Structural Engineering MCQs - Part 1
Author: Engr. Rubel Rana (BSc in Civil Engineering, DUET), Research Engineer, HBRI; Ex-
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, DIU
Generated on: 2025-08-16 04:12 UTC
Beams
1. Shear reinforcement (stirrups) primarily resists:
A) Flexure
B) Torsion
C) Diagonal tension
D) Axial
Answer: C) Diagonal tension
Explanation: Stirrups resist diagonal shear cracks.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is:
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is:
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =:
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 5)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 6)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. Shear reinforcement (stirrups) primarily resists: (var 7)
A) Flexure
B) Torsion
C) Diagonal tension
D) Axial
Answer: C) Diagonal tension
Explanation: Stirrups resist diagonal shear cracks.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Shear reinforcement (stirrups) primarily resists: (var 8)
A) Flexure
B) Torsion
C) Diagonal tension
D) Axial
Answer: C) Diagonal tension
Explanation: Stirrups resist diagonal shear cracks.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 9)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 10)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
11. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 11)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
12. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 12)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
13. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is: (var 13)
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
14. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 14)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
15. Neutral axis in symmetric rectangular section lies at:
A) Top fiber
B) Bottom fiber
C) Centroid
D) Depends on loading
Answer: C) Centroid
Explanation: Symmetric homogeneous section NA at centroid.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
16. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is: (var 16)
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
17. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is: (var 17)
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
18. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is: (var 18)
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
19. Shear reinforcement (stirrups) primarily resists: (var 19)
A) Flexure
B) Torsion
C) Diagonal tension
D) Axial
Answer: C) Diagonal tension
Explanation: Stirrups resist diagonal shear cracks.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
20. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 20)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
21. Neutral axis in symmetric rectangular section lies at: (var 21)
A) Top fiber
B) Bottom fiber
C) Centroid
D) Depends on loading
Answer: C) Centroid
Explanation: Symmetric homogeneous section NA at centroid.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
22. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 22)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
23. Unit of Modulus of Elasticity (E) is: (var 23)
A) N/m
B) N/m²
C) N·m
D) m²/N
Answer: B) N/m²
Explanation: E = stress/strain; stress in N/m².
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
24. Shear reinforcement (stirrups) primarily resists: (var 24)
A) Flexure
B) Torsion
C) Diagonal tension
D) Axial
Answer: C) Diagonal tension
Explanation: Stirrups resist diagonal shear cracks.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
25. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 25)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
26. Location of maximum shear in a simply supported beam with UDL is: (var 26)
A) Midspan
B) Supports
C) Quarter points
D) At load application
Answer: B) Supports
Explanation: Shear is maximum near supports.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
27. Maximum bending moment in simply supported beam with central point load P is:
A) PL/4
B) PL/8
C) PL/12
D) PL/16
Answer: A) PL/4
Explanation: Standard result M = PL/4.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
28. Maximum bending moment in simply supported beam with central point load P is: (var
28)
A) PL/4
B) PL/8
C) PL/12
D) PL/16
Answer: A) PL/4
Explanation: Standard result M = PL/4.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
29. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 29)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
30. For a rectangular section, the second moment of area I =: (var 30)
A) bd³/12
B) bh³/12
C) bd³/3
D) bh³/3
Answer: A) bd³/12
Explanation: Standard centroidal moment of inertia for rectangle.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
Slabs
1. Two-way slab action occurs when aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is less than:
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Answer: B) 2
Explanation: General criterion for two-way action.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically:
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as:
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 4)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Two-way slab action occurs when aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is less than: (var 5)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Answer: B) 2
Explanation: General criterion for two-way action.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. Two-way slab action occurs when aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is less than: (var 6)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Answer: B) 2
Explanation: General criterion for two-way action.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 7)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 8)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically: (var 9)
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 10)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
11. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically: (var 11)
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
12. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically: (var 12)
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
13. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically: (var 13)
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
14. Two-way slab action occurs when aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is less than: (var 14)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Answer: B) 2
Explanation: General criterion for two-way action.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
15. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 15)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
16. Minimum thickness for simply supported slab is typically: (var 16)
A) 75 mm
B) 100 mm
C) 125 mm
D) 150 mm
Answer: B) 100 mm
Explanation: Practical minimum for slabs.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
17. Two-way slab action occurs when aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is less than: (var 17)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1.5
D) 2.5
Answer: B) 2
Explanation: General criterion for two-way action.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
18. Effective span for a slab supported on two sides is often taken as: (var 18)
A) Clear span
B) Overall span
C) L + effective cover
D) Center-to-center
Answer: A) Clear span
Explanation: Effective span convention varies; clear span commonly used for simply
supported.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
19. One-way slab bends in direction of:
A) Longer span
B) Shorter span
C) Both spans
D) Diagonal
Answer: B) Shorter span
Explanation: One-way slab bends along shorter span.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
20. One-way slab bends in direction of: (var 20)
A) Longer span
B) Shorter span
C) Both spans
D) Diagonal
Answer: B) Shorter span
Explanation: One-way slab bends along shorter span.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
