diameter Spring

Flapper

Tubing Restrievable Safety Valve

(TRSV)
 Wireline Retrievable DHSV
 Installed in the nipple profile in the completion string
 Run in hole in open open position with a prong on the lock
mandrel running tool
 Primary advantage is that it can be retrieved and replaced with
a new valve
 It makes hydraulic communication with the control line
beyween two packing seal stacks once the lock mandrel is set.
 Annulus Safety Valve
 Some countries require annulus safety valves to be installed in
gas-lift wells on fixed installations.
 The idea is the same as for DHSVs, i.e. to prevent an
uncontrolled reverse backflow of gas from the annulus, if any of
the wellhead and/or Xmas tree equipment should be damaged.

Gas Lift

Annulus Safety Valve

 Completion Accessory Depth

1 DHSV 6

oHP of control line fluid 1

oEarth crater depth 2

2 Landing Nipple
3
oBelow kick off point for deviation.
oCheck well integrity 2
4
oHanging depth for FCD. 5

3 SPM 4

oHydrostatic head of hydrocarbon & communication 6

4 SSD 5

oDepth of required communication 2

5 Packer
oDetermined by reservoir depths.
6 Anti-Erosion Device
oDetermined by reservoirs & flow characteristics
Completion Design Example #1
Completion Design Example #2
Wellhead & Xmas Tree

Xmas Tree

Wellhead
 Wellhead
 Anchoring/connections for each casing
 Pressure isolation of individual casings
 Connection for completion string
 Connection for Xmas tree
 Isolation production annulus
 Access to annulus for pressure monitoring and/or pumping
Tubing Hanger
Mandrel
Seal Flange Tubing Spool
 Tubing head adapter Iner Wing Valve Iner Wing Valve
 Bonet
Section - C
 Tubing head
 Tubing spool Section B
Iner Wing Valve Outer Wing Valve

Section - B
 Intermediate head
 Casing spool Secondary Seals
Casing Hanger Section A
Casing Slips Wing Valve
Section - A
 Lower most casing head
 Casing housing Landing Base
 Bradenhead
Base Plate
VR Valve
Valve Removal Plug
 Type of Wellhead

Conventional Wellhead
 It’s a built up of modules. During drilling
BOP is installed above it.
 It must be removed each time a new
module to be installed & replaced the BOP
on top of it before commence drilling. Compact Wellhead (sub-sea)
It’s positioned on the seabed. During drilling sub-sea
Features: BOP is installed above it.
1. Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)
2. Surface Casing Head
3. Surface Casing Hanger
4. Production Casing Head
5. Production Casing Hanger
6. Tubing Head
7. Tubing Hanger
 XMAS TREE

Tree Top
Tree Cap
In-Board Wing Valve
Crown Valve Out-Board Wing Valve
Swab Valve Safety Valve
Crown Valve

Choke
Tee Cross Positive Choke
Adjustable Choke

Upper Master Valve

(UMV)
o Safety equipment placed on top of
the wellhead
o Control the flow of hydrocarbons
Lower Master Valve from the well
(LMV)
o Allow access to the well during the
operations phase
WELL HEAD o Regarded as safety barrier
 Xmas Tree Type
1. Solid Block or Mono Block
Contains fewer components (for high pressure well)
2. Composite Block
Valve are located separate block & joined by API flange
3. Horizontal Xmas Tree
New concept used for sub-sea completion.
Tree cap &
gauge
SV

Flow Wing
KMV (Production)

LMV

Solid/Mono Block

Horizontal Xmas Tree

Composite Block
 XMAS TREE

1
Tree Cap & Gauge

2
Swab Valve
Permit entry of well interventions
Production/Primary Wing Valve
Permis6passage of well fluid

Kill Wing Valve

Permit entry of kill fluids
3
into tubing or equalize

Choke 7Valve
UMV Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluid
4
Emergency valve (Hydraulic
/ Pneumatic) & cut wire

LMV
5
Manual. Not working valve
optimum condition

Note:
 Count number of turns when close and back out part of a turn after closing
 Seldom use lower master valve
 Tubing Specification
API RP 5C7

