Study Guide

For Travel and Tourism students

 Contents

Referencing 3

What is a credible source? 4

What does referencing look like? 5

How often do I have to reference? 7

What is the difference between a reference 7

list and a bibliography?

How do I reference at the end of my work? 8

Types of assessment 10

Essays, reports 10

Presentations 11

Research project 12

Key assignment terms 13

Achieving higher grades 16

 Referencing: Introduction

Referencing in an academic style not only improves the standard

and level of our writing but it also aids our understanding of the
subject we are studying. Referencing helps us to avoid plagiarism
and provides evidence that we have done the relevant research
and wider reading.

Why do I have to reference?

It can show that you

Referencing gives the have read and
necessary credit to the understood relevant
original author texts

Why do I have to reference? It protects you from

plagiarism

It allows you to
differentiate between
your own work and that
It allows you to structure your
of others
work logically and shows that
you can distinguish between
different theories and ideas
What is a credible source?

When completing your assignments you should use a range of

different sources. There are a number of different sources
available to you and it is important that your work is not restricted
to all online sources!

Sources can include;

• Books
• Journals
• Magazines
• Newspapers
• Brochures
• Internet sites
• Blogs
• Videos
• College PowerPoint presentations
• Conferences
• Dissertations
• Reports
• Maps

This list is not exhaustive and many of the above can also be
accessed online, for example using Google Scholar, Google
Books, Google News or the online facilities on Moodle such as the
ebrary.

When choosing a source it is important that it is credible! This

means that is;

• Reliable
• Up to date

The most common example of a source that is not typically

credible is Wikipedia. Anybody can edit a wiki, that does not make
them a professional in their field and does not make it a reliable
source!
What does referencing look like?

There are different ways to reference in your written work. Each

way is presented differently but all must include the authors name
and year of publication. If you are quoting, you must also include
the page number.

Here are some examples:

Direct Referencing

Direct referencing is when the authors name is embedded in the

sentence. In these instances, the year of publication should come
after the surname of the writer in brackets.

Holloway (2009) states that…

Virgin Atlantic (2013) discusses the….

One example outlined by Ingle et al (2010) is

Note: One of the references above used the term et al after the
name Ingle. This is used when citing more than two authors to
save writing every name. You only state the first author, followed
by et al (Latin for and others).

Indirect Referencing

Indirect referencing is when you put the referencing details outside

of the actual sentence. When doing this, both the authors name
and year of publication appear in a set of brackets together. These
brackets may appear at the end or in the middle of your sentence
or paragraph.

In June 2013 British Airways received delivery of their first

A380 aircraft (British Airways, 2013)

The tourist numbers in Alicante dropped significantly

between the years 1998-2008 (Cooper et al, 2008)
Thomas Cook received a record low in profits (Young, 2009;
Debora, 2009)

Note: The third example shows how you can reference more than
one author. This is an example of cross referencing and increases
validity in the sources credibility- you should try to do this where
ever possible- it will help with higher grades!

Quoting

Quoting is when you want to cite the writer word for word. If you
do this, you should include single speech marks (i.e. ‘’and not “”) to
show exactly where your words stop and the scholar’s words begin
and end. The reference should appear in brackets and include the
author’s surname, year of publication followed by either a comma
or colon to show the page number.

Quoting is good, but make sure that you support this with plenty of
your own words to avoid risks of plagiarism!

Two young professionals have started up their own flip flop

business in aid of their parents’ tragic death after the Tsnami,
they state ‘We want Gandy’s Flip Flops to be known as the
brand that helps people’ (Robert Forkan, 2012: 1)

As stated by Ingle et al ‘tourism is a booming industry that is

set to continue to grow in the coming years’ (2010: 64)
How often do I have to reference?
How long is a piece of string? There is no real answer to this. It could be 2
references to one side of A4 or it could just as easily be 20 references to the
same side. If you are writing a lot of information without referencing, then you
almost are certainly not referencing enough! The following are occasions that
should include a reference:

• When you make a statement.

