UNILINGUA

by Wikibooks contributors

Developed on Wikibooks,
the open-content textbooks collection
© Copyright 2005–2007, Wikibooks contributors.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by
the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

The current version of this Wikibook may be found at:

[Link]
 Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................4
Basics...................................................................................................................5
Word-building....................................................................................................11
Word Families....................................................................................................58
Grammar..........................................................................................................144
Conversation Lessons......................................................................................183
ABOUT THE BOOK.....................................................................................188

History & Document Notes.............................................................................188

GNU Free Documentation License..................................................................189
 Chapter 1

1 I NTRODUCTION
live version · discussion · edit section · comment · report an error

U nilingua (aka Mirad) is an artificially-constructed auxiliary language

(conlang) developed and published by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as
a serious medium for easy and logical international communication. Mirad is
categorized by constructed language afficionados as philosophical because its
vocabulary is mapped letter-by-letter to a semantic ontology or thesaurus. Also,
the wordstock of Unilingua is considered a priori, that is, there is no deliberate
association with words or roots in existing natural languages. The vocabulary is
"from scratch", yet based on internal lexical and semantic rules that help the
learner to construct and deconstruct derivations logically, mnemonically, and
consistently.

For some odd reason, the author of this language called it the Latinesque
name "Unilingua." In this revision of the language, the name will be the more
internally consistent Mirad (pronounced mee-RAHD), which means world
language (mira = world's + d = speech.) The proximity to the Russian word for
'world' (мир) is pure coincidence; the vocabulary of Mirad, as stated above, is
not based on or related to any existing human language.

4 | Unilingua
Basics

2 B ASICS
live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Principles

T he author claims in his book Unilingua -- Langue universelle auxiliaire that

this language is well-suited for universal, logical communication because it is
based on principles already exploited globally by sciences like mathematics and
chemistry where symbolic formulas are constructed in accordance with strict
rules and a limited sequence of symbols understood by all practitioners.

Unilingua, according to Agopoff, is based on the following principles: ]

• Every vowel has numeric, vectorial, scalar, or semantic value.
• Every consonant is semantically taxonomic.
• Word derivation is systematic, consistent, analogical, and
mnemonic.
• Words are as ontologically unambiguous as possible.
• Words are as short and as easy to pronounce as possible.
• Inflection and derivation of words is regular and predictable.

Conlang afficianados, note: Unilingua is not strictly a logical language in the

Sapir-Whorf sense. It is meant to be more practical, natural, and humanly-
usable. Unilingua is logical in the more usual sense that it is systematic, regular,
and predictable.

Alphabet
The Mirad alphabet has both lower-case and upper-case letters. The alphabet
has the same base letters as Latin or English, except that the letters Qq, Xx, and
Yy are considered non-native and are used only in foreign names and
borrowings. Also, the letters Hh and Ww are additional to Agapoff's original
Unilingua alphabet and are unique in that they have no inherent semantic
values; they are used for various grammatical-only purposes. A unique feature of
Mirad is that every native letter is a semantically-significant atom in the
language and can be thought of as bricks in lexical construction. See #Word-
building

The order of the native alphabet is as follows:

aáàâbcdeéèêfghiíìîjklmnoóòôprstuúùûvwz

The above lower-case letters can also be represented as upper-case letters. In

Unicode representations and indexing, the uppercase graphemes precede the
lowercase values. Uppercase letters are used much as in American English, that
is, for the first letter in sentences, proper nouns, etc. See #Orthography for more
details. As mentioned above, the Mirad grapheme Ww is additional to the letters

Wikibooks | 5
 Chapter 2

in the original Unilingua and is used to form the passive voice of verbs. Foreign
names and borrowings sometimes also incorporate Hh, Qq, Xx, and Yy.

Consonants

The following are classified as consonants:

bcdfghjklmnprstvwz

*Note: The author of Unilingua did not include the letters Hh or Ww as native
graphemes. They have been added in Mirad in order to encompass word
structures not included by Agapoff, in addition to interjections and foreign
names. See more on this under #Vowels.

Vowels

Vowels, or more accurately, vowel nuclei consist of plain vowels and yodified
vowels, that is, vowels that have a y-glide sound before, after, or around them. A
synonym of yodified is palatalized.

The plain vowels are (only miniscules listed here):

aeiou

The yodified vowel nuclei are:

áéíóú (pre-yodified)
àèìòù (post-yodified)
âêîôû (circum-yodified)

Note: The author of Unilingua used non-Roman letters to represent some of the
pre-yodified vowels (я = ´, е = é, ø = ó, and ю = ú. The author employed a
hacek (called ille in French) over the vowel to represent post-yodification (ă = à,
ě = è, etc.). This revised Mirad textbook, however, uses the acute accent (as in
French été) for the pre-yodified vowels, the grave accent (as in French père) for
the post-yodified vowels, and the circumflex accent (as in French fête) for the
circum-yodified vowels. It must be remembered, however, that á, ô, and other
yodified vowels are considered single vowels or vowel nuclei in any analysis of
the language, not dipthongs or tripthongs). In other words, the accents are
merely graphemic devices to distinguish vowels qualitatively, and thereby
semantically.

Orthography

Punctuation

Despite Agapoff's idiosyncratic system of punctuation, the punctuation symbols

and usage in Mirad are just like those of American English.

6 | Unilingua
Basics

Capitalization

Capitalization in Mirad follows the same rules as in English. European learners

need to be especially careful to capitalize the first letter of the names of
languages, nationalities, and inhabitants, which in most European languages are
left in lowercase.

Note the following examples. The words are all capitalized because the root word
is the name of the country China:

Mirad English
Kin China
Kina Chinese (people or nation) [adj.]
Kinad Chinese (language) [n.]
Kinada Chinese (language) [adj.]
Kinadè in Chinese [adv.]
Kinut Chinese person
to speak Chinese (pronounced: kee-nah-dah-
Kinadaer
EHR)
Kinader to utter in Chinese
Kinadrer to write Chinese
Kinadrun Chinese writing
Kina vidrun Chinese calligraphy
Kinadéder to read Chinese
Kinéna Chinese-like [adj.]
Kinénà in the Chinese way [adv.]
Kin-Amerika véani Sino-American relations
Kinconi things Chinese (pronounced: keen-SOH-nee)
Kinaser to sinofy (pronounced: kee-nah-SHEHR)
Kintun Sinology (pronounced: keen-TOON)
Kintuna Sinological
Kintut Sinologist

Pronunciation

Consonant sounds

This chart shows the closest phonetic approximations of the Mirad consonant
graphemes in English and some other familiar languages, along with the exact
value in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet):

Wikibooks | 7
 Chapter 2

American
grapheme IPA English French Comment
Spanish
b b bee bien bon
Watch out! Sounds like
c s see hace garçon
"s".
d d dog dos de
f f foo fiesta fou
g g goo goma gant Always hard.
Closer to the English
h h how jota --
value.
j ʒ mirage -- jour As in "Dr. Zhivago.
k k skate casa comment
l l law la les
m m moo mi mon
n n no no non
p p spoon poco peu
r r -- toro -- Dental flap or trill
s ʃ shed -- chaise A fricative "sh" sound!
t t steak tú ton
v v vie -- va
w w woo Juan oui
z z zoo -- zone
Note! Be very careful that the c and the s are not pronounced as their English or
European equivalents. Think of the c as being the French c cedilla (ç).

Simple vowel sounds

a as in Spanish la
e as in French thé
i as in Spanish sí!
o as in Spanish no
u as in Spanish tú

Pre-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced the same as the simple vowel above, but with a y-
glide at the beginning.

á is like ya as in English yacht

é is like ye as in German jeder or English yes
í is like yi as in French yippie or English ye (without the final y-glide)
ó is like yo as in German Joga or English yo-yo (without the final w-glide)

8 | Unilingua
Basics

ú is like yu as in German Juli or English unit

Post-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced like the simple vowels, but with a y-glide at the
end.

à is like ay as in English Thai

è is like ey as in English fey
ì is like iy as in English see
ò is like oy as in English boy
ù is like uy as in English fooey

Circum-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced with a y-glide at both the beginning and end.

â is like yay as in English yikes!

ê is like yey as in English yea!
î is like yiy
ô is like yoy
û is like yuy

Note the difference in pronunciation between aá, which is pronounced like A-ya
as in Spanish "playa", and àa, which sounds like AY-a as in English diagram.)

Syllabification and Stress

A closed syllable is one that ends in a consonant or a y-glide (i.e., a post- or
circum-yodified vowel). A syllable consists of [C]V[C], where V, the vowel
nucleus, can begin or end with a y-glide, but contain only one of the set of vowels
[aeiou], and where C consists of one or two homorganic consonants, i.e.
[bcdfgjknpstvz]+[lrwy].

The rule for stress is: If a word ends in a closed syllable, then the last syllable
receives the stress, otherwise, the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable receives the
stress.

spelling pronunciation meaning

gafif ga-FIF preference
ifla I-fla agreeable
ánsea yan-SHE-a collective
manà ma-NAY with light
Kinadae ki-na-DA-e speaks Chinese

Wikibooks | 9
 Chapter 2

Kinad ki-NAD Chinese (language)

Hàfa HAY-fa (Israeli town of) Haifa
gracer gra-SER to be extreme
Every vowel in Mirad is given its full syllabic pronunciation, even when
juxtaposed in what English or European speakers might consider dipthongs:

spelling pronunciation meaning syllable count

daea da-E-a speaking 3
oif o-If displeasure 2
daò da-OY without saying 2

10 | Unilingua
Word-building

3 W ORD - BUILDING
live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Taxonomic codification of letters

T he consonants of root words are taken from a conceptual ontology matrix.

For example, all root words beginning with the consonant t have something
to do with human beings. Root words containing the consonant j relate somehow
to time.

