Gender and development, also known as GAD, emerged as a field of study

and practice in the late 20th century. It gained prominence as a result of the
recognition that development efforts often failed to address the specific needs,
experiences, and inequalities faced by women and marginalized gender
groups.

In the 1970s and 1980s, feminist scholars and activists began to challenge the
prevailing development paradigms that ignored or marginalized gender
issues. They argued that development initiatives should not only focus on
economic growth but also address the social, political, and cultural dimensions
of gender inequality. This led to the emergence of the concept of "women in
development" (WID), which aimed to integrate women into development
processes as beneficiaries.

However, the WID approach was criticized for its narrow focus on women and
its failure to address the underlying power structures and gender norms that
perpetuate inequality. In response to these critiques, the gender and
development (GAD) approach emerged in the 1990s, seeking to go beyond
women's inclusion and address the broader issues of gender relations and
power dynamics.

GAD emphasizes the importance of understanding and challenging the social

construction of gender roles and identities, as well as the intersectionality of
gender with other forms of inequality such as class, race, and ethnicity. It
recognizes that development processes and policies can reinforce existing
gender inequalities, and therefore calls for transformative change that
challenges and transforms power relations at all levels.

Since its inception, GAD has influenced policy and practice in various sectors,
including education, health, agriculture, and governance. It has been
instrumental in promoting gender mainstreaming, which involves integrating
gender perspectives into all stages of policy and program development. GAD
has also played a crucial role in advocating for women's rights, gender
equality, and women's empowerment on a global scale.

In conclusion, the field of gender and development emerged as a response to

the recognition that development efforts needed to address gender
inequalities and challenge existing power structures. It has since evolved to
encompass a broader understanding of gender relations and intersectionality,
and has been influential in shaping development policies and programs
worldwide.
Regenerate

Gender and Development is a field of study and practice that emerged in the
1970s and gained significant momentum in the 1980s and 1990s. It originated
from the recognition that development efforts often failed to address the
specific needs, experiences, and inequalities faced by women and other
marginalized gender groups. The GAD approach seeks to integrate gender
perspectives into development policies, programs, and projects to promote
gender equality and social justice.

The origins of GAD can be traced back to the Women in Development (WID)
movement of the 1970s. WID aimed to highlight the roles and contributions of
women in development processes but often overlooked the structural
inequalities and power imbalances that perpetuated gender discrimination. As
a response, GAD evolved to address these limitations and move beyond a
narrow focus on women's issues.

In the 1980s, international conferences such as the United Nations Decade for
Women (1975-1985) and the World Conference on Women in Nairobi (1985)
played a crucial role in shaping the GAD discourse. These events provided
platforms for feminist activists, scholars, and policymakers to advocate for
gender equality and women's rights in development.

GAD gained further impetus with the adoption of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) by the
United Nations General Assembly in 1979. CEDAW provided a
comprehensive framework for addressing gender discrimination and
promoting women's empowerment across various spheres of life.

Since then, GAD has evolved into a multidisciplinary field, drawing insights
from feminist theory, social sciences, economics, and development studies. It
emphasizes the importance of understanding gender dynamics, challenging
gender norms, and promoting gender-responsive policies and practices.

In conclusion, Gender and Development emerged as a response to the

realization that development efforts must address gender inequalities and
promote gender equality. It has since become a critical framework for
addressing gender-based discrimination and promoting inclusive and
equitable development.

Regenerate
Certainly! Here's a multiple-choice quiz on Gender and Development:

1. What is the definition of Gender and Development?

a) The study of gender differences in development
b) The integration of gender perspectives into development policies and
programs
c) The promotion of gender equality through economic development
d) The analysis of gender roles in society

Answer: b) The integration of gender perspectives into development policies

and programs

2. Which of the following is a key goal of Gender and Development?

a) Eliminating gender differences
b) Promoting gender equality
c) Empowering women only
d) Advancing men's rights

Answer: b) Promoting gender equality

3. What is meant by the term "gender mainstreaming"?

a) Focusing on gender-specific issues in development
b) Prioritizing women's rights over men's rights
c) Integrating gender perspectives into all aspects of development
d) Implementing gender quotas in decision-making positions

Answer: c) Integrating gender perspectives into all aspects of development

4. Which of the following is an example of gender inequality?

a) Equal pay for equal work
b) Access to education for all genders
c) Gender-based violence
d) Shared household responsibilities

Answer: c) Gender-based violence

5. What is the significance of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for

Action?
a) It established global gender quotas for leadership positions
b) It called for the elimination of gender roles in society
c) It set a framework for promoting gender equality and women's
 empowerment
d) It focused solely on women's rights and ignored men's rights