Columns
1. Slenderness ratio = effective length / least lateral dimension. True or False?
A) True
B) False
C) Sometimes
D) None
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Definition of slenderness ratio.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Long columns are checked for:
A) Crushing only
B) Buckling only
C) Both crushing and buckling
D) Shear only
Answer: C) Both crushing and buckling
Explanation: Checks depend on slenderness.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Effective length factor K for fixed-fixed column is:
A) 0.5
B) 1.0
C) 2.0
D) 0.7
Answer: A) 0.5
Explanation: K for fixed-fixed = 0.5.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. Slenderness ratio = effective length / least lateral dimension. True or False? (var 4)
A) True
B) False
C) Sometimes
D) None
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Definition of slenderness ratio.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Long columns are checked for: (var 5)
A) Crushing only
B) Buckling only
C) Both crushing and buckling
D) Shear only
Answer: C) Both crushing and buckling
Explanation: Checks depend on slenderness.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. Slenderness ratio = effective length / least lateral dimension. True or False? (var 6)
A) True
B) False
C) Sometimes
D) None
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Definition of slenderness ratio.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. Slenderness ratio = effective length / least lateral dimension. True or False? (var 7)
A) True
B) False
C) Sometimes
D) None
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Definition of slenderness ratio.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Long columns are checked for: (var 8)
A) Crushing only
B) Buckling only
C) Both crushing and buckling
D) Shear only
Answer: C) Both crushing and buckling
Explanation: Checks depend on slenderness.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. Short columns typically fail by:
A) Buckling
B) Crushing
C) Shear
D) Torsion
Answer: B) Crushing
Explanation: Short columns fail by crushing.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. Effective length factor K for fixed-fixed column is: (var 10)
A) 0.5
B) 1.0
C) 2.0
D) 0.7
Answer: A) 0.5
Explanation: K for fixed-fixed = 0.5.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
11. Slenderness ratio = effective length / least lateral dimension. True or False? (var 11)
A) True
B) False
C) Sometimes
D) None
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Definition of slenderness ratio.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
12. Short columns typically fail by: (var 12)
A) Buckling
B) Crushing
C) Shear
D) Torsion
Answer: B) Crushing
Explanation: Short columns fail by crushing.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
13. Long columns are checked for: (var 13)
A) Crushing only
B) Buckling only
C) Both crushing and buckling
D) Shear only
Answer: C) Both crushing and buckling
Explanation: Checks depend on slenderness.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
14. Long columns are checked for: (var 14)
A) Crushing only
B) Buckling only
C) Both crushing and buckling
D) Shear only
Answer: C) Both crushing and buckling
Explanation: Checks depend on slenderness.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
15. Effective length factor K for fixed-fixed column is: (var 15)
A) 0.5
B) 1.0
C) 2.0
D) 0.7
Answer: A) 0.5
Explanation: K for fixed-fixed = 0.5.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
Footings
1. Strip footing transfers load primarily as:
A) Point load
B) Linear load
C) Area load
D) Line load
Answer: B) Linear load
Explanation: Strip footing distributes load along a strip.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Strip footing transfers load primarily as: (var 2)
A) Point load
B) Linear load
C) Area load
D) Line load
Answer: B) Linear load
Explanation: Strip footing distributes load along a strip.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Strip footing transfers load primarily as: (var 3)
A) Point load
B) Linear load
C) Area load
D) Line load
Answer: B) Linear load
Explanation: Strip footing distributes load along a strip.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. Allowable settlement depends on:
A) Soil compressibility
B) Load magnitude
C) Foundation stiffness
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Settlement influenced by many factors.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula applies for:
A) Strip footing
B) Square footing
C) Circular footing
D) All shapes
Answer: A) Strip footing
Explanation: Original Terzaghi basic solution for strip footing.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. Allowable settlement depends on: (var 6)
A) Soil compressibility
B) Load magnitude
C) Foundation stiffness
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Settlement influenced by many factors.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. Strip footing transfers load primarily as: (var 7)
A) Point load
B) Linear load
C) Area load