For example, the following words all contain the consonant p, which indicates
motion:

zíp travel
jap precedence
tóáp step
zòp regression
pán jump
teap visit
mamp flight

Similarly, the following words all end in the consonant l, which indicates liquid:

mil water
vafil wine
mal gas
meil mud
vozil paint
teabil tear

Again, the following words all end in the consonant m, which indicates place,
space, location, or position.:

tom residence
cem table
dénam library
tilam bar
epem parking lot
mem country

Semantic codification of vowels

The vowels in root words have various qualitative and quantitative values based
on the following scales:

Wikibooks | 11
 Chapter 3

• Numeric (o 0, a 1, e 2, i 3, etc.)
• Ordinal/hierarchical (o zeroth/toplevel, a first, e second, etc.)
• Qualititive (a/o positive/negative, i/u positive/negative, e neutral)
• Vectorial (a/o up/down, i/u right/left, e middle)
• Natural (a sky, e land, i water, o underground)

The opposite of a word can often be produced by simply changing a vowel to the
"opposing vowel from the above list. For example:

• án together ⇒ ón apart
• ab on ⇒ ob off
• man light ⇒ mon shade
• aga big ⇒ oga little
• iga fast ⇒ uga slow

Throughout the Mirad word construction scheme, the vowel e always has a
neutral or medial value:

• éb between
• éz inside
• eza moderate
• ge equal
• zem middle
• gé rather
• ev if
• je during
• eb at
• ve maybe

In hierarchical codification, the vowel o indicates the zeroth or toplevel element

of an organization. In a qualitative codification, it has a negative slant. As a
prefix, this vowel can also "nullify" a concept as in the following examples:

• tel food ⇒ otel hunger

• gela same ⇒ ogela different
• tadca married ⇒ otadca unmarried
• es function ⇒ oes malfunction

Hierarchical codification with ordinal vowels

Root words related hierarchically or organizationally differ only in their ordinal

vowels. By ordinal vowels is meant that the vowels have inherent numerical
values (o 0, a 1, e 2, etc.). The zeroth element of any hierarchy always contains
the ordinal vowel o. For example, the words for "duke", "prince", "marquis", and
"king" differ only by an enumerative vowel which determines the rank:

edeb emperor
ideb king

12 | Unilingua
Word-building

udeb baron
ádeb marquis
édeb count
údeb lord

For further illustration, we can look at how the concept human being is
hierarchically codified using ordinal vowels, where the larger the numeric value
of the ordinal vowel, the lower the element is in the semantic hierarchy:

tob human being

tab body
teb head
tib trunk
tub arm

Scalability With Contrasting Vowels

Words can be semantically constructed along the qualitative scale of "postive",

'"neutral", and "negative" through the used of vowels imbued with these values.
In Mirad, there are two qualitative vowel series:

number positive neutral negative

1 a e o
2 i e u
As implied in the above table, root words with a contrast semantically with those
with o and roots words with i contrast with those with u. Words with e are in the
middle between the two extremes. The second series does sometimes lacks a
middle value. For example:

series positive neutral negative

1 va yes ve maybe vo no
vay
1 vey possibly voy not
certainly
1 aza strong eza moderate oza weak
2 zi right ze middle zu left
fea neither good nor
2 fia good fua bad
bad
2 iga fast ega moderate uga slow

Vectorial codification

On the vectorial (or: directional, geo-spatial) scale, the vowels have the following
general values (see later for a more detailed explanation):

Wikibooks | 13
 Chapter 3

positive neutral negative

a o
up/north/ahead down/south/back
e
in/middl
e
i u
right/east/straigh left/west/crooke
t d
Some examples:

positive neutral negative

íb up éb between ób down
ab on eb at úb off
ze in the
zi right zu left
middle
áber to
éber to contain óber to lower
raise
In the following examples, the vowels i/u and e take on directional values with
respect to the doer of the action:

bier to nier to pier to iper to go iber to

dier to ask
take consume leave away receive
beer to neer to peer to
der to say eper to stop eber to stop
keep conserve stay
buer to nuer to duer to puer to uper to uber to
give supply suggest arrive come send

Natural (geological) codification

On the natural scale, the vowels have the following values:

vowel value examples

mampar aircraft, map wind
a sky/air
(current)
e land/soil mempar car, mep road
i sea/water mimpar ship, mip river
undergroun
o mompar subway, mop tunnel
d

Semantic nuancing

Semantic nuances and gradations of quality of words are reflected through the

14 | Unilingua
Word-building

"lengthening", that is, addition of a harmonic subordinal vowel to the ordinal

vowel, yodification (adding y) of the ordinal vowel, or the addition of one in a
series of intensifying (l, r) or distinguishing (c, s, v, f, etc.) consonants, or any of
the above techniques in combination. In this scheme, pre-yodification signals a
semantic intensification, while post-yodification indicates a weakening or
mitigation of sense. A doubling of the vowel usually indicates another kind of
lessened strength of the corresponding single-vowel word. Here are some
examples:

Post-yodification deintensifies the semantic value of the base word in much the
same way as the suffix -ish sometimes mitigates the value of an English
adjective.

normal word deintensified word

ama hot àma warm
oma cold òma cool
ima wet ìma humid
at vage I want at vàge I'd like
at ége I must at yège I should
moza black mòza blackish
e two è half
gla very glà somewhat
mar sun m&agreave;r star
ifer to love ìfer to like
bók pain bôk ache
tom residence tòm home
dom city dòm town
din story dìn tale
pener to seize pèner to catch
pon rest pòn respite
Pre-yodification is sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base
word:

normal word intensified word

om cold óm ice
am heat ´m fire
ga more g´ most
pener to seize péner to strike
pot animal pót wild animal
vaa affirmative váa true
ab on yab above

Wikibooks | 15
 Chapter 3

ze in the middle
zé through
of
uba away úba far
bok illness bók pain
paner to move páner to jump
The consonant extenders "l" and "r" are sometimes used to intensify the semantic
value of the base word.

normal word strong stronger

bók pain blók agony brók torture
vag desire valg yearning varg craving
éga necessary élga urgent érga critical
péner to hit pénler to beat to pénrer smash
fúder to flúder to frúder to
offend insult outrage
dier to request diler to beg direr to demand
The ordinal vowel can be extended with a homorganic subordinal vowel in order
to add an element of "lengthening" or some other nuance to the meaning of the
base word:

normal word intensified word

bok illness book fatigue
vager to want vaager to desire
dob state doob nation
dab daab
government administration
tob body toob gender
din story diin recitation
béler to retain béeler to conserve
mil water miil dew
Here are some examples where all these techniques are employed:

derived word method of derivation

bok illness normal
bòk ailment post-yodification (mitigation)
book fatigue lengthening
boòk lassitude post-yodification (mitigation)
bók pain pre-yodification (intensification)
bôk ache post-yodification (mitigation)

16 | Unilingua
Word-building

bóok
lengthening
suffering
blók agony L-intensification (1st order)
brók torture R-intensification (2nd order)

derived word method of derivation

vager to want normal
valger to yearn for L-intensification (1st order)
varger to crave R-intensification (2nd order)
vaager to desire lengthening
vàger to wish for post-yodification (mitigation)
vaàger to aspire
lengthening
to
The consonants l, r, and c are used to differentiate nuances of words, usually in a
positive degree of strength. Other consonants can also be used for derivation.

derived word
va yes
vaa positive
vala sure
vàla certain
vaala safe
vara evident
vàra manifest
valda
certified
vàca secure
váa true
váya genuine
váca correct
vâca right
vába regular
vâba statutory
váva exact
válva perfect
váfa precise
váta fair
váma real

Wikibooks | 17
 Chapter 3

váama virtual
vâma actual
váda frank
vála authentic

Mnemonic and analogic association

Mnemonics is used to the fullest to associate root words and concepts. For
example, the words "neigh", "hehaw", "bark", and "meow" in Unilingua all
contain a hint of the animal name with which these are associated. For example:

animal sound
épet dog épeder to bark
apet horse apeder to neigh
ápet pig ápeder to squeal
Two or more words are often joined into a single compound, producing a new
concept, where the separate elements are suggestive of the meaning of the
resulting compound. In some cases, words overlap much like portmanteau words
in English (breakfast + lunch = brunch). (Note, for euphony, if the final
consonant of the first root word is the same as the initial consonant of the second
root word, one of the consonants is dropped.)

first concept second concept compound

il liquid pan motion ilpan wave
teac- to see per to go teaper to visit
dom city mep way domep street (not dommep)
kum side mep way kumep sidewalk
zè across mep way zèmep bridge
zé through mep way zémep thoroughfare
elám iron mep way elámep railroad
mag fire meb mountain magmeb volcano
tóáb foot per to go tóáper to walk
mic window nof cloth micof curtain
mac floor nof cloth macof carpet
bik care nof cloth bikof bandage
teb head nof cloth tef hat
&uacutej- to close nof cloth újof fold
tom home nof cloth tomof tent
nun merchandise par vehicle nunpar truck
pat bird ij beginning patij egg
án together iv joy ániv festival

18 | Unilingua
Word-building

oj future nac money ojnac credit

ej present nac money ejnac cash
vé relative naz value vénaz coefficient
ke- to seek bier to take kebier to choose
job time bier to take jobier to borrow
dop military bier to take dopbier to conquer
nuc payment bier to take nucbier to purchase
ko- to hide bier to take kobier to steal
tel food tam house telam restaurant
mag fire il liquid magil oil
mam sky mil water mamil rain
mir planet nod point mirnod pole
mam sky nid line mamnid horizon
mar light nid line marnid ray
nof cloth yazser to flatten nofyazser to iron
taob flesh tel food taol meat
taob flesh fab tree faob wood
faob wood cyeb container faocyeb barrel
ápet pig tel meat ápel pork
The following example of compounding with the root word mep (way, route,
road) shows the efficiency of Unilingua compounding:

first concept combined concept

kum side kumep sidewalk
tóáb walk tóámep walkway
dom city domep boulevard
dom city domèp avenue
dom city domeap street
éb between ébdomeap alley
zè across zèmep bridge
zé through zémep thoroughfare
óg- short ógmep shortcut
oiz indirect oizmep byway
yoz out yozmep exit
éz in ézmep entrance
íz beyond ízmep detour
úz around úzmep beltway
ig- fast igmep expressway
ouj- no-end oujmep cul-de-sac

Wikibooks | 19
 Chapter 3

nùcmep toll road,

nùc fee
turnpike
agal- main agalmep main road
anog- primary anogmep highway
ogal- minor ogalmep back road
vó- wrong vómep blind alley
áb high ábmep raised highway
mom
momep subway
underground
elám iron elámep railroad
tóáp- to walk tóámep walkway
par vehicle parmep driveway
-et little mepet path, lane
iz- direct izmep straightaway
-án collective mepán network

Root words
Root words are divided into two groups:

• 1st group: nouns.

• 2nd group: prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and verbs, that
is, all other words.

Root words of the 1st group (nouns)

All noun root words are composed of three letters:

• The first, a consonant, called the classifier

• The second, a vowel, called the ordinal
• The third, a consonant, called the generic

Examples:

classifier ordinal generic meaning

t o b man
t a b body
d o t society
d o m city
t a m house

20 | Unilingua
Word-building

Table of consonant semantic values

classifier (1st classifier (2nd
consonant generic (1st group)
group) group)
b organ, illness, body organism gesture, manner
p animal, vehicle travel movement
c thing, furniture form making, c hundred
s action action doing, action, thing
d society person saying, writing
t human being person knowing
f vegetation textiles, materials quality
v plant, color cloth, linen quality, truth
g quantity, size, speed
k weight, volume
j time time time
jewels, precious, art,
z direction
color
l element, liquid, food l ten
m cosmos, nature place, building, metal ml million
merchandise,
n abstraction counting
containers
r machine, instrument mr billion

Table of vowel numeric values

vowel numeric value
o 0
a 1
e 2
i 3
u 4
ó 5
á 6
é 7
í 8
ú 9

Table of vowel geo-positional values

Wikibooks | 21
 Chapter 3

vowel value
a above, superior, north
e center, middle, equator
o below, inferior, south
u left, west
i right, east

Table of vowel vectorial values

free contact
vowel position examples
movement movement
ab (on), aper (mount), aber
a on onto up/north
(apply)
áb (up), áper (climb), páer
á up onto
(rise)
ob (under), ober (remove),
o under, off underneath down/south
boer (support)
ó down down to óper (descend), póer (fall)
u near to left/west uper (come), puer (arrive)
úb (near), úper (approach),
ú toward until
púer (reach)
i away from right/east iper (go away), pier (leave)
íb (away), íber (take away),
í far off off
píer (originate)
center/mid eb (at), eper (stop), peer
e between at
dle (remain)
éz (in), yeber (contain),
é in into
béer (detain)

Table of vowel geo-specific values

vowel value examples
a air, gas, sky map wind, mam sky, mal air
mep road, mem earth, mel
e earth, solid, land
soil
i water, liquid, juice mip, river, mim sea, mil water

Table of vowel temporal values (for verbs)

vowel value example
a past pa went, paa had gone, pao will have gone, pae has gone

22 | Unilingua
Word-building

pe goes, pee is going, pea has been going, peo will be

e present
going
o future po will go, poa would go, poe is about to go
u neutral tense pu to go, go!