Answer: c) It set a framework for promoting gender equality and women's

empowerment

6. Which of the following is an example of a gender stereotype?

a) Women are better at multitasking than men
b) Men are more emotional than women
c) Both genders are equally capable in all areas
d) Gender stereotypes do not exist

Answer: a) Women are better at multitasking than men

7. What is the meaning of the term "gender gap"?

a) The difference in life expectancy between genders
b) The difference in average income between genders
c) The difference in educational attainment between genders
d) The difference in physical strength between genders

Answer: b) The difference in average income between genders

8. What is the significance of the Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)?
a) It promotes gender quotas in political representation
b) It is a legally binding treaty for the protection of women's rights
c) It focuses solely on women's rights and ignores men's rights
d) It advocates for gender segregation in all areas of life

Answer: b) It is a legally binding treaty for the protection of women's rights

9. What is the term used to describe the unequal distribution of unpaid

care work between genders?
a) Gender wage gap
b) Gender division of labor
c) Gender pay gap
d) Gender-based violence

Answer: b) Gender division of labor

10. What is the concept of "intersectionality" in Gender and

Development?
 a) The study of gender differences in intersection design
b) The analysis of how gender intersects with other social identities and
forms of discrimination
c) The promotion of gender equality through intersectional
transportation policies
d) The integration of gender perspectives into intersectional art projects

Answer: b) The analysis of how gender intersects with other social identities
and forms of discrimination

11. What is the term used to describe the socially constructed roles,
behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female?
a) Gender identity
b) Gender expression
c) Gender roles
d) Gender norms

Answer: d) Gender norms

12. What is the purpose of gender-responsive budgeting?

a) To allocate more resources to women's programs and initiatives
b) To eliminate gender differences in budget allocation
c) To ensure that budgets address the different needs and priorities of
women and men
d) To focus exclusively on women's economic empowerment

Answer: c) To ensure that budgets address the different needs and priorities
of women and men

13. What is the term used to describe the unequal power relations
between genders that result in discrimination and oppression?
a) Gender equality
b) Gender equity
c) Patriarchy
d) Matriarchy

Answer: c) Patriarchy

14. What is the significance of the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) in relation to Gender and Development?
a) They prioritize gender equality as a standalone goal
b) They ignore gender perspectives in development planning
 c) They focus solely on women's empowerment and ignore men's rights
d) They include gender equality as a cross-cutting theme in all goals

Answer: d) They include gender equality as a cross-cutting theme in all goals

15. What is the term used to describe the unequal distribution of

power and decision-making between genders?
a) Gender parity
b) Gender equality
c) Gender empowerment
d) Gender imbalance

Answer: a) Gender parity

16. What is the significance of the term "gender-responsive

governance"?
a) It refers to governance systems that prioritize women's rights over
men's rights
b) It ensures that decision-making processes and structures are
inclusive and address gender inequalities
c) It focuses solely on gender-based violence prevention in governance
d) It promotes gender segregation in governance structures

Answer: b) It ensures that decision-making processes and structures are

inclusive and address gender inequalities

17. What is the term used to describe the belief that one gender is
superior to the other?
a) Gender equality
b) Gender equity
c) Gender discrimination
d) Gender superiority

Answer: c) Gender discrimination

18. What is the term used to describe the unequal access to and
control over resources between genders?
a) Gender equality
b) Gender equity
c) Gender disparity
d) Gender imbalance
Answer: b) Gender equity

19. What is the term used to describe the social and cultural
expectations of how individuals should behave based on their gender?
a) Gender identity
b) Gender expression
c) Gender roles
d) Gender norms

Answer: c) Gender roles

20. What is the role of men in Gender and Development?

a) Men are not involved in Gender and Development initiatives
b) Men are solely responsible for promoting gender equality
c) Men play a crucial role in challenging and transforming harmful
gender norms and practices
d) Men should prioritize their own rights over women's rights

Answer: c) Men play a crucial role in challenging and transforming harmful

gender norms and practices

Regenerate

Gender and Development (GAD) in the Philippines was initiated through the
efforts of various stakeholders, including the government, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), women's rights advocates, and international
development partners.

One of the key milestones in promoting gender equality and women's

empowerment in the Philippines was the adoption of the Philippine
Development Plan (PDP) in 1987. The PDP recognized the need to address
gender disparities and mainstream gender perspectives in development
policies and programs.