• When you are discussing a theory.

• When you are quoting.

• When you want to provide evidence.

What is the difference between a reference list and

a bibliography?

Every source that you use to write your assignment or that you
refer to must be included in the reference list.

If you have used other sources but have not directly used them to
write your work (for example a relevant book that you read) then
this should be listed in a bibliography.
How do I reference at the end of my work?
At the end of your work all sources need to be listed in the
reference list. Below are instructions for how to do this for the most
common sources you will use;

Book

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use
the first named)
Publisher

Dale, G. (2010) Travel and Tourism Level 3 Book 2. Essex:

Pearson Education Limited.

Journal article

Author
(Year of publication)
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Volume number
Issue number
Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p’. before the page
numbers)

Chhibber, P. K. & Majumdar, S. K. (1999) Foreign ownership and

profitability: Property rights, control, and the performance
of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics, 42 (1),
209-238.
Map

Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the

map)
(Year of publication)
Title (this should be in italics)
Scale
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Place of publication

British Geological Survey (1998) South London, 270. 1: 50 000.

London.

Web page/website

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or

editor is named)
(Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the
abbreviation n.d.)
Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]

BBC News. (2013) BA’s First A380 Superjumbo Arrives Heathrow

Airport. [Online] Available from:
[Link] [Accessed 17 July
2019]

Layouts For Your Reference List & Bibliography

Lecture/presentation

Name of lecturer/presenter
(Year of lecture/presentation)
Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
[Lecture/Presentation]
Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
Date of lecture/presentation (day month)

Wright, H. (2020) How to Write a Research Plan. [Lecture] Uxton

College, 12th December.
L
Types of assessment

During your course you will be assessed in a range of different

ways. Below is an overview of the most common assessment
methods you will need to be familiar with.

Essays

Essays are a common assessment method and it is important that

you adopt the following structure;

-Introduction
-Main body
-Conclusion
-Reference list
-Bibliography

Reports

Reports are often used for assessment and unlike essays, they will
normally adopt the use of headings or subtitles. The general
structure should be as follows;

-Title page
-Contents page
-Introduction
-Main body
-Conclusion
-Reference list
-Bibliography
Presentations

Presentations will usually require the use of PowerPoint. When

presenting you will need to submit a copy of the PowerPoint, along
with any notes you have prepared. PowerPoint presentations
should contain the skeleton of the topic and you should then
expand on this. You can use the notes pages at the bottom for
this.

You should not read word for word from the slide.

The general outline of a PowerPoint presentation should be;

-Title page
-Content page
-Introduction
-Main body
-Conclusion
-References
-Bibliography

Presentations should be aesthetically appealing and writing should

be a minimum of font size 20. You should always practice your
presentation skills before your final assessment.

Where possible, you should print a handout copy of your

presentation to save paper.
Research project

When completing your research project you will be required to use

a more complex version of a report than what you commonly use
so far. This should be detailed and comprehensive and will follow
the structure below;

-Title page
-Acknowledgements
-Abstract
-Contents page
-Introduction
-Literature review
-Research Methodology
-Results
-Discussion
-Conclusions
-Recommendations
-Appendices
-References
-Bibliography
 Key assignment terms
Throughout your studies you will encounter a range of different
terminology. It is important that you understand exactly what you
are being asked to do. Below is an overview of the key terms you
will come across;

Identify

To recognise or to state. To remember previously identified

information.

e.g. British Airways is owned by IAG.

Describe

To tell the facts or details.

e.g. British Airways was recently taken over by IAG. This stands
for the International Airline Group and is the holding company of
British Airways and Iberia. It is one of the world’s largest airline
groups.

Explain

To make understandable the nature or meaning.

e.g. International Airlines Group is one of the world's largest airline

groups with 377 aircraft flying to 230 destinations and carrying 69
million passengers each year. It is the third largest group in Europe
and the sixth largest in the world, based on revenue.