Root words of the 2nd group (non-nouns)

All words of the 2nd group, which are word roots other than noun roots, are
composed of two letters, either a consonant-vowel combination like za or a
vowel-consonant combination like az, not counting grammatical endings like the
adjectival suffix -a or the verbal infinitive suffix -er.

Vowel oppositions in 2nd group root words

Root words with i ⇒ u opposition :

positive negative
fia good fua bad
via
vua ugly
beautiful
fía brave fúa afraid
vía clean vúa dirty
ifa lovable ufa hateful
iva happy uva sad
ífa modest úfa proud
úva
íva free
dependent
iga fast uga slow
íga hard úga soft
gia sharp gua dull
gía difficult gúa easy
ika full uka empty
kia oblique kua lateral
kíaheavy kúa light
íka solid úka fragile
íba far úba near
bí since bú up to
iza straight uza crooked
ía right zua left
íz beyond úz around

Wikibooks | 23
 Chapter 3

zí all over zúa round

Root words with ternary vowel opposition a ⇒ e ⇒ o and i ⇒ e ⇒ u:

positive neutral negative

aza strong eza medium oza weak
áza flat éza concave óza convex
áz along éz in óz out
za front ze middle za behind
zà ahead zè across zò back
záa wide zé through zóa narrow
aga big eg- repeat oga small
ága long ég- must óga short
va yes ve maybe vo no
và and, both vè or, either vò nor, neither
vager to want veger may, can voger to renounce
av for ev if ov against
váa true véa relative vóa false
áva innocent év- to judge óva guilty
ga more ge equal go less
gà also gè as gò but, except
gáa fat géa moderate góa thin
gla very gle rather glo slightly
gra too gre just gro insufficiently
gá most gé average gó least
kaer find keer seek koer hide
kyaer change kéer fluctuate kóer stay fixed
aker win eker play oker lose
óker to be
áker to expect éker to try
surprised
ja before je during jo after
aj past ej present oj future
já early jé on time jó late
-e present
-a past tense -o future tense
tense
ab on eb at ob off
áb above éb between ób below
ijer to begin ejer to last ujer to end
tijer to be
tejer to live tujer to die
born

24 | Unilingua
Word-building

2nd Group Root Word Matrix

Two-way i/u opposition

In 2nd group root words, the vowel i signals a positive value, while the
contrasting vowel u indicates the negative or opposite value:

positive negativepositive negative

fia good fua bad via beautiful vua ugly
ifa dear ufa hateful
iva happy uva sad
fía brave fúa afraid
vía clean vúa dirty
ífa modest úfa proud
íva free úva bound
gia sharp gua dullkia oblique kua lateral
gía difficult gúa easykía heavy kúa light
iga fast uga slowika full uka empty
zia right zua leftiza straight uza curved
zí- all around zú- round
íz- beyond úz- around
ij- begin uj- end íj- open új- close
ib from ub to íb far úb near
íb- take
ib- receive ub- send úb- bring
away
bi- take bu- give bí away bú toward
bin- pull bun- push bín- ... bún- touch
ip- go (away) up- come íp- escape úp- approach
pi- depart pu- arrive pí- originate pú- reach
pin- grab pun- throw pín- ... pún- assault

Three-way a/e/o opposition

Some 2nd group root words exhibit a three-way contrast where a is the base or
positive value, e the middle or in-between value, and o the negative or opposite
value:

positive intermediate negative

va yes ve maybe vo no
váa true véa relative vóa false
av for ev if ov against
áva innocent év- judge óva guilty
ga more ge equal go less
gla many gle several glo few

Wikibooks | 25
 Chapter 3

gre just
gra too many gro too few
enough
gá most gé enough gó least
gáa fat géa moderate góa thin
aga big eg again oga small
ága long ég- must óga short
ka- find ke- search ko- hide
ká- change ké- waver kó- stay
ak- win ek- play ok- lose
ák- expect ék- try ók- be surprised
za front ze middle zo back
záa wide yzé through zóa narrow
aza strong eza average oza weak
áza flat éza concave óza convex
áz along éz in óz out
ja before je during jo after
já early jé on time jó late
aj past ej present oj future
ab on eb at ob off
ab- apply eb- keep ob remove
áb above éb between ób lower
áb- lift éb- contain ób- lower
ba- lean on be- carry bo- hold up
bar- press bel- keep bol- support
bá- erect bé- lay bó- hang
ban- shake ben- hold bon- calm
ap- get on ep- stay op- get off
áp- ascend ép- intervene óp- descend
pan- move pen- seize pon- rest
pá- jump pé- stand pó- fall
pán- surge pén- attack pón- dive
The following table shows how some of the 2nd group root words can be
expanded on through various word-building techniques:

positive negative positive negative

fia good fua bad via beautiful vua ugly
fi well fura cruel viá pretty vuá vile
fian goodness fula malignant vila
fila delicious fùra ferocious magnificent

26 | Unilingua
Word-building

fueca unhappy
flua wicked
fluica sinister
frueca furious vira marvelous
fira excellent fuvára jeolous vria luxurious
fìla exquisite fu ill viaga
fieca happy gafua worse somptuous
firsa perfect gafu worse (adv.) vifa elegant
fiser to improve fuser to spoil vìfa chic
fider to congratulate fuscer to bother vifia charming
fiader to praise fuder to curse videréna
flider to eulogize furser to pollute eloquent
frider to brag fùser to debase vikaeá
fiàsener to favor fuáser to admirable
fibéna polite deteriorate viser to adorn
gafia better fulser to damage viber to
gafi better (adv.) fuecer to get garnish
gafif moreso angry viaber to
gafira famous fluecer to get decorate
gafifer to prefer irritated viaser to
ísfira useful fruicer to grow embellish
fiíser to utilize furious viraser to
fun fault dazzle
fùn vice
fuùn sin
dofùna immoral
ifa lovable, beloved, ufa hateful iva gay uva sad
dear ufla disagreeable ìva joóus ùva melancholy
ifbier to enjoy ufcea unpleasant ivla glad uvla lugubrious
ifbuer to please ufta mean ìvla content uvca dramatic
ifiber to derive ufer to hate ivra excited uvcra tragic
pleasure from ùfer to dislike ivalsa amused uvder to complain
ifca pleasant ufuer to despise ivca funny uvdlier to lament
ifcla charming ufcer to be ivcla comical uvceuzer to sigh
ìfa dear displeased ivaser to uvteucer to whine
ìfciona gracious ovufer to avenge rejoice vónùvuser to regret
ifcra delightful ivraser to ébuvader to pity
ifra adorable excite uvbaner to move
ifla tender ìvler to satisfy ébuvlacer to have
ìfala cute ivalser to compassion
ifta nice amuse uvalser to bore
ifla nice ivàlser to uvuser to chagrin
ifrana passionate entertain ùvuser to punish
ìfsrea seductive ivader to joke uvluser to afflict
ifer to love ivlaser to
ìfer to like content
ifcer to be pleased
ifcler to be charmed

Wikibooks | 27
 Chapter 3

ifcrer to be delighted
ifser to please
ifsler to charm
ifsrer to delight
iifper to stroll
ifi thanks
ifider to thank
ifcaler to enjoy

Ordinal vowel codification of hierarchical nouns

Nouns that are related to one another in a hierarchy or organization can be
codified using the ordinal feature of vowels. The o vowel (zero value) is used for
the topmost element.

job time tob human mor universe

jab year tab body mar sun
jeb season teb head mer planet
jib month tib trunk mir earth
jub day tub arm mur moon
jób hour tób leg
jáb minute
jéb second

Individual elements can be further subdivided into a secondary classification by

the addition of an ordinal vowel to the right of the first vowel:

tub arm tób leg

tuab shoulder tóab hip
tueb upper arm tóeb thigh
tuib elbow tóib knee
tuub forearm tóub tibia
tuób wrist tóób ankle
tuáb hand tóáb foot
tuéb fist tóéb talon
tuíb palm tóíb heel
tuúb finger tóúb toe
tuób finger nail tóób toe nail

A further, tertiary subdivision can be achieved by prefixing an ordinal vowel to

the base:

tuúb finger

28 | Unilingua
Word-building

atuúb thumb
etuúb index
ituúb middle finger
utuúb ring finger
ótuúb little finger
A convenient classification is possible by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base
without any primary or secondary enumeration:

dob state
adob empire
edob kingdom
idob principality
udob marquisate
ódob earldom
ádob barony
édob duchy
ídob dominion
údob tribe

Forming concepts by compounding

("portmanteau")
New concepts can be formed by compounding simple words. If the generic (final)
consonant of the first word matches the classifier (initial) consonant of the
following word, the latter is suppressed for convenience and ease of
pronunciation:

dom (city) + mep (road) ⇒ domep (boulevard)

pat (bird) + tub (arm) ⇒ patub (wing)
teb (head) + bók (pain) ⇒ tebók (headache)

In cases where two ordinated nouns with the same classifier and generic
consonants are combined, the vowels are combined:

mil (water) + mal (gas) ⇒ mial (vapor)

When you wish to form a word composed of words of the same consonantal
classification, and the ordinal vowel is o, the o is replaced with the ordinal vowel
of the determinant:

edob (kingdom) + deb (leader) ⇒ edeb (king)

udob (principality) + deb (leader) ⇒ udeb (prince)

Wikibooks | 29
 Chapter 3

Two singleton words often join by replacing the generic (final) consonant of the
first word with the generic consonant of the second word, producing a melded
concept somewhat like portmanteau words in English ("breakfast" + "lunch"
"brunch").

tob (man) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tof (clothes)

tóáb (foot) + nov (tissue) ⇒ tóáv (sock)
teb (head) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tef (hat)
tib (trunk) + nof cloth) ⇒ tif (vest)
tób (leg) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tóf (pants)
tuób (hand) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tuóf (glove)
teib (nose) + nov (tissue) ⇒ teiv (handkerchief)

Making nouns and pronouns "feminine"

The "feminine" counterpart of a noun or pronoun is obtained by post-yodifying
the ordinal vowel (i.e. adding a y glide):

masculine feminine
tàf
taf suit
dress/outfit
tóáv sock tóâv stocking
tef pants tèf skirt
néf carrying
nêf purse
case
it he ìt she
tob man tòb woman
apet horse apèt mare
tad husband tèd wife