In 1989, the Philippine government established the National Commission on

the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), which served as the primary policy-
making and coordinating body for gender and development concerns. The
NCRFW played a crucial role in advocating for gender-responsive legislation
and policies, as well as coordinating and monitoring GAD efforts across
different government agencies.
The passing of the Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710) in 2009
was a significant milestone in promoting gender equality in the Philippines.
The law provided comprehensive measures to eliminate discrimination against
women, promote women's rights, and ensure their equal participation and
representation in all spheres of society.

Furthermore, the Philippines has been actively involved in international

commitments and frameworks that promote gender equality, such as the
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). These global initiatives have provided additional impetus for
the government and civil society organizations to prioritize GAD in their
development agendas.

Today, GAD is mainstreamed across various government agencies, with the

establishment of GAD focal points and the integration of gender perspectives
in policy formulation, planning, budgeting, and monitoring processes. There
are also numerous NGOs and women's rights organizations in the Philippines
that work towards advancing gender equality through various programs and
initiatives.

Overall, the establishment of GAD in the Philippines was a result of the

collective efforts of different stakeholders, driven by the recognition of the
importance of gender equality and women's empowerment in achieving
sustainable development.

Regenerate

1. What is the current gender gap in literacy rates in the Philippines?

a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 15%
d) 20%

2. Which of the following factors contribute to the gender wage gap in the
Philippines?
a) Differences in education levels
b) Discrimination in the workplace
c) Lack of access to equal job opportunities
d) All of the above

3. What percentage of women in the Philippines are engaged in agriculture

and farming?
a) 30%
 b) 40%
c) 50%
d) 60%

4. How does gender-based violence impact women's development in the

Philippines?
a) Lowers educational attainment
b) Limits economic opportunities
c) Affects mental and physical health
d) All of the above

5. What is the percentage of women in leadership positions in the

Philippine government?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30%
d) 40%

continue

6. What is the legal minimum age for marriage in the Philippines for both
males and females?
a) 16 years old
b) 18 years old
c) 21 years old
d) There is no legal minimum age for marriage

7. Which of the following initiatives are aimed at promoting gender equality

in the Philippines?
a) The Magna Carta of Women
b) Gender-responsive budgeting
c) Anti-sexual harassment laws
d) All of the above

8. What is the current percentage of women in the Philippine labor force?

a) 40%
b) 50%
c) 60%
d) 70%

9. How does gender inequality impact education in the Philippines?

a) Higher dropout rates for girls
b) Limited access to quality education for girls
 c) Gender stereotypes affecting subject choices
d) All of the above

10. What is the current status of reproductive health services and

information in the Philippines?
a) Accessible and comprehensive
b) Limited and inadequate
c) Non-existent
d) Varied, depending on the region

Note: The answers provided here are for illustrative purposes only and may
not reflect the most up-to-date statistics or information.

give the correct answer about this

1. What is the current gender gap in literacy rates in the Philippines?

c) 15%

2. Which of the following factors contribute to the gender wage gap in the
Philippines?
d) All of the above

3. What percentage of women in the Philippines are engaged in agriculture

and farming?
c) 50%

4. How does gender-based violence impact women's development in the

Philippines?
d) All of the above

5. What is the percentage of women in leadership positions in the

Philippine government?
a) 10%

6. What is the legal minimum age for marriage in the Philippines for both
males and females?
b) 18 years old

7. Which of the following initiatives are aimed at promoting gender equality

in the Philippines?
d) All of the above

8. What is the current percentage of women in the Philippine labor force?

b) 50%
 9. How does gender inequality impact education in the Philippines?
d) All of the above

10. What is the current status of reproductive health services and

information in the Philippines?
b) Limited and inadequate

Regenerate

Title: Exploring the Distinction between Sex and Gender: A Comprehensive

Discussion

Introduction:
In recent years, discussions surrounding sex and gender have gained
significant attention, challenging traditional notions and prompting a deeper
understanding of these concepts. Sex and gender are often used
interchangeably, but they possess distinct meanings that are crucial to
comprehend. This discussion aims to explore the differences between sex
and gender, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and the implications
they hold for individuals and society as a whole.

Defining Sex and Gender:

Sex refers to the biological characteristics that differentiate individuals as male
or female. It is primarily determined by physical attributes such as
reproductive organs, hormones, and chromosomes. Traditionally, sex has
been understood as a binary concept, with individuals falling into either male
or female categories.