1. Internal diameter (ID)

2. Drift diameter: is the diameter of a 42” long mandrel that passes
through tubing joint.
3. Maximum outside diameter
4. Nominal size: 2-⅜”, 2-⅞”, 3-½” and 4-½”
5. Tubing joint length: range I (20ft to 24ft) & range II (28ft to 32ft)
6. Steel grade:
o API standard steels and grades for tubing: J55, C75, L80, N80,
C90 and P105.
o Stainless steel, alloys, and special pipe, For example:
 9 Cr is used for H2S applications.
 13 Cr for CO2: 13% chromium is selected when there is no
H2S in addition to the CO2.
 22 Cr for CO2 + H2S: 22-25% chromium steel when the H2S
partial pressure is not too high (some psi)
7. Mechanical characteristics
o Tensile strength
o Collapse pressure
o Burst pressure or internal yield pressure
Continued...
7. Premium : Metal-to-Metal seal

Integral Joint

Coupling

8. API : Tapered thread & rely on thread coumpound to efect seal

External Upset End (EUE)

Non-Upset End (NUE)

 Continued...

Collapse pressure

Burst/rupture pressure or internal yield pressure

Tensile strength
Continued...
[Link] Tubing:
o Fiberglass tubing: it is used in low pressure, shallow wells and
as a tailpipe below the squeeze packer or for setting cement
plugs. They are corrosion resistant and easily drillable.
o Internally coated tubing: for highly corrosive effluent. The coating
is damaged mechanically by tools run inside the production
string.
 Kelly Cock & IBOP
1. Upper Kelly Cock
☻ Normaly left hand threads
☻ Can normally hold pressure from both directions
☻ Can be used to shut off flow from the drillstring and act as safety valve to
control the blowout pressure
2. Lower Kelly Cock / FOSV / TIW / Snabing Valve
☻ always stabbed in the open position
☻ Must be torqued up to workstring
☻ Can be used to shut off flow from the drillstring and act as safety valve to
control the blowout pressure
☻ It permits the removal of the kelyy in a pressure situation
3. Inside BOP / Grey Valve / Non-Return Type Valve
☻ Used for stripping in hole under pressure after a FOSV has been installed
when a kick occurs off bottom during a trip
☻ It is NOT possible to run a wire line through the valve

Upper Kelly Cock Upper Kelly Cock IBOP

 Accumulator Unit
Refer to API RP 53
Accumulator Bottles:
There are two types of accumualtor Primary Hydraulic Control
bottles, separator (flexible diaphragm)
and float type (floating piston)

Remote Control Panel

Pumping System:
Oil Storage Tank Consists of one or more pumps. Each
pump system (primary or secondary
should have independent power sources,
such as electric or air
 1. CUSTOMER AIR SUPPLY 19. ACCUMULATOR BANK ISOLATOR VALVES
2. AIR LUBRICATOR 20. PRESSURE REDUCING AND REGULATING VALVE
3. AIR BYPASS VALVE 21. MAIN VALVE HEADER
4. AUTOMATIC HYDRO-PNEUMATIC PRESSURE SWITCH 22. 4-WAY VALVES
5. AIR SHUT-OFF VALVES 23. BYPASS VALVE
6. AIR OPERATED HYDRAULIC PUMPS 24. FLUID STRAINER
7. SUCTION SHUT-OFF VALVE 25. HYDRAULIC BLEER VALVE
8. SUCTION STRAINER 26. PANEL UNIT SELECTOR
9. CHECK VALVE 27. PRESSURE REDUCING AND REGULATING VALVE
10. ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEN TRIPLEX OR DUPLEX PUMP ASSEMBLY – AIR OPERATED
11. AUTOMATIC HYDRO-ELECTRIC PRESSURE SWITCH 28. ACCUMALTOR PRESSURE GAUGE
12. ELECTRIC MOTOR STARTER (AUTOMATIC) 29. MANIFOLD PRESSURE GAUGE
13. SUCTION SHUT-OFF VALVE 30. ANNULAR PREVENTER PRESSURE GAUGE
14. SUCTION STRAINER 31. PNEUMATIC PRESSURE TRANSMITTER FOR
15. CHECK VALVE ACCUMULATOR PRESSURE
16. ELECTRIC POWER 32. PNEUMATIC PRESSURE TRANSMITTER FOR
17. ACCUMULATORS MANIFOLD PRESSURE
18. ACCUMULATOR RELIEF VALVE 33. PNEUMATIC PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
FOR ANNULAR PREVENTER PRESSURE
26
Fluid, 3,000 psi 31
34. AIR FILTER:
Fluid, 1,500 psi 32 33 35. AIR REGULATED FOR PRESSURE
27 30 REDUCING AND REGULATING
Fluid, Atmospheric
35 36. AIR REGULATOR FOR PNEUMATIC
Regulated Air 28 29
TRANSMITTER 33) FOR ANNULAR
Rig Air 25
23 38 36 PRESSURE
37
34 37. AIR REGULATOR FOR PNEUMATIC
TRANSMITTER 31) FOR ACCUMULATOR
20 22 40 PRESSURE
21
17 24 38. AIR REGULATOR FOR PNEUMATIC
TRANSMITTER 32). FOR MANIFOLD
4 1 PRESSURE
39. AIR JUCTION BOX
19 39
40. HYDRAULIC FLUID PORT
41 5
18
6 41. INSPECTION PLUG PORT
42 3 2 42. RESERVOIR DRAIN PLUG
11 7
9
15
10
12 13 8
16 14
3-Position / 4-Way Valve
 4-Way Valve
Close Position