Codifying nuances of words

There are several ways of deriving related words with slightly different nuances
from the original word:

The l extender is used for a comparatively stronger sense, while the r extender is
used for an even stronger (strongest) sense:

absolute comparative excessive

ga more gla very much gra too much
úzbaer
úzbaler pinch úzbarer crush
squeeze
buer give buler grant burer bestow

30 | Unilingua
Word-building

ikra
ika full ikla packed
superabundant
akler
aker win akrer triumph
vanquish
dier ask diler beseech direr demand
The post-yodifying y extender is used for what usually amounts to a diminutive
connotation:

normal mitigated
vager
vàger wish
want
fuf pipe fùf tube
nas price nàs cost
tep mind tèp spirit
din story dìn tale
cin image cìn mark
ciùn
ciun sign
signal
sen action sèn act
Pre-yodification of a root vowel often imparts an intensified sense to the word. In
any even, the normal and pre-yodified forms are usually related semantically.
Compare:

normal intensified
bok malady bók pain
pan motion pán jump
beer to remain béer to detain
aper to get on áper to get up
pet animal pét reptile
otata unholy ótata diabolical
vua ugly vúa dirty
go less gó least
ga more gá most
ze in the
zé though
middle
ijer to begin íjer to open

Noun-forming derivational suffixes

Wikibooks | 31
 Chapter 3

Summary

Here is a list of suffixes that are added to word bases to form derived nouns:

suffix meaning base derived noun

et subdordinative ted father tedet son
deadjectival nominalizer (-itude, -ity,
an iva happy ivan happiness
-hood, -ness)
deverbal nominalizer (-ing, -tion, azvader to azvaden
en
-ance) confirm confirmation
on general abstract nominalizer c- to be con thing
un nominalizer of result nú- to produce núen product
at person (-er) óga young ógat youngster
ut agent (-ist) ces- to build cesut builder
tut expert (-ologist) mem earth memtut geologist
tun science (-ology) mil water miltun hydrology
in doctrine (-ism) tot god totin theism
ar instrument p- to go par vehicle
vísir vacuum
ir machine vís- to clean
cleaner
ur aparatus magc- to burn magcur stove
am building tel- to eat telam restaurant
em space vab grass vabem prairie
im room magél- to cook magélim kitchen
án collection nac money nacán fund
a genetive/ablative case (of/from) at I ata my
u dative/locative case (in/at/on/to) tam house tamu at home
i pluralizer dén book déni books
ag augmentative tam house tamag palace
tamàg nice big
àg augmentative affective tam house
house
tamág big ugly
ág augmentative pejorative tam house
house
og diminutive tam house tamog hut
òg diminutive affective tam house tamòg cottage
óg diminutive pejorative tam house tamóg shack
tob human
ob infantile tobob child
being

32 | Unilingua
Word-building

Details

Following is a detailed description of the nominalizing derivations suffixes:

The -et suffix

The -et suffix is used to form nouns of the same nature, lineage, or composition
of a lesser importance:

ted father tedet son

fab tree fabet bush
nac money nacet change
fub branch fubet shoot
táb
tábet grandson
grandfather

The -an suffix

The -an suffix is used to form a noun of quality or state from an adjective or
noun:

ama hot aman heat

iva
ivan beauty
beautiful
fia good fian goodness
ted father tedan fatherhood
dat friend datan friendship
odat enemy odatan enmity

The -at suffix

The -at suffix is used to form the word for a person described by the adjective
base.

iktila drunk iktilat a drunkard

iva happy ivat a happy person
ofísa hypocritical ofísat hypocrite
tuja dead tujat dead person

The -ut suffix

The -ut suffix is used to form the agent for the action described by the verb base
"one who does x" or the fabricator of something described by the noun base "one
who makes x":

Wikibooks | 33
 Chapter 3

kobier to steal kobiut thief

tóáfser to make
tóáfsut shoemaker
shoes
teaper to visit teaput visitor
deuzer sing deuzut singer

The -tut suffix

The -tut suffix is used to form the specialist -ologist or student of something:

tun science tut scientist

memtun
memtut geography
geology
dad language dadtut linguist

The -ob suffix

The -ob suffix is used to form the child or younger version of something:

tob man tobob child

apet horse apetob pony
rapatob lion
rapat lion
cub
tot god totob son of god

The -ar suffix

The -ar, ir, or -ur suffix on a verb base is used for an instrument/tool, machine,
or apparatus, respectively.

álber to lift álbur elevator

álber to lift álbar lever
álbir to lift álbir fork lift
víarer to sweep víarar sweeper
ilújer to plug ilújar faucet
kácanerto transform kácanur transformer
drecer to write drecar pencil

The -en suffix

The -en suffix is used on a verb base for the verbal noun -ing, -ence, -ment, -tion:

ecer to exist ecen existence

34 | Unilingua
Word-building

iber to receive iben reception

béer to detain béen detention
otamser to
otamsen demolition
demolish

The -un suffix

The suffix -un is used on a verb base for the concrete result of an action:

vyarer to sweep vyarun sweepings

gorfer to tear gorfun a tear, a rip
teacer to see teacun view
zéfser to make glass
zéfsun glass jewelry
jewelry

The -án suffix

The suffix -án is used on a noun base for collections or groupings:

fab tree fabán forest

cir machine cirán machinery
meb mountain mebán mountain range
tolar food
tolarán dishes
dish
mep road mepán network
aco hundred acoán century
dún word dúnán glossary
tamán block (of
tam house
houses)
màr star màrán constellation

The -ag suffix

The -ag suffix is used on a noun base for augmentatives "big ...":

tom
tomag palace
residence
mapilag
mapil storm
tempest
mep road mepag highway

The -àg suffix

The suffix -àg is used on a noun base for affectionate augmentatives "big old...":

Wikibooks | 35
 Chapter 3

tam tamàg big old

house house
cim chair cimàg big old chair

The -ág suffix

The suffix -ág is used on a noun base for pejorative augmentatives "big ugly...":

apet horse apetág nag

pem car pemág jalopy
tebág
teb head
blockhead
tob man tobág brute
pot animal potág beast
tòb
tòbág hag
woman

The -og suffix

The suffix -og is used on a noun base for diminutives "little...":

tam tamog
house cottage
dén book dénog booklet

The -òg suffix

The suffix -òg is used on a noun base for affectionate diminutives "sweet little...":

épetòg doggie,
épet dog
pooch
tòb lady tòbòg little old lady
tèbos kiss tèbosòg peck

The -óg suffix

The suffix -óg on a noun base for pejorative diminutives "dirty little..."

tebzan
tebzanóg mug
face
tobóg wretched
tob man
fellow

36 | Unilingua
Word-building

The -in suffix

The suffix -in is used on a word base for a philosophy or doctrine -ism:

òtota godless òtotin atheism

adoba republican adobin republicanism
fob vegetable fobin vegetarianism
ísfranin
ísfrana utilitarian
utilitarianism

Adjective-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

suffix meaning base derivative

-a relating to moj night moja nocturnal
-aa past participle tuj- to die tujaa dead (also: tuja)
abdab- to
-ea present participle abdabea dominant
dominate
-èna like tobob child tobobèna childish
-èa tending to da- to talk daèa talkative
-oa future participle tuj- to die tujoa moribund
-wua -able, -ible tel- to eat telwua edible
-àa -ous, -y, -ful, having maf cloud mafàa cloudy
-òa -less maf cloud mafòa cloudless
-ika -ful, full of nac money nacika rich
-uka -less, devoid of nac money nacuka poor

Note: -àa/-òa is synonymous with -ika/-uka. The latter is a new addition to

Unilingua author Agapoff's original grammar.

Details

The -a suffix

The ending -a is used to mean having to do with, in the state of. This is the most
common way to form an adjective from a noun:

tej life teja vital

Wikibooks | 37
 Chapter 3

tuja mortal,
tuj death
dead
moj
moja nocturnal
night
tob man toba human
yab up yaba upper
In Agapoff's original work on Unlingua, the termination a was also used to form
the past passive participle of verbs (ex: tuja = dead, ota = unknown). In this
work, the proposed termination for past passive participle is waa or more simply,
wa (ex: tujwa = dead, otwa = unknown). See #Verbs for more on this.

twa known (Ca twa ad meir ce yaza. It was known that the
ter to know
earth is flat.)
fiser to
fiswa improved (Fiswa nyun improved product)
improve
ifer to love ifwa loved, beloved, dear (Ifwa ted... Dear Father...)

The -éna suffix

The ending -éna on nouns is used to give the idea of like, having the nature of:

tobobéna childish,
tobob child
infantile
ted father tedéna paternal, fatherly
bilíg
bilígéna cheesy
cheese

The -éa suffix

The ending -éa is used on verb bases to mean tending to:

tuser persuade tuséa persuasive

oceser destroy oceséa destructive
abdaber
abdabéa dominating
dominate
daer talk daéa talkative

The -ea suffix

The ending -ea is used on verb bases to form the present participle '-ing, -ant':

tejer live tejea living, alive

tujer die tujea dying
abdaber abdabea dominant

38 | Unilingua
Word-building

dominate

The -wua suffix

The ending -wua is used on verb bases to mean able to be ...ed '-able':

teler eat telwua edible

teacer teacwua
see visible
tiler drink tilwua potable

The -àa suffix

The ending -àa is used on noun bases to mean full of, having, carrying... '-ous,
-y'. This comes from -à, meaning with. It is synonymous with -ika 'full',
presented further on.

meg rock megàa rocky

miek sand miekàa sandy
meb
mebàa mountainous
mountain

The -òa suffix

The ending -òa is used on noun bases to mean devoid of, without, un-...ed. This
comes from -ò, meaning without. It is synonymous with -uka 'empty', presented
further on.

taébòa hairless,
taéb hair
bald
tec
tecòa meaningless
meaning
toc feeling tocòa numb

The -ika suffix

The ending -ika full is used on noun bases to mean full of '-ful, -ous, -y'. This
suffix is synonymous with -àa.

ilpaan
ilpaanika wavy
wave
nas money nasika rich
mil water milika watery, aqueous
voz color vozika colorful

Wikibooks | 39
 Chapter 3

The -uka suffix

The ending -uka empty is used on noun bases to mean the devoid of '-less'. This
suffix is synonymous with -òa and the opposite of -ika and -àa.

nas money nasuka poor

voz color vozuka colorless, bland
teuc taste teucuka tasteless, insipid
nánutuka unpopulated,
nánut population
deserted

Adverb-forming derivational suffixes

The -à suffix

Change the adjectival ending -a to -à to form an adverb:

yufa proud yufà proudly

teacèa
teacèà visibly
visible
uva sad uvà sadly
Use -à on noun bases to form an adverbial postpositional phrase mean with...:

ìfcion ìfcionà with

grace grace
at me atà with me
úf pride úfà with pride

The -ò suffix

Use -ò on a noun to mean without...:

nas cost nasò cost-free

seuc seucò
noise noiselessly
et you etò without you

The -è suffix

Use -è on a noun to mean by, by way of, through, via...:

pam plane pamè by plane

ìt her ìtè by her

40 | Unilingua
Word-building

ésag hard work ésagè through hard work

Paris Paris Parisè via Paris

Verb-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

ending meaning
er infinitive
cer intransitive stative verb infinitive ("to be/become")
ser transitive dynamic verb infinitive ("to do/make")
per intransitive verb of motion infinitive ("to go")
ber transitive verb of gesture infinitive ("to put")

Details

The -er suffix

The suffix er is used on noun bases to form a verb infinitive.

noun verb
tej life tejer to live
tuj death tujer to die
túj sleep tújer to sleep
ij beginning ijer to begin
íj opening íjer to open
tíj wakening tíjer to waken
új closing újer to close
tém témer to
residence reside
drén print dréner to print

Wikibooks | 41
 Chapter 3

The -cer and -ser suffixes

The ending -cer be/become is used to create intransitive verbs from nouns and
adjectives where the intransitive form contrasts significantly with the transitive
form. If the adjective is a base, the -a ending is dropped unless 1) the resulting
consonant combination would be difficult; or 2) the meaning is literal as opposed
to metaphorical, in which case the dropped -a version is taken as metaphorical.
For example, aga big becomes either agacer, meaning literally to become big, or
agcer, meaning metaphorically to grow, as in Vab agce ga igà adjobu mamile.
The grass grows faster when it rains.