On the other hand, gender is a social construct that encompasses the roles,
behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female within a
given society. Unlike sex, gender is not solely based on biology but is
influenced by cultural, social, and psychological factors. It encompasses
gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles.
Gender and sex are often used interchangeably, but they are distinct concepts. Here is a matrix
highlighting the difference between gender and sex:

Gender Sex

Definition Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and Biological and physical characteristics
 Gender Sex

expectations assigned to individuals based that typically differentiate between

on their perceived or assigned sex male and female individuals

Examples Masculinity, femininity, gender roles, Male, female, intersex

gender identity, gender expression

Determined by biological and genetic

Determined Influenced by societal, cultural, and
factors

by individual factors

Can be fluid and may vary across

Fluidity Generally fixed and remains consistent
cultures,

societies, and time periods throughout an individual's life

Impact Can impact personal identity, Can impact physical attributes,

on self-expression, and social interactions reproductive functions, and health

Examples A person assigned female at birth may A person assigned female at birth

identify and express themselves as male typically has female reproductive organs

or non-binary and secondary sexual characteristics

such as breasts and a higher voice pitch

It is important to note that this matrix provides a general understanding of the difference between
gender and sex, but individual experiences and perspectives may vary.
Basic Concepts in Understanding Gender and Development

Gender Identity:
Gender identity refers to an individual's deeply held sense of their own
gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth. While most
people identify as cisgender, meaning their gender identity aligns with their
assigned sex, some individuals identify as transgender, non-binary, or
genderqueer, among other identities. These experiences demonstrate that
gender identity is not solely determined by biological sex but is a personal and
subjective aspect of one's identity.

Gender Expression:
Gender expression refers to the way individuals present their gender to
others, including their appearance, clothing, behavior, and societal roles. It
encompasses a broad spectrum, ranging from traditionally masculine to
feminine expressions, as well as androgynous or gender-neutral
presentations. Gender expression is a reflection of an individual's gender
identity and can vary greatly across cultures and societies.

Gender Roles:
Gender roles are societal expectations and norms that dictate how individuals
should behave based on their assigned sex. Historically, these roles have
perpetuated stereotypes and reinforced societal inequalities. However,
societies are increasingly challenging these norms, recognizing that gender
roles should not be confining or restrictive but should allow individuals to
express themselves authentically.

Gender equality

refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of individuals

regardless of their gender. It aims to eliminate discrimination and bias based
on gender, promoting equal access to education, employment, healthcare,
and decision-making positions. Achieving gender equality is crucial for a fair
and just society.

Gender equity

refers to ensuring fairness and equality for individuals of all genders. It

involves eliminating gender-based discrimination and providing equal
opportunities, resources, and rights to all genders. Achieving gender equity is
crucial for creating a just and inclusive society that values and respects the
contributions and potential of all individuals.
Gender mainstreaming

is the strategy of integrating a gender perspective into all policies, programs, and activities. It
aims to promote gender equality by addressing the needs and interests of both women and men.
By recognizing gender as a fundamental aspect of social and economic development, it seeks to
eliminate gender-based discrimination and promote equal opportunities for all.

Gender orientation

refers to a person's individual experience and expression of their gender

identity. It is important to note that gender orientation is separate from sexual
orientation, which refers to a person's romantic and/or sexual attraction to
others.

Gender orientation encompasses a broad spectrum of identities and

experiences beyond the traditional binary understanding of male and female.
Many people identify as cisgender, meaning their gender identity aligns with
the sex they were assigned at birth. Others identify as transgender, meaning
their gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth.
Transgender individuals may transition in various ways, such as through
hormone therapy, surgery, or social transition, to align their gender expression
with their gender identity.

Sexual preferences refer to an individual's attractions and desires towards

certain genders or sexes. It encompasses the types of people one is sexually
and romantically attracted to, such as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or
asexual orientations. These preferences are personal and can vary among
individuals.

In addition to cisgender and transgender identities, there are also non-binary,

genderqueer, genderfluid, and agender individuals, among others. These
identities challenge the notion that gender is strictly binary and instead
recognize the existence of a broader spectrum of gender identities.
What is all about cisgender, transgender ,non, binary, gender queer, gender
fluid and agender

Cisgender refers to individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex they
were assigned at birth. It is used to describe people who are not transgender.
Cisgender individuals typically identify as either male or female, based on
societal expectations associated with their assigned sex.
Transgender refers to individuals whose gender identity does not align with the sex they were
assigned at birth. It is an umbrella term that encompasses various identities, such as transgender
men and transgender women, who may pursue medical interventions or social changes to align
their gender expression with their gender identity.

Non-binary individuals are people whose gender identity does not exclusively
align with either the male or female binary. They may identify as a
combination of genders, as neither gender, or as a gender that is fluid or
outside of traditional concepts. Non-binary individuals have diverse
experiences and expressions of gender.

Gender queer is a term used to describe individuals who do not conform to

traditional gender roles or identities. They may identify as both male and
female, neither, or a combination of genders. Gender queer individuals
challenge societal norms and embrace gender diversity

Agender is a gender identity where an individual does not identify with any
specific gender. They may feel a lack of gender or feel that their gender
identity fluctuates over time. This fluidity can involve shifting between different
gender identities or feeling no connection to any gender at all.