Formed in January 2011, IAG is the parent company of British

Airways, Iberia and Vueling. It is a Spanish registered company
with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange and Spanish
Stock Exchanges. The corporate head office for IAG is in London,
UK.
Assess

To judge the worth, or the importance.

e.g. [in addition to the above] IAG combines the leading airlines in
the UK and Spain, enabling them to enhance their presence in the
aviation market while retaining their individual brands and current
operations. The airlines' customers benefit from a larger combined
network for both passengers and cargo and a greater ability to
invest in new products and services through improved financial
robustness.

Compare

To examine in order to demonstrate the similarities and

differences.

e.g. There are many similarities between Virgin Atlantic and British
Airways. They are both scheduled operators; therefore they both
run to a fixed timetable and offer a high level of service. They fly to
many of the same destinations, although BA do have more flights
overall than Virgin.

On the other hand, there are also many differences between the
two airlines. They both have a very different ethos; BA being very
professional and aimed more at the business market and Virgin
Atlantic demonstrating a more ‘fun’ approach. It is for this reason
that BA has more flat sleeper beds, whereas Virgin uses the extra
space to offer a free bar within their Upper Class area. This
attracts very different types of customers.
Evaluate

To examine and judge carefully

e.g. From examining both Virgin Atlantic and British Airways I can
see that they both have significant appeal. I think that the choice of
airline will depend on the type of customer and their motivations.
From my research I can see that Virgin Atlantic is more fun and the
Cabin Crew are young and friendly, therefore this is likely to
appeal more to younger people or people who have the time when
they reach their destination to relax, so therefore they can make
the most of the facilities onboard.

BA however, offers a more business friendly service, and from my

research I can see that this airline would be ideal for the business
traveller that has a meeting on arrival and that simply wants to eat
and rest during the flight. Virgin would be less appropriate for them
as the noise from the bar could distract them from their work or
prevent them from being able to sleep…

Analyse

To examine in detail, identify causes, reasons, suggestions, to

break down the components.

e.g. There are a number of reasons why I think British Airways is

the best airline for a business traveller flying from London to New
York. Firstly, the food is very high quality on board and there is a
good selection of wine. However, sometimes the crew can be a bit
slow with delivering this and this could put people off travelling with
BA as this is such a short route and they might need to rest. This
could be improved if the Crew were given a shorter timeframe in
which to serve, or perhaps more Crew were put onboard to
operate the flight.

Many business travellers will eat before boarding the flight in the
lounge which is very convenient and high quality, however they
may then be disturbed in flight whilst others eat. If the airline could
find out if people wanted to eat in flight at check in they could sit all
of the people who do not want to be disturbed in a particular area,
this could help to prevent them from being disturbed…
 Achieving higher grades

It is important that you try your best throughout your course and
aim for higher grades. There are a number of things you can do to
help achieve this;

• Independent study- go home, re-read your notes, read the

relevant chapter in your textbook, do some further research

• Ask for help- If you’re not 100% sure on something make

sure you ask; your tutors are always happy to help!

• Attend all classes- it can be very difficult to understand the

topic when you have missed lessons, this can therefore limit
your ability to achieve higher grades. Make sure that you
attend all classes on time and if you can’t ensure that you
catch up on anything you have missed on your return

• Don’t forget the basics you learnt at school- make sure that
you always write in the correct style, use paragraphs, correct
grammar etc. Just because you may no longer be studying
the English language in the same way, doesn’t mean you
can forget to use it!

• Proof read all your work, don’t rush- Check, check and check
again. Sometimes it can help to swap work with a friend or to
get a parent to read over your work. Always refer back to the
original criteria to ensure you have fully addressed what you
have been asked to

• Quality is better than quantity- just because you might write a

lot, doesn’t mean what you have written is always correct.
Try to write concisely and accurately at all times and don’t
deviate from the point

• Be confident- you can do it, you just need to work hard and
put the effort in!