The ending -ser do/make/act/cause is employed to form transitive verbs. In a few

cases like teacer/teaser, the opposition of -cer vs. -ser is semantic in nature. In
these cases, -ser imparts a more dynamic meaning. In a few other cases, -ser is
used to form the causative form of a verb, meaning to make/have/cause/let
someone do something.

adjective intransitive verb transitive verb

aga big agacer to get big agaser to magnify
aga big agcer to grow agser to grow
ígza sour ígzacer to grow sour ígzaser to make sour
íva free ívcer to go free ívser to liberate
teab eye teacer to see teaser to look
man light mancer to shine manser to illuminate
ábta vertical, upright ábtacer to stand up ábtaser to erect
ázta incumbant,
áztacer to lie down áztaser to lay down
reclined
óbtacer to sit down,
óbta sitting, settled óbtaser to set down
settle

The -per and -per suffixes

• The ending -per is used for intransitive verbs of motion (going).

• The ending -ber is used for transitive verbs of gesture (putting):

base intransitive verb transitive verb

áb up áper to rise áber to raise
ón ónber to
ónper to go apart
apart separate
ob off oper to get off ober to take off
eb at eper to stop eber to stop
ika full ikper to fill up ikber to fill up

Forming numbers
42 | Unilingua
Word-building

Cardinal numeric adjectives

The cardinal numeric adjectives 0-9 are formed from the ordinal vowels. The tens
are formed with the extension consonant l, the hundreds with the consonant c,
the thousands with r, the millions with ml, and the billions with mr.

Numbers composed with aro (1,000), amlo (1,000,0000), and amro

(1,000,000,000) retain the o and are spelled separately from the rest of the
number with a space.

number numeral adjective

0 o zero
1 a one
2 e two
3 i three
4 u four
5 ó five
6 á six
7 é seven
8 í eight
9 ú nine
10 alo ten
11 ala eleven
12 ale twelve
13 ali thirteen
14 alu fourteen
15 aló fifteen
20 elo twenty
21 ela twenty-one
22 ele twenty-two
30 ilo thirty
31 ila thirty-one
100 aco one hundred
101 aca one hundred one
aceli one hundred twenty-
123
three
200 eco two hundred
1000 aro one thousand
1089 aro ílú
2348 ero iculí

Wikibooks | 43
 Chapter 3

10000 aloro ten thousand

12487 aleru ílé
1000000 amlo one million
6000000 ámlo
6058720 ámlo ólíro écelo

Ordinal numeric adjectives

The ordinal numeric adjectives are formed by adding -a to the cardinal number:

cardinal ordinal
a1 aa first
e2 ea second
i3 ia third
alo 10 aloa tenth
acia one hundred third (pron: a-CI-
aci 103
a)

Ordinal numeric substantives

When ordinal numbers are used substantively, the letter t is appended for
persons and the letter c for things:

English Mirad
The first shall be last. Aati co ujnati.
The second in the series. Eec anána.

Collective numeric substantives

Collective (or: multiplicative) substantives of the cardinal numbers are formed by

adding on.

cardinal collective
a one aon single/whole/unit/solo
eon
e two
double/couple/pair/duo/twosome
i three ion triple/trio/threesome
u four uon quadruple/foursome/quartet
ó five óon quintuple
é seven éon sevenfold
é seven jubéon week
alo ten alon tenfold

44 | Unilingua
Word-building

alo ten jabalon decade

ale twelve aleon dozen
aco hundred acon hundredfold
aco hundred aconè percent
aco hundred jabacon century
aro thousand aron thousandfold
aro thousand aroni thousands

Collective numeric prefixes

Prefixes having a collective (or: multiplicative) numeric meaning are expressed

as:

cardinal collective example

a one an- single, mono-, uni anzúc unicycle
e two en- double, bi-, di-, duo- enzúc bicycle
i three in- triple, tri- inzúc tricycle
unkum
u four un- quadruple, quad-, tetra-
tetrahedron
ó five ón- quintuple, penta- óngun pentagon
alo ten alon- tenfold, deca- alonjab decade
acon- hundredfold, hecato-,
aco hundred aconjab century
cent-
aro thousand aron- thousandfold, kilo- aronkín kiloliter

Fractional numeric substantives

Fractional numeric substantives are formed by adding on to the corresponding

fractional numeral. The on is dropped in prefixed forms of the fractions:

cardinal fraction prefix example

a one àon unit, whole à- holo- àcin hologram
è- semi-,
e two èon half ètot demigod
demi-
i three ìon third ì- terci- ìgana terciform
u four ùon quarter ù- quatri- ùser to quarter
alo ten alòon tenth alò- deci- alòser to decimate
acònog
aco hundred acòon hundredth acò- centi-
centrigrade
aròon
aro thousand arò- milli- aròkík milligram
thousandth

Wikibooks | 45
 Chapter 3

Frequentative numeric adverbs

Adverbs of frequency are formed with the root jig, meaning frequency, rate:

cardinal frequency
o zero ojigu never
a one ajigu once
e two ejigu twice
i three ijigu thrice, three times
co
acojigu a hundred times
hundred
odjigu? how often, at what
od what
rate?
gejigu at the same rate, as
ge same
often
ga more gajigu more often
go less gojigu less often
ud this udjigu this often
id that idjigu that often
gla much glajigu very often
glo little glojigu infrequently
glà rather glàjigu rather often

Numeric adjectives of order or rank

nap order, rank

cardinal order
o zero onapa zeroth
a one anapa primary, first, original
e two enapa secondary, second-ranking
i three inapa tertiary, third-ranking
u four unapa quaternary, fourth-ranking'
za front zanapa front-ranking, ahead
zo back zonapa behind, trailing
ja before janapa former, foregoing
jo after jonapa next, following
ij
ijnapa first, original
beginning
uj end ujnapa last, final
lo un- lonapa random, unordered

46 | Unilingua
Word-building

Numeric adjectives of degree

nog degree, grade, stage

cardinal degree
a one anoga primary
e two enoga secondary
i three inoga tertiary
u four unoga quaternary

Numeric adjectives of base or bit

Add -na:

cardinal base grouping

o zero ona zero-based onet zero, null
a one ana unary, only anet unit
e two ena binary enet bit
i three ina ternary
u four una quaternary
ú eight úna octal únet octet, byte
alo ten alona decimal
alé alénet 16-bit
aléna hexadecimal
sixteen byte

Numeric prefixes

If cardinal numeric morphemes are used as prefixes, -n is added, unless the base
to which it is being attached already begins with that letter:

root numeric adjective

kunid edge enkunida double-edged
nid line anida single-lined
nag enaga two-
dimension dimenesional
nég space enéga double-spaced
tep mind antepa single-minded
neg level enega split-level
mep way anmepa one-way
voz color anvoza monochrome
can form ancana uniform

Wikibooks | 47
 Chapter 3

tooc sex entoocifa bisexual

tot god antotina monotheistic
izan direction enizana bidirectional

Numeric Expressions

Distance/size measurements (zák meter)=

(zág is width, ág is length, ag is size, íban is distance, ábag is height, óbag is

depth, gán is girth):

measurement example
zák meter It ca á záki íb. He was 5 meters away.
Ce eli arozáki bú dom. It is 23 km. to (until) the
arozák kilometer
city.
aroyzák
Cizo alo aroyzáka nid. Draw a ten mm. line.
millimeter
acozák centimeter Odgan acoyzáki ága ce? How many cm. long is it?

Weight measurements (kík gram)

(kín is weight, kíncer is to weigh):

measurement example
kík gram Odgan kíki id kínce? How many grams does that weigh?
arokík kilogram At vage u arokíki vâba. I want five kg. of grain.
aròkík
Mez kínce e aròkíki. The crystal weighs two milligrams.
milligram

Volume measurements (nék liter)

(néd is volume):

measurement example
nék liter Odganu néki it ébe? How many liters does it hold?
aronék kiloliter At vage u aronéki vâba. I want five kilos of grain.
arònék
Ézbo e arònéki mila. Insert two ml. of water.
milliliter

Math expressions

(gaber to add, gober to substract, garer to multiply, gorer to divide, gecer to

equal):

48 | Unilingua
Word-building

Mirad English
A gab a gece e. One plus one equals two.
U gob a gece i. Four minus 1 equals three.
E gar u gece ó. Two times four equals eight.
Alo gor e gece á. Ten divided by two equals five.
Two to the second power equals
E veg e gece u.
four.
E nod u. Two point five (2.5)
U gab a èon or u a èonà 5 1/2

Clock time expressions ( jób = hour)

The international 24-hour clock is used.

Mirad English
Odjób ce? What time is it? (lit: Which hour is [it]?)
Ce a jób. It's one o'clock.
Ce ali jób alá. It's 1:15 PM.
Ce i jób ilo. It's 3:30 AM.
It's ten 'til five. (lit: five hours minus
Ce ya jób gob alo.
ten)

Calendar expressions

Unilingua English
Od ce uda jud? What's today's date?'
Udjub ce alá jiub aroúcúli. Today is 16 April 1993.
Ted puo jo i jubi. Father will arrive in two days.
Nunam íjwe yada juebu. The store opens on Mondays.
Nunam íjwo zoa juebu. The store opens on Monday (next).
Zajibu mamila gá ádjoba. Last month it rained the most ever.
Ju zajub! Until tomorrow!
Gla dropeki swa je jabi aroúco. There were many wars during the 1900s.
On monday of next week I will give a
Zoyejubánu juebu at so ivsej.
party.

Age expressions (jag = age)

Mirad English
Odjaga et ce? How old are you?
At ce ele jaga. I am 22 years old.

Wikibooks | 49
 Chapter 3

I met a 90-year-old
At upta úlo jaga tob.
man.