Agender individuals are people who do not identify with any gender. They may not feel a
connection to being male or female and may have a gender identity that is neutral or undefined.
Agender individuals may use they/them pronouns or prefer to be referred to by their name rather
than gendered pronouns. It's important to note that gender identity is personal and can vary from
person to person.
Gender orientation is deeply personal and can vary from person to person. It
is influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural
factors. It is important to respect and validate individuals' self-identified gender
orientations, as everyone's experience is unique and valid.

Society is gradually becoming more inclusive and accepting of diverse gender

orientations. However, discrimination, prejudice, and lack of understanding
still exist, leading to challenges and disparities faced by individuals who do not
fit into traditional gender norms. It is crucial to promote education, awareness,
and acceptance to create a more inclusive society for people of all gender
orientations..

What is the difference between sexual orientation and gender orientation?

Sexual orientation refers to an individual's emotional, romantic, or sexual

attraction to others. It is about who someone is attracted to and can be
categorized as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. On the other hand,
gender orientation refers to an individual's internal sense of their own gender
identity, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth. Gender
orientation includes identities such as male, female, non-binary, or
genderqueer. While sexual orientation focuses on attraction, gender
orientation focuses on one's internal sense of self and how they identify in
terms of gender, which may or may not correlate with their assigned sex.

Terms to remember about gender preferences

1. Heterosexual: Attraction to individuals of the opposite gender.

2. Homosexual: Attraction to individuals of the same gender.
3. Bisexual: Attraction to individuals of both the same and opposite
genders.
4. Pansexual: Attraction to individuals regardless of their gender identity.
5. Asexual: Lack of sexual attraction to any gender.
6. Demisexual: Attraction to individuals only after forming a strong
emotional connection.
7. Polysexual: Attraction to multiple genders, but not all.
8. Queer: An umbrella term encompassing various non-heterosexual
orientations.
9. Androgynous: Having a gender identity that is a combination of both
male and female or having no specific gender identity.
10. Genderqueer: A non-binary gender identity that does not conform
to traditional gender norms.
11. Agender: Lack of gender or absence of gender identity.
12. Bigender: Having two distinct gender identities, often switching
between them.
13. Genderfluid: A gender identity that is not fixed and may change
over time.
14. Two-spirit: A Native American/First Nations concept of having
both masculine and feminine spirits within one person.
15. Non-binary: An umbrella term for genders that do not fit into the
traditional binary categories of male or female.
16. Gender non-conforming: Expressing gender in ways that do not
conform to societal expectations.
17. Cisgender: Identifying with the gender assigned at birth.
18. Transgender: Identifying with a gender different from the one
assigned at birth.
19. Transmasculine: Assigned female at birth but identifying more
closely with masculinity.
20. Transfeminine: Assigned male at birth but identifying more closely
with femininity.

What is all about Gender Roles?

Gender roles refer to the set of societal expectations, norms, and

behaviors that are typically associated with individuals based on their
gender. These roles are often influenced by cultural, historical, and
social factors and can vary across different societies and time periods.

Traditionally, gender roles have been defined in a binary manner, with

specific expectations for males and females. For example, in many
societies, men have been expected to be the breadwinners and
providers, while women have been expected to be caregivers and
homemakers. These roles have often perpetuated stereotypes and
limited opportunities for individuals to explore and express their full
potential.
However, there has been a significant shift in recent decades
towards challenging and redefining traditional gender roles. Many
societies are recognizing the importance of gender equality and are
working towards breaking down rigid gender norms. This includes
 promoting equal opportunities for individuals of all genders in education,
employment, politics, and other areas of society.
The concept of gender roles also intersects with other aspects of
identity, such as race, ethnicity, sexuality, and socioeconomic status.
These intersections can influence the expectations and experiences of
individuals in relation to gender roles.

Is Gender Roles Inborn?

It is important to note that gender roles are not inherent or fixed,

but rather socially constructed and can change over time. Many
individuals and communities are challenging traditional gender roles and
advocating for a more inclusive and diverse understanding of gende
Gender roles are not inborn, but rather socially constructed. They are shaped by societal
expectations and norms regarding behavior, attitudes, and responsibilities associated with being
male or female. These expectations can vary across cultures and change over time. While certain
biological differences may influence gender roles to some extent, the majority of gender roles are
learned and reinforced through socialization processes such as family, education, media, and
peer groups.