D) Line load
Answer: B) Linear load
Explanation: Strip footing distributes load along a strip.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Strip footing transfers load primarily as: (var 8)
A) Point load
B) Linear load
C) Area load
D) Line load
Answer: B) Linear load
Explanation: Strip footing distributes load along a strip.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula applies for: (var 9)
A) Strip footing
B) Square footing
C) Circular footing
D) All shapes
Answer: A) Strip footing
Explanation: Original Terzaghi basic solution for strip footing.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. Allowable settlement depends on: (var 10)
A) Soil compressibility
B) Load magnitude
C) Foundation stiffness
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Settlement influenced by many factors.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
Steel Design
1. Fe500 steel characteristic yield is (MPa):
A) 250
B) 415
C) 500
D) 550
Answer: C) 500
Explanation: Fe500 -> 500 MPa.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Tension member design requires checking:
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Slip-critical connections are designed for:
A) Bearing
B) Friction
C) Welding only
D) Bolts shear
Answer: B) Friction
Explanation: Slip-critical uses friction between plates.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. Tension member design requires checking: (var 4)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Tension member design requires checking: (var 5)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. Tension member design requires checking: (var 6)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. Tension member design requires checking: (var 7)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Fe500 steel characteristic yield is (MPa): (var 8)
A) 250
B) 415
C) 500
D) 550
Answer: C) 500
Explanation: Fe500 -> 500 MPa.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. Tension member design requires checking: (var 9)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. Tension member design requires checking: (var 10)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
11. Slip-critical connections are designed for: (var 11)
A) Bearing
B) Friction
C) Welding only
D) Bolts shear
Answer: B) Friction
Explanation: Slip-critical uses friction between plates.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
12. Slip-critical connections are designed for: (var 12)
A) Bearing
B) Friction
C) Welding only
D) Bolts shear
Answer: B) Friction
Explanation: Slip-critical uses friction between plates.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
13. Tension member design requires checking: (var 13)
A) Gross section yielding
B) Net section rupture
C) Block shear
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Multiple limit states apply.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
14. Fe500 steel characteristic yield is (MPa): (var 14)
A) 250
B) 415
C) 500
D) 550
Answer: C) 500
Explanation: Fe500 -> 500 MPa.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
15. Slip-critical connections are designed for: (var 15)
A) Bearing
B) Friction
C) Welding only
D) Bolts shear
Answer: B) Friction
Explanation: Slip-critical uses friction between plates.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
Load Calculations & Codes
1. Dead load does NOT include:
A) Self-weight
B) Fixed finishes
C) Live load
D) Permanent partitions
Answer: C) Live load
Explanation: Live load is variable.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
2. Dead load does NOT include: (var 2)
A) Self-weight
B) Fixed finishes
C) Live load
D) Permanent partitions
Answer: C) Live load
Explanation: Live load is variable.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
3. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx:
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
4. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx: (var 4)
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
5. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx: (var 5)
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
6. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx: (var 6)
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
7. BNBC stands for:
A) Bangladesh National Building Code
B) British National Building Code
C) Basic National Building Code
D) None
Answer: A) Bangladesh National Building Code
Explanation: BNBC abbreviation.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
8. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx: (var 8)
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
9. Typical live load for office floors (kN/m2) approx: (var 9)
A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0
Answer: B) 3.0
Explanation: Common practice value.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
10. BNBC stands for: (var 10)
A) Bangladesh National Building Code
B) British National Building Code
C) Basic National Building Code
D) None
Answer: A) Bangladesh National Building Code
Explanation: BNBC abbreviation.
Reference: BNBC / Standard Textbook