Forming chemical element names

To form words for chemical elements, use the following method: The first letter
is the ordinal vowel for the number of electrons. The next letters are:

• m for metals
• mc for nonmetals
• al for gases
• il for liquids

electron count type Mirad English

47 metal ulém silver
13 metal alim aluminum
26 metal elám iron
elómc
15 nonmetal
phosphorus
6 nonmetal ámc carbon
1 nonmetal gas amc hydrogen
7 nonmetal gas émcal azote
8 nonmetal gas ímcal oxygen
80 metal liquid ílomil mercury

Codifyng new words based on mnemonics and

analogy
Sometimes a word or group of words can have a connection with the meaning of
a derived word. Such words are formed from this derived word by changing the
generic final root consonant or sometimes other consonants of this word:

teub mouth < teb head

teud utterance d say
teuz voice z precious/art,etc.
deuz song d speak/write

taéb hair tab human body

50 | Unilingua
Word-building

faéb leaf fab tree

vocaéb petal voc flower
potaéb mane pot animal
pataéb feather pat bird
petaéb fur pet land animal
upetaéb
upet sheep
fleece
pitaéb fin pit fish

taób skin tab human body

taóf leather nof cloth
faób bark fab tree
fáób rind fáb fruit
pitaób scales pit fish
petaób hide,
pet animal
pelt

cim chair bimer to sit

cum bed bumer to lie
cem bemer to sit down at the
table table

ceacer to appear
beacer to keep watch
neacer to target
teaper to visit
izeacer to show
váleacer to check
teacer to
óneater to discern
see
ágeacer to
contemplate
izeader to indicate
abeacer to survey
ijeacer to notice
teader to witness

Forming new words with prefixation

Prefixed elements (sometimes more than one) can be used to form new concepts

Wikibooks | 51
 Chapter 3

related to the root word.

Here are examples where morphemes are joined to der to say:

prefixed morpheme derived concept

ja before jader to predict
já early jáder to warn
ja ve before maybe javeder to guess
jo after joder to reply
eg again egder to repeat
oz weak ozder to whisper/hint
az strong azder to insist
óz out ózder to express
zí all around zíder to broadcast
uj end ujder to conclude
ka- find kader to reveal
ko- hide koder to keep secret
fi well fider to eulogize
fu poorly fuder to curse/damn
fia good fiader to praise
fua bad fuader to malign
fri wonderful frider to flatter
fru terrible fruder to insult
evfia if good evfiader to critique
av for avder to favor
ov against ovder to object/oppose
ava favorable avader to side with
ova opposed vader to contradict
av od for what avoder to question
va veg yes can vavegder to permit
vo veg no can vovegder to prohibit
vo va no yes vovader to contest
az ov strong against azovder to protest
va yes vader to affirm/decide
ve maybe veder to speculate
vo no 'voder to deny'
fiva good yes fivader to approve
o fi va not good yes ofivader to disapprove

52 | Unilingua
Word-building

fu va bad yes fuvader to condemn

az va strong yes fivader to confirm
val certainty valder to certify
vac assurance vacder to assure
vagder to mean/express
vag want
desire
ván truth váder to swear
vón falsehood vóder to lie
áva innocent ávader to vindicate
óva guilty óvader to indict
áva innocent ávder to thank
óva guilty óvder to blame
íva free ívader to acquit
íva free ívder to forgive
év judgement évder to judge
éb between ébder to discuss
ók surprise ókder to improvisate
ág long ágder to ramble
óg short ógder to summarize
iva happy ivader to thank
iva happy ivder to congratulate
uva sad uvder to complain
uva sad uvader to apologize
jo uva after sad jouvder to regret/mourn
ivcan merriment' ivcder to joke
fu iva bad happy fuivader to mock
ók surprise ókder to improvisate
aj past ajder to evoke
oj future ojder to promise
naz value nazder to evaluate
ók surprise ókder to improvisate
dún name dúnder to nominate
kua lateral kuder to remark (aside)
kia sloped kider to hint
dún name dúnder to nominate
gra too much grader to exaggerate
gro too little groder to underplay
gan quantity gander to quantify

Wikibooks | 53
 Chapter 3

óva guilty óvader to accuse

teab eye teader to testify
cin picture cinder to predict
kóa fixed kóder to insist
o not oder to keep silent
kebi choice kebider to vote
tata holy tatader to bless
fún fear fúnder to express fear
vates belief vatesder to express belief
vetes doubt vetesder to express doubt
vika admiration vikader to express admiration
fíl courage fílder to encourage
ofíl not courage ofílder to discourage
ga more gader to say more/go on
ge equal geder to agree
oge not same ogeder to disagree
ék risk ékder to dare say
ég obligation égder to be obliged to say
ek play ekder to pretend
iz straight izder to say frankly

Forming new adjectival concepts with

compounding
New adjectival concepts can be readily formed by compounding a noun or other
rootword with an existing root adjective:

tep intellect aza strong tepaza smart

tep intellect oza weak tepoza dumb
vag will aza strong vagaza strong-willed
vag will oza weak vagoza weak-willed
vag will ána together vagána consensual
vag will óna apart vagóna non-consensual
veg possibility aza strong vegaza likely
veg possibility oza weak vegoza unlikely
tep intellect kía heavy tepkía serious
tep intellect kúa light tepkúa light-hearted
tep intellect káa variable tepkáa scatter-brained
tep intellect kóa fixed tepkóa attentive

54 | Unilingua
Word-building

tep intellect záa wide tepzáa fair-minded

tep intellect zóa narrow tepzóa narrow-minded
tep intellect íja open tepíja open-minded
tep intellect úja closed tepúja close-minded
tep intellect iga fast tepiga quick-witted
tep intellect uga slow tepuga retarded
tep intellect ána together tepána like-minded
tep intellect óna apart tepóna dissenting
top spirit íga hard topíga cruel
top spirit úga soft topúga leninent
top spirit vaa positive topvaa optimistic
top spirit voa negative topvoa pessimistic
top spirit ába high topába up-beat
top spirit óba low topóba down-beat
top spirit iva happy topija jolly
top spirit uva sad topuja melancholy
nac money ika full nasika rich
nac money uka empty nasuka poor
áb up ága long ábága tall
ób down ága long óbága deep
áb up óga short ábóga short (vertically)
ób down óga short óbóga shallow
job time ága long jobága long (duration)
job time óga short jobóga short (duration)
mep way iza straight mepiza direct
mep way uza crooked mepuza convoluted
váb rule aza strong vábaza strict
váb rule oza weak váboza lax
dab
ava for dabava pro-government
government
dab dabova anti-
ova against
government government

Word Classifiers
The following are common combinatory morphemes used to distinguish or
classify entities. Many of them are abbreviated forms. If you were to produce a
list of word rhyming with any of these morphemes, you would have a list of
words that all fit within a similar taxonomic category. For example, all Unilingua
words ending in pyot refer to wild animals. All those ending in il are liquids.

Wikibooks | 55
 Chapter 3

classifier meaning
am building
em place
im room
ém container
ut agent
j time
jig rate
nog degree
bén manner
caun kind
can shape
gan quantity
pat bird
pet land animal
pót wild animal
pét reptile
pelt insect
peit amphibian
piit crustacean
pit fish
fab tree
fáb fruit
vob plant
vab grass
vol vegetable
voc flower
voz color
ar instrument
par vehicle
ir machine
ur motor
er verb
ez gem
tun science
tut scientist
il liquid
el food

56 | Unilingua
Word-building

él semi-solid
ol solid
of material
uf cylinder
án collective
ber put
per go
cer be
ser do
un result
en process
an state
on abstract thing
in doctrine
ub apendage
eb head
euz sound
dren document

Wikibooks | 57
 Chapter 4

4 W ORD F AMILIES
live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Doing / making (ser)

seud agent
seem agency
sen action
aasen initiative
seyn act
seun business
seunud businessman
seon fact
seoj case
sej event
sejet incident
seb boss
sem studio
casem factory
ser to do/act
jeser continue
ánser to cooperate
gèser to copy
jaser to prepare
zòser to undo
igser to hurry up
ojser to plan
egser to redo
aanser to unify
seser to have (sth) done
sener to activate
senan activity
senen activation

as action

asud actor
alser to operate
als operation
aser to act
alsud operator
alsea operational
arser to effectuate

saer to execute saen execution

58 | Unilingua
Word Families

saud executor
saena executive
saler to accomplish
sal accomplishment

is effect

iser to have an ois zero effect

effect ujis purpose

us cause

usa causal
ùser to motivate
ùs motive
ùsen motivation
user to cause
ùsea motivating
ùsena motivational
ulser to influence
uls influence
ulseá influential
us và is cause and effect

es function

esea functioning
eser to function
esena functional
esud functionary
esem office

éser to work ésem worksite

éset job
éser to work
ésud worker

Wikibooks | 59
 Chapter 4

éstut engineer
ésán handiwork
éscén process
ésnic salary
ésnicud salaried
emploée
ésep strike
ésepud striker
oyés unemployment
oyésud jobless person
oésea lazy
ésjub workday
oésjub holiday
ánés collaboration
ánésa collaborative
ánésud collaborator

siun result
sier to result
osiun lack of result
suler to provoke

suer to occasion sul provocation

suleá provocative
sulud provocateur

seen behavior

seena behavioral
seer to behave seler to conduct oneself
séer to busy onself
séler to practice
séner to profess

ís use

ísud user
írser to exploit
íser to use
írs exploitation
írseá exploitative
fiíser to put to good use
fuíser to misuse

úser to serve ús service

60 | Unilingua
Word Families

úsud server
fiúser to benefit
fuúser to serve poorly
úrser to be a slave to
úrs slavery
úrsud slave

Being/becoming (cer)
cer to be cat creature, cyd subject
acer to become
ocer to be
ocun nothing, ocuner to annihilate
nonexistent
icer come ic event, ijicer to originate, ujucer to end up, ujuc fate,
about, happen destiny, fuic misfortune
ucer to make, ucud creator, ucun a creation, ucunán (all of) creation, uceá
create, cause creative
ece there is/are, ecea available, ecen existence, oecea
ecer to exist
nonexistent
àcer to have, àcun possession, àcud (owner), àca own, utàc property, àser
own, possess to make available
òcer to lack, òc gap, òcea lacking, òser to deprive, òcler to need, òcleá
need necessary
caner to form, canòa shapeless, fucana malformed, canen
can form, formation, ózcan aspect, ficaner to reform, kácaner to
shape transform, canáner to compose, áncaner to constitute,
candrener to formulate
aacaun prototype, vicaun model, vácaun original, utcaun
caun type,kind
example, ajcaun precedent
caser to
casem factory
fabricate
cesen construction, cesud builder, cesem building site,
ceser to build
oceser to destrò, ocesen destruction, oceseá destructive
cun thing
cunán reality, ocuner to anihilate
(concrete)
acun element acana elemental, acunéna elementary
con matter gícon problem, kocon secret, kacon revelation, kécon case,
(abstract) égcon crisis

Wikibooks | 61
 Chapter 4

tecin figure, cìn mark, zocìn trace, utcìn character, pencìn

cin picture track, ciun sign, siunet signal, mancin photograph,
mancinar camera
cén fashion utcén genre, secén procedure
cún object cúnet article, cúfi effects