GENDER ROLE IS LEARNED

Yes, gender roles are learned. They are social and cultural expectations that dictate how
individuals should think, behave, and present themselves based on their assigned sex. Gender
roles are taught through various socializing agents such as family, peers, media, and education.
Children are socialized from a young age to conform to these roles, which can vary across
different societies and time periods.

The four processes of socialization

a. internalization,
b. identification,
c. reinforcement,
d. and modeling
they play a significant role in shaping gender roles and
expectations within society. These processes influence individuals
to conform to societal norms and expectations associated with
their gender.
1. Internalization: Internalization refers to the process of accepting and
adopting societal norms, values, and beliefs. In terms of gender,
individuals internalize the cultural norms and expectations associated
with being male or female. They learn what behaviors, attitudes, and
roles are considered appropriate for their gender and incorporate them
into their own self-concept. For example, boys may internalize the belief
that they should be assertive, competitive, and avoid showing
vulnerability, while girls may internalize the belief that they should be
nurturing, passive, and emphasize their physical appearance.

2. Identification: Identification is the process of associating oneself with

certain groups or individuals and adopting their characteristics, values,
and behaviors. In relation to gender, individuals identify with same-
gender role models such as parents, siblings, peers, and media figures.
They observe and imitate the behaviors and attitudes exhibited by these
role models, which further reinforces the gender norms and
expectations. For instance, a young boy may identify with his father and
mimic his behaviors, such as engaging in traditionally masculine
activities or adopting his father's beliefs about gender roles.

3. Reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs when individuals receive positive

or negative consequences for their behavior, which in turn influences
their future behavior. In terms of gender socialization, reinforcement can
involve rewards or punishments for conforming or deviating from gender
norms. For example, a girl may be praised for being nurturing and
caring, while a boy may be ridiculed or shamed for engaging in activities
traditionally associated with girls. These reinforcements shape
individuals' behaviors and attitudes, encouraging them to conform to
societal gender expectations.

4. Modeling: Modeling refers to the process of observing and imitating the

behaviors, attitudes, and values of others. In terms of gender
socialization, individuals learn gender-specific behaviors and attitudes
by observing the behaviors of those around them, particularly their
parents, siblings, and other influential figures. For instance, a child may
learn how to behave in gender-appropriate ways by watching their
parents' interactions and adopting their gender roles. Media also plays a
significant role in modeling gender roles, as individuals often observe
and emulate the behaviors portrayed in movies, TV shows, and
advertisements.
Overall, these four processes of socialization significantly shape individuals'
understanding of gender and their adherence to societal gender norms and
expectations. However, it is important to recognize that gender socialization is
not fixed or universal, and can vary across cultures and historical periods.

WAYS IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS LEARN AND INTERNALIZE SOCIETAL

NORMS, VALUES AND BEHAVIOUS

The four processes of socialization

a. manipulation,
b. canalization,
c. verbal appellations,
d. and activity exposures,
These are ways in which individuals learn and internalize societal
norms, values, and behaviors. These processes play a crucial role
in shaping an individual's identity and their ability to function
effectively within society.

1. Manipulation: Manipulation refers to the ways in which individuals are

influenced and directed by others to behave in certain ways. This can
involve both direct and indirect forms of control. For example, parents
may manipulate their children's behavior by setting rules and
expectations, using rewards and punishments, or providing guidance
and advice.

2. Canalization: Canalization refers to the process by which individuals are

channeled into specific roles, activities, and behaviors that are
considered appropriate for their gender, social class, or cultural
background. It involves the reinforcement of societal expectations and
the limitation of individual choices. For instance, boys may be
encouraged to engage in sports and physical activities, while girls may
be encouraged to focus on nurturing and domestic tasks.

3. Verbal appellations: Verbal appellations involve the use of language to

label and describe individuals in ways that shape their self-perception
and social identity. This can include nicknames, titles, or terms of
endearment that reflect certain attributes or characteristics. For
example, a child who is consistently called "smart" may develop a self-
perception of intelligence and strive to maintain that image.
 4. Activity exposures: Activity exposures refer to the opportunities
individuals have to engage in various social activities and experiences
that contribute to their socialization. This can include participation in
family, school, or community activities, as well as exposure to different
cultural practices, traditions, and values. Through these experiences,
individuals acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for
their integration into society.

Overall, these four processes of socialization work together to shape

individuals' beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and identities, ensuring their
conformity to societal norms and expectations.

The Social Institutions Role on Gender Equality

There is no single entity or group solely responsible for perpetuating gender

biases in society. Gender biases are deeply ingrained in societal norms,
cultural beliefs, and individual attitudes, and they can be perpetuated by
various actors and institutions. Some potential contributors to the perpetuation
of gender biases include:

1. Individuals: People may consciously or unconsciously hold and express

biased views about gender roles, capabilities, and expectations. These
biases can be reinforced through personal interactions, language, and
behavior.