Accumulator Bottles Accumulator Annular Reg. Manifold Reg. Light Indicator

PIPE RAMS

OPEN BLOCK CLOSE

3,000 Psi 900 Psi 1,500 Psi

Regulator BOP Rams in Close Position

Reservoir Tank
 4-Way Valve
Open Position

Accumulator Bottles Accumulator Annular Reg. Manifold Reg. Light Indicator

PIPE RAMS

OPEN BLOCK CLOSE

3,000 Psi 900 Psi 1,500 Psi

Regulator BOP Rams in Open Position

Reservoir Tank
 4-Way Valve
Netral Position

Accumulator Bottles Accumulator Annular Reg. Manifold Reg. Light Indicator

PIPE RAMS

OPEN BLOCK CLOSE

3,000 Psi 900 Psi 1,500 Psi

Regulator BOP Rams in Netral Position

Reservoir Tank
 Accumulator Calculation
BOP Close Open
---------- -------- --------
Annular 8.2 6.2
Ram 1 3.4 3.2
Ram 2 3.4 3.2
Ram 3 3.4 3.2
HCR 1 0.61 0.52
HCR 2 0.61 0.52
HCR 3 0.61 0.52
HCR 4 0.61 0.52
------------------------------
Total 20.84 17.88
Pre-Charge Operating Pressure Minimum Pressure

10 gal @ 3,000 Psi 10 gal @ 1,200 Psi

10 gal @ 1,000 Psi Pressure up to system
Bottle Hydraulic Fluid use to
Pre Charge by hydraulic fluid operate BOP
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Nitrogen 10 gallons 1000x10 = 3000xV2 1000x10 = 1200xV2
V2 = 3.33 gallons V2 = 8.33 gallons
Hydraulic Fluid 0 gallon 6.67 gallons 1.67 gallons

Hydraulics Fluids used = 6.67 – 1.67 = 5 gallons / bottle

or 50 % of bottle capacity
Required = 2 x Volume Using 10 galllons per bottle :
= 2 x 20.84 = 41.68 gallons = 41.68/5 = 8.336 (9 bottles)
Hydraulic Control Schematic
BOP Control System
 Blow Out Preventer
Summary of API RP 53 regarding Power Closing Unit:
o Ram Preventer/Choke & Kill Valve (30 second)
o Annular Preventer  18-3/4 nominal bore (30 seconds)
o Annular Preventer  18-3/4 nominal bore (45 seconds)
o The usable fluid volume 2 times
o Min. Accumulator operating pressure 200 psi above pre-
charge pressure
o Pre-charge pressure 1,000 psi for 3,000 psi WP and 1,500
psi for 5,000 psi WP
o Pre-charge pressure should be check  100 psi
o Electrical pump will automatically start when system
pressure decrease 90 percent of working pressure and stop
within plus zero or minus 100 psi
o With the number of pumps available, system should be
charged within 15 minutes
 Anatomi of Hydrill Annular BOP

PACKING
ELEMENT HEAD

WEAR PLATE

PISTON

OPENING
CHAMBER

CLOSING
SLOTTED CHAMBER
SLEEVE

BODY
 Anatomi of Shaffer Ram BOP

Manual Locking Pins