Putting (ber)

ber to put
bler to carry brer to haul
aber to put on eber to stop ober to take off
áber to raise éber to contain óber to lower
baer to lean on beer to hold boer to hold up
barer to press (down boler to support (from
beler to keep
on) below)
báer to lift béer to block bóer to hang
béler to hold back,
báler to rouse bóler to suspend
retain/conserve'
álber to elevate élber to hold steady ólber to lower
ézber to insert ózber to extract
ézbler to carry in ózbler to carry out
obaer to relieve obeer to release, let go oboer to drop
obaler to relax obeler to abandon oboler to shirk
obéer to yield
obóer to depend
úzbaer to squeeze úzbeer to embrace úzboer to smash
úzbaler to pinch
obéer to release
iber to receive uber to send
bier to take buer to give
íber to take away úber to bring near
zíber to diffuse zeyber to transpose
zíbler to carry zèbler to carry across,
around transport
biner to pull bener to hold buner to push

62 | Unilingua
Word Families

ézbiner to draw in ézbener to hold in ézbuner to push in

úbiner to attract úbener to hold near íbuner to repel
ózbiner to extract ózbener to hold out ózbuner to expel
ábiner to pull up ábener to hold high ábuner to push up
ónbiner to yank
ónbener to hold apart ónbuner to shove apart
apart
ánbiner to attract ánbener to adhere ánbuner to combine C
vabier to accept vabuer to volunteer;
zébirer to yank zéburer to stab (shove
through through)
kebier to choose kebuer to disperse
vobier to refuse vobuer to deny
embier to occupy embuer to give way
gorcbier to take gorcbuer to give out
part shares
pitbier to fish
jobier to borrow jobuer to lend
émbier to replace émbuer to resign
ánabier to collect ónabuer to scatter
buér to remit
buler to accord
bùler to attribute
bùrer to concede
zòbier to take back zòbuer to give back
ifbier to welcome ifbuer to offer
vegbuer to delegate
ifbuler to consacrate
ifbùler to dedicate
ifburer to sacrifice
nucbier to bù nicbuer to sell
nacbiler to expend nacbuler to allocate
ifburer to sacrifice
bluér to confer
zíbuer to distribute
obier to relinquish obuer to deprive
bin receipts bun donation

Wikibooks | 63
 Chapter 4

ivbun gift
baner to gesticulate boner be calm
baaner to shake booner to be still
banler to shake

bànler to shudder
baneter to rock baaneter to vibrate
abaner to caress
albaner to wipe
ovbaner to resist
bos quiet
obos trouble
bòs quiet
obòs worry
óbos care
óbós anxiety
bén manner
búer to reach (out to)
búner to touch
brúner to contact
bemer to maintain

Going (per)
per to go
aper to get on eper to stop oper to get off
paer to stand peer to stay poer to hang
áper to get up éper to intervene óper to get down
álper to rise/ascend élper to block ólper to sink'/descend'
âlper to climb up ôlper to bow
árper to soar órper to tumble
áprer to scamper up ... ... óprer to collapse
páer to jump péer to stand still póer to drop
páner to leap péner to seize póner to dive
párer to shoot up pénuer to attack pórer to plummit
iper go (away) uper to come

64 | Unilingua
Word Families

emiper to emigrate emuper to immigrate

igiper to flee igeper to stop suddenly iguper to rush (toward)
jauper to come before, jouper to come after,
precede succeed
aíper to off with/take aúper to come along
along with/bring along
zoâuper to pick up (and
bring back)
zoúper to return (come
zoíper to go back
back)
íper to go away úper to approach
ílper to escape úlper to come home
íbemper to go in exile ... ... ... ...
pier to depart puer to arrive
jopier to get a jopuer to arrive ahead
headstart of/beat
igpier to flee
piler to quit
cper to carry
ézcper to import zècper to transport ózcper to export
zòciper to take back zícper to propagate zòcuper to bring back
zàper to advance zàper to cross zòper to retreat
ánper to go together ónper to separate
izper to head (straight) uzper to veer, turn
zíper to tour zúper to rotate
japer to precede jeper to go along joper to follow
zaper to go in front zeper to go in the middle zoper to go in back
ézper to enter zéper to go through ózper to exit
igper to run zoigper to chase after ugper to amble
ízper to pass up uzper to curve úzper to go around
kiper to limp képer to stagger 'kuper to avoid, sidestep
egézper to reinter azézper to invade egózper to reemerge
ifper to stroll ifpoper to tour ifpiper to cruise
zéper to penetrate
képoper to shuttle back
poper to travel zípoper to travel around
and forth
papier to take off paper to fly papuer to land

Wikibooks | 65
 Chapter 4

(flying)
pepier to ride off peper to ride pepuer to park
pipier to set sail piper to sail pipuer to dock
tôaper to walk, step tuáper to crawl tôuper to tiptoe
pan motion pen seizure pon rest
paz dance
paner to move pener to seize poner to rest
pazer to dance
opaner to freeze opener to release oponer to stir
paaner to shake peener to catch pooner to stay
apaner to massage paaneter to vibrate
alpaner to rub
ópaner to reverse
kipaner to stumble kupaner to slide
ónpaner to break
papaner to soar pepaner to skate pipaner to swim
ovpaner to block
paneter to balance
puner to throw punrer to hurl pùner to launch
púner to bump into
prúner to crash into
apéner to hit apéneter to batter
apêner to tap
apénler to beat
ópéner to knock down
ónpéner to break
ónpêner to crack
ónpléner to smash'
ónpléner to burst
ónpréner to explode
ovpénuer to counter-
pénuer to attack opénuer to defend
attack
páner to leap (up) péner to lunge póner to dive
ézpáner to jump in zépáner to jump through ózpáner to jump out
zàpáner to leap
zèpáner to leap across zòpáner to leap backward
forward

66 | Unilingua
Word Families

pénarer to whip páneter to skip peneter to step

pòn respite pos peace

Saying/talking (der, daer)

dier to ask der to say duer to propose
updier to invite ebdier to discuss
dider to question doder to be silent duder to answer
vader to affirm veder to quibble voder to deny
váder to swear vóder to lie
ávder to excuse évder to judge óvder to accuse
fivader to approve fuvader to condemn
fider to praise fuder to curse
avder to advocate ovder to oppose
fruder to
frider to glorify
blaspheme
fúder to offend
flúder to insult
frúder to outrage
ufúder to threaten
fuébder to dispute
azder to shout egder to repeat ozder to whisper
jader to predict jeder to narrate joder to recount
ivder to thank uvder to complain
ijder to introduce ujder to conclude
fiader to
fuader to criticize
recommend
ajder to evoke ojder to foretell
tider to understand tuder to explain
ágder to elaborate ógder to summarize
diler to beseech deler to announce duler to submit
direr to require dèler to declare
daer to speak
ágdaer to ramble
ébdaer to
fuébdaer to quarrel
converse

Wikibooks | 67
 Chapter 4

dad language daun speech dod silence

din history dìn story diin recitation
dún name zadún first name abdún last name
dun word dlun phrase drun sentence

Writing/reading (drer, déder)

védrer to correspond, dúndrer to sign, abdrer to inscribe,
gèdrer to copy, ézdrer to register, zèdrer to transcribe, tuúdrer
drer to to type, tuúdra typewritten, tuúdrud typist, cindrer to draw,
write drecìn letter (of the alphabet), dresìna literal, drecìnán
alphabet, drecìnána alphabetical drecìnánser to alphabetize,
dra written, odra unwritten
droer to
droun erasure, droar eraser
erase
, dreud writer, drenet article, drenetán series of articles,
ébdren letter, ébdrenán mail, tuádren manuscript, jadren
preface, jodren postscript, dedren prose, candren formula,
dren script
vádren spelling, védren correspondence, vidrenán literature
(belles lettres), drenán scripture, dreden report, cunándren
program
drèna textual, óbdrèn subtext, zúdrèn context, zúdrèna
drèn text
contextual
déder to dédud reader, dédudán readership, zídéder to scan, déd
read lecture, dédim lecture hall, dédar scanner
dénám book collection, dénánam library, dénunam bookstore,
déngorc chapter, dénifud bookworm, dénabkum bookcover,
dén book
dénembelar bookmark, déndúnán bibliography, dénet booklet,
dindén storybook, novel, tiundén textbook
dreunán dossier, documentation, dreuner to document, file
dreun
document,
'
file

drec note drecer to note, dodrec bulletin

drecin
drawing, dreciner to draw, drecinud designer, drecinam design studio
design
drez poem drezán poetry, drezet verse, drezut poet, drezéna poetic
dreván
drevána grammatical, drevánut grammarian
grammar
dréner to drén print, drénar printer, drénam printshop, jubdrén
print newspaper, jubdrénán the press, jubdrénud journalist, jobdrén

68 | Unilingua
Word Families

magazine, cindrén illustration, zídrén poster, zídrénet

prospectus, drénet ticket, ózdréner to publish, ózdrénam
publishing house, dréncìn type, character (of a font), dréncìnán
font, dréncìnánam foundry
drar pen drear pencil, dril ink
dof
cardboard
mircindaf map, ekdaf playing card, ébdrendaf postcard, dafán
daf card
stack of cards
defán stationary, defánam stationary shop, defet scrap of paper,
def paper
defcasam paper mill
dáf
dáfet book (of tickets, etc.), agdáf register
notebook
dúf sheet
dúfbuar sheetfeeder
(of paper)
dúván ream of paper, mirmepán dúv web page, zàdúvper to
dúv page
page forward

Society (dot)
dota societal, dotcer to socialize (intr.)
dotin socialism, dotinat socialist
odota savage, barbaric, odotan savagery, barbarism, odotat
savage, barbarian
dotús social welfare
dotvàcan social security
dotbén custom, more (n.)
dot society
dotbéna customary

ajdotbén tradition
ajdotbéna traditional
dotcén civilization, dotcéner to civilize

data friendly, datcer to befriend, datan friendship

dàt girlfriend
daat buddy, daater to buddy around, daatan buddyship
ifdat sweetheart, ifdatan romance, ifdata romantic
odat enemy, odata inimical, ovdata hostile, ovdatan
dat friend
hostility
datibut host, dàtibut hostess, datibéa hospitable, datibéan
hospitality
datupud guest, visitor, datupudim guestroom, datupudem
reception area, datuper to be a guest, to visit, datup' visit