2. Media and Entertainment Industry: Media, including television shows,

movies, advertisements, and social media, often portray gender
stereotypes and reinforce traditional gender roles. These portrayals can
shape societal perceptions and expectations of gender.

3. Educational Institutions: Schools and educational systems may

unintentionally perpetuate gender biases through curriculum choices,
teaching practices, and unequal opportunities for boys and girls.

4. Family and Peers: Family members and peers play a significant role in
shaping individuals' beliefs and attitudes about gender. Children often
learn gender norms and stereotypes from their immediate environment,
including their families and friends.

5. Workplace and Corporate Culture: Many workplaces have biases that

disadvantage women, such as unequal pay, limited career
 advancement opportunities, and discriminatory practices. These biases
can perpetuate gender inequalities and reinforce stereotypes.

6. Government and Policy: Laws and policies that reinforce gender

inequalities or fail to address them can contribute to the perpetuation of
gender biases. This includes discriminatory laws, inadequate maternity
leave policies, and lack of support for gender equality initiatives.

It is important to note that while these actors contribute to the perpetuation of

gender biases, they do not do so intentionally or collectively. Addressing
gender biases requires collective efforts from individuals, communities,
institutions, and society as a whole.

Regenerate

The main goal of social institutions in understanding gender is to promote equality, inclusivity,
and respect for individuals of all genders. This involves challenging and dismantling traditional
gender norms and stereotypes, and recognizing that gender is a social construct that can vary
across cultures and societies. By understanding gender as a complex and fluid concept, social
institutions aim to create a more inclusive and just society where individuals are free to express
their gender identity without facing discrimination or prejudice. This understanding also helps in
addressing issues such as gender-based violence, gender inequality, and gender disparities in
various aspects of life, including education, employment, and healthcare.

Implications and Challenges:

Understanding the distinction between sex and gender has significant
implications for various aspects of society. It helps to foster inclusivity and
respect for diverse gender identities, challenging discrimination and
stigmatization. By recognizing the fluidity and complexity of gender, we can
create more supportive environments and policies that safeguard the rights
and well-being of all individuals.

However, the distinction between sex and gender also poses challenges.
Societal norms and expectations are deeply ingrained, and some individuals
may struggle to accept or understand gender diversity. Education and
awareness play a crucial role in overcoming these challenges and fostering a
more inclusive society.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the difference between sex and gender lies in their respective
biological and social aspects. While sex refers to biological characteristics,
gender encompasses a complex interplay of personal identity, expression,
and societal expectations. Recognizing and respecting this distinction is
crucial for promoting inclusivity and equality, enabling individuals to live
authentically and free from discrimination.

Pre Quiz No.1 : Analyze the following questions and answer them logically.

1. What is the difference between sex and gender?

a) Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to societal
roles and expectations associated with being male or female.
b) Sex refers to societal roles and expectations associated with being
male or female, while gender refers to biological differences.
c) There is no difference between sex and gender.
d) Sex and gender are interchangeable terms.

Answer: a) Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to societal

roles and expectations associated with being male or female.

2. Which term is typically used to describe the physical characteristics that

differentiate males and females?
a) Gender
b) Sex
c) Gender identity
d) Gender expression

Answer: b) Sex

3. Which term is typically used to describe the personal sense of one's

own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth?
a) Gender
b) Sex
 c) Gender identity
d) Gender expression

Answer: c) Gender identity

4. Which term is typically used to describe the way individuals outwardly

express their gender, such as through clothing, hairstyle, or behavior?
a) Gender
b) Sex
c) Gender identity
d) Gender expression

Answer: d) Gender expression

5. What is the primary determinant of an individual's sex?

a) Chromosomes
b) Hormones
c) Physical appearance
d) Personal preference

Answer: a) Chromosomes

6. Which statement is true regarding gender identity?

a) Gender identity is always the same as the sex assigned at birth.
b) Gender identity can change over time.
c) Gender identity is solely influenced by societal expectations.
d) Gender identity is determined by physical appearance.

Answer: b) Gender identity can change over time.

7. Which statement is true regarding gender expression?

a) Gender expression is solely determined by biological factors.
b) Gender expression is fixed and cannot change.
c) Gender expression can vary across cultures and societies.
d) Gender expression is solely determined by personal preference.

Answer: c) Gender expression can vary across cultures and societies.

8. Which term is used to describe individuals who do not identify exclusively

as male or female?
a) Transgender
b) Cisgender
 c) Non-binary
d) Genderqueer

Answer: c) Non-binary

9. Which statement is true regarding transgender individuals?

a) Transgender individuals always undergo medical interventions to
align their physical appearance with their gender identity.
b) Transgender individuals always identify as the opposite gender of
their sex assigned at birth.
c) Transgender individuals may or may not undergo medical
interventions and may identify as any gender.
d) Transgender individuals are always born intersex.

Answer: c) Transgender individuals may or may not undergo medical

interventions and may identify as any gender.

10. What is the term used to describe societal expectations and

norms associated with being male or female?
a) Gender roles
b) Biological roles
c) Sex roles
d) Gender norms

Answer: a) Gender roles

11. Which statement is true regarding gender roles?

a) Gender roles are the same across all cultures and societies.
b) Gender roles are solely determined by genetics.
c) Gender roles can vary across cultures and societies.
d) Gender roles are solely determined by personal preference.

Answer: c) Gender roles can vary across cultures and societies.

12. Which term is used to describe individuals whose gender identity

aligns with the sex assigned at birth?
a) Transgender
b) Cisgender
c) Non-binary
d) Genderqueer

Answer: b) Cisgender
 13. Which statement is true regarding the difference between sex and
gender?
a) Sex is a social construct, while gender is a biological construct.
b) Sex and gender are interchangeable terms.
c) Sex refers to societal roles and expectations, while gender refers to
biological differences.
d) Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to societal
roles and expectations.

Answer: d) Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to societal

roles and expectations.

14. Which term is used to describe individuals whose gender identity

does not align with the sex assigned at birth?
a) Transgender
b) Cisgender
c) Non-binary
d) Genderqueer

Answer: a) Transgender

15. What is the term used to describe individuals who are born with
reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit typical definitions of
male or female?
a) Transgender
b) Cisgender
c) Non-binary
d) Intersex

Answer: d) Intersex

16. Which statement is true regarding intersex individuals?

a) Intersex individuals always identify as a different gender than their
biological sex.
b) Intersex individuals are always born with both male and female
reproductive organs.
c) Intersex individuals may or may not identify as binary genders and
can have a variety of biological characteristics.
d) Intersex individuals are always born with typical male or female
reproductive organs.
Answer: c) Intersex individuals may or may not identify as binary genders and
can have a variety of biological characteristics.

17. What is the term used to describe individuals whose gender

identity and expression align with societal expectations associated with
their sex assigned at birth?
a) Transgender
b) Cisgender
c) Non-binary
d) Genderqueer

Answer: b) Cisgender

18. Which statement is true regarding genderqueer individuals?

a) Genderqueer individuals always identify as the opposite gender of
their sex assigned at birth.
b) Genderqueer individuals can identify as any gender and may reject
traditional gender categories.
c) Genderqueer individuals are always born intersex.
d) Genderqueer individuals always undergo medical interventions to
align their physical appearance with their gender identity.

Answer: b) Genderqueer individuals can identify as any gender and may

reject traditional gender categories.

19. Which term is used to describe the social, cultural, and economic
differences between males and females?
a) Sexism
b) Gender inequality
c) Gender bias
d) Gender discrimination

Answer: b) Gender inequality

20. Which statement is true regarding gender discrimination?

a) Gender discrimination only affects females.
b) Gender discrimination is solely based on biological differences.
c) Gender discrimination can affect individuals of any gender.
d) Gender discrimination is a thing of the past.

Answer: c) Gender discrimination can affect individuals of any gender.

Activity Number 1:

In this activity, there are 10 members in each group. Have a short discussion
on the situation assigned to each group.

Be mindful on what to do:Discuss the following question with your group mate.

1. What is the issue, what are other notable issues in the situation or
dilemma , mention the dilemma of your story/situation in your assigned
group.
2. Answer this: What would you do if you were the person involved in the
story/situation?
3. If you are in the position to help or give advice., How would you help or
what advice can you share?
4. Discuss possible ways on how would the story may proceed or end.

Group 1: Domestic /repetitive abuse in the family between the husband

and wife.

Additional discussion: Give bible verses that somehow its not gender -fair
and it has discrimination and it does not conform with the goals of gender
and development

Group 2. Infidelity of a husband vs wife.

Additional discussion: research on published research papers that supports

the infidelity acts of men and not the women.

Group 3: sexual harassment and unfair treatment experience by women in

their workplace

Additional discussion . List down gender issues, discrimination

encountered by women in the workplace.

Group 4. Gender discrimination of men and women in Media

Additional discussion: Choose at least 10 gender issues on men and
women that media portrayed in the last 10 past years.