Wikibooks | 69
 Chapter 4

det comrade,
detan comraderie, association, detcer to associate
companion,
àdet companion, àdetan company
associate
dita civil, ditan citizenship, ditán citizenry
dit citizen ditbén civility
doita civic
dùt madam, Mrs., dután messieurs
dutet master, lad
dut sir, Mr. dùtet miss, mademoiselle, young lady
duut sire
ditús civil service
douta bourgeois (adj.), doutan bourgeoisie, doután
dout bourgeois
bourgeoisie (coll.)
auta personal
autbén personality
agaut personnage, v.i.p.
aut person
aután group, autána collective
autgran crowd, autgrana crowded, autgrancer to form a
crowd
auta individual, autan individuality
aut individual anuta private, anutan privacy
aután group
áuda communal, áudan community, áudana comunity-
áud commune related
áudin communism, áudinat communist
áuta collective
áut collective áutan collectivity
áutser to collectivize, áutin collectivism, áutinat collectivist
át everyone áta everyone's
tána popular, tánikcer to populate, tánikca populated,
tánika populous, tánukser todepopulate, also: tánòser to
depopulate, tánuka unpopulated, deserted
táncág population, táncágtut demographics
tán people tân populace
tánin populism, táninat populist
tánifa popular, tánifan popularity, tánifser to popularize,
otánifa unpopular
tánbén custom, tánbéna customary

State (dob)
realm chief female counterpart
dob state deb leader
adob empire adeb emperor adèb empress

70 | Unilingua
Word Families

edob kingdom edeb king, monorach edèb queen

idob principality ideb prince idèb princess
udob
ideb marquis idèb marquise
marquisate
ódob earldom ódeb count ódèb countess
ádob barony ádeb baron ádèb baroness
édob duchy édeb duke édèb duchess
ídob domain ídeb lord ídèb lordess
údob tribe údeb tribal chief
tándeb president (of the
tándob republic
republic)

Government (dab)

daber to govern
dabdren ordnance
daba government
dabzem government center, capital
dab government andab autocracy
nacdab plutocracy
abdaber to dominate, abdabin imperialism, dabovper to
revolt, dabovpen revolution
dabtun politics, dabtut politician
daab daaber to administer
administration daaba administrative
deber to lead, command
andeb dictator, autocrat
deban leadership
deb chief, debán leadership (coll.)
leader debveg authority, debvegdren authorization
debòser to depose
debovper to rebel, debovpud rebel, debovpen rebellion,
vodebder to prohibit, vodebden prohibition, debden order
dooba national
doob nation dooban nationality
doof flag
duba ministerial, dubam ministry
dub minister ózdub ambassador, ózdubam embassy
ózdubet consul, ózdubetam consulate'
deker to combat
dekpan fight, dekpaner to fight, dekpanud fighter
dek combat dopek battle, dopekem battlefield
dropek war, dropeker to wage war, dropekud warrior,
dropekéna bellicose

Wikibooks | 71
 Chapter 4

damema metropolitan
damem
obdamam colony, obdamemser to colonize, obdamemsud
metropolis
colonialist
domeam province/state, domeameb governor
domem domeem department (eg. of France), domeemeb prefect
territory domeim canton
domeum commune
doma urban, domaser to urbanize
dombén polity
úzdom suburb, domag metropolis
debdom capital, midom port, domgon district, domgob
quarter, domeb mayor, domam mayor's office, domab
dom city municipality, domaba municipal
dòm town
doam borough
doem village
doim hamlet
domcin cityscape
domèp avenue
domeap street
domeep lane
mepet alley
gacmep intersection
omep impasse, cul-de-sac, deadend
domep ábmep highway
boulevard igmep expressway
abzèmep bridge, overpass
obzèmep underpass
zémep tunnel
ízmep bypass, detour
úzmep beltway
ébdoma mep interstate highway (lit: intercity road)
domém square domzúm circle

Knowing (ter)
tier to study ter to know tuer to teach
tiud student oter to ignore tuud teacher
titam school keter to be curious tutam institute
atitam jàter to guess tutamán university
elementary egter to recognize tut expert, scholar, scientist
school vater to be sure tun science, -ology
etitam high veter to wonder
school voter to doubt
ititam ten knowledge, information
college

72 | Unilingua
Word Families

tin doctrine,
-ism
ticer to learn tecer to perceive, sense tucer to instruct
ticun lesson tecun data tucun instruction
teser to think
tújteser to dream
tiser to agree tuser to convince
ijtes idea
jotes afterthought
akteser to
okteser to forget
remember
vateser to
veteser to suppose voteser to discount
assume
váteser to
véteser to wonder, weigh vóteser to doubt
believe
ánteser to
ónteser to disagree
agree
avteser to
evteser to quibble ovteser to oppose
favor
fiteser to
futeser to regret
thank
jàteser to
jòteser to reflect
plan
kateser to keteser to search one's
koteser to forget (deliberately)
recall memory
keten curiosity, ketea curious,
keter to be ketenàa interesting,
interested ketenukser to interest, oketer
to be uninterested
tújteser to dream
tepén attitude,aztepa
intelligent, vátepa wise,
tep mind tepa mental
tepbén method, tepbéna
methodical, otepa imbecile
tèp spirit tèpa spiritual agtep genie
óbtez subculture, tezser to
tez culture teza cultural
cultivate
joténa post-industrial,téntun
tén industry téna industrial
technique, téntuna technical
tun science tuna scientific tut scholar
tin doctrine tina doctrinal tinéna doctrinaire
tún idea túna ideal túncer conceive of, túnca

Wikibooks | 73
 Chapter 4

conceptual, túnán ideology,

túnánud ideolog
otekóa inattentive
tekóer to pay
tekóa attentive
attention

Family (tod)
toda familial
tod family tòd home, tòda domestic
todana familiar
tàd wife
tadán household
tadcer to get married, tadca married, tadcen marriage,
tada marital
otadca unmarried, otadcat bachelor
tadòcat widower, tadòcàt widower, tadóncer
to divorce, tadóncat divorcee, tadónc divorce
tad spouse, husband
tadán husband and wife team, jatad fiance, jatàd fiancee
tadceat groom, tàdceat bride, tàdceata bridal
tadet brother, tadeta fraternal, tadetan fraternity,
tadetán fraternity (group), tàdetán sorority
tàdet sister
taodet brother-in-law
taódet sister-in-law
teda parental, paternal
tèd mother, tèda maternal
teda
tedòa orphaned, tedòat orphan, tedòan orphanhood,
ted parent, father tedòcer to be orphaned, tedòatam orphanage
tedet son, tedeta filial
tèdet daughter
teodet son-in-law
teódet daughter-in-law
tidéna avuncular
tìd aunt
tid uncle
tidet cousin
tìdet cousin (female)'
tùd sister-in-law
tud brother-in-law tudet nephew
tùdet niece
tôd mother-in-law
tód father-in-law tódet son-in-law
tôdet daughter-in-law

74 | Unilingua
Word Families

tádéna grandfatherly
tâd grandmother, tâdéna grandmotherly
tád grandparent, tádet grandson
grandfather tâdet granddaughter
tádán grandparents
tádetán grandchildren
téda related, tédan kinship
téd relative
tédcer to be related, tédán kin(folks), otéda unrelated
tíd god-parent, god- tídet godson
father tîdet goddaughter'
ajted ancestor ajteda ancestral, ajtedán ancestry
jat ascendant
jot descendant jòtan descendance

Human being (tob)

tob human being

tab body
taab lymph
taaba lymphatic
taabocet lymph gland
taeb muscle
taeba muscular
taib bone
taibán skeleton
taibána skeletal
taibàa bony
taibcer ossify
taibcen ossification
taibòa boneless
taibòser to debone
taob flesh
taoba carnal
egtaobcen reincarnation
taobàa fleshy
taobtelea flesh-eating
potaob meat
potaobtelea carnivorous
taub cartilege
tauba cartilagenous
taób skin
taóbil sweat
taóbiler to sweat
taóbilàa sweaty
petaób hide
taóf leather

Wikibooks | 75
 Chapter 4

taófud leatherer
taóféna leathery
tàab fat
tàaba fat-related
tàabòa fat-free
tàabél lard
tàabil oil
tàbiler to oil
tàabilém oilcan
tàabilàa oily
tàabàa fatty
taéb hair
tàabàa hairy
taébòa bald
taébòcer to go bald
taébòat bald person
taébòan baldness
taébòser to depilate
taêb fuzz
taêbàa fuzzy
pataéb feather
pataébán plumage
petaéb mane
pitaéb scales
pitaébàa scaly
taéf wig
taíb nerve
taíba nervous
taíbaanea nerve-rattling
taíbzem nerve-center
tap physique
tapa physical
íztapa metaphysical
taptun physiology
taptut physiologist
taf suit [of clothes]
tàf dress
teb head
tebném cranium
tebnéma cranial
teboc brain
teboca cerebral
ábteb forehead
óbteb chin
obteb neck
obteba cervical
zaobteb throat
zoobteb nape
tebzan face

76 | Unilingua
Word Families

tebzana facial
tebzanábs face-lift
tebzanòa faceless
teab eye
teaba ocular
teabéb eyebrow
teabil tear
teabiler to weep
teabéb eyebrow
fateab eyelid
fateabéb eyelash
zeteab pupil
anteaba one-eyed
teac sight
teacer to see
oteaca blind
oteacan blindness
oteacat blind person
oteacacer go blind
oteacaser to blind
teacoker gain one's sight
teacoker lose one's sight
teacar eye glasses
teas look
teaser to look
igteaser to glance
ágteaser to stare
uzteaser to look askance
izteaser to look directly in the eye
teabzúen eyeball
teaczéc eye socket
teeb ear
teeba aural
fozteeb ear lobe
teec hearing
teecer to hear
teeca auditory
teecier to listen
teeciud listener
teeciudán audience
teecien audition
teeciar listening device
oteeca deaf
oteecser to deafen
oteecseá deafening
oteecat deaf person
oteecan deafness
teecar hearing aid

Wikibooks | 77
 Chapter 4

ózteeb outer ear

teib nose
teiba nasal
teibil snot
teibila mucous
teiv handkerchief
ózteiber to sneeze
teic smell
teicer to smell
teica olfactory
treic odor
treicàa odorous
fiteic fragrance
futeic stink
teiz perfume
teicier to sniff
teiceucer to snore
teibzéc nostril
teob cheek
zeteob cheekbone
teobéb beard
teobébàa bearded
teobébòa beardless
teub mouth
teuba oral
teubil saliva
teubiler to salivate
ózteuber to spit
teubíjer to yawn
ézteuber to swallow
teubob lip
teuboz smile
teuboc kiss
teuboba labial
teud shout
teuder to scream
teuc taste
teucer to taste
fiteuca delicious
futeuca nasty-tasting
teumib palate
teumiba palatal
teubéb mustache
teubébàa mustachioed
teubab tongue
teubaba lingual
teubaber to lick
éztèbaber to suck
teubeb gum

78 | Unilingua
Word Families

teubib jaw
teubiser to chew
teupib tooth
teupiba dental
teupibut dentist
teupibutam dentist's office
teupicer to bite
teupicoger to nibble
oteupiba toothless
teupibán denture
tef hat
tefet cap
tefud haberdasher
tefam haberdashery
tep mind
tepa mental
tepcan sentiment
tepcana sentimental
tes thought
teser to think
ágteser to ponder
tesa cognitive
tesen cognition
teseá conceivable
oteseá inconceivable
tesoker to forget
otesokeá unforgetable
tesaker to remember
ter to know
oter to ignore
ota unknown
otea unaware
tuer to teach
tuna scientific
tut scientist
tuen teaching
tuena didactic
tuut teacher
tuután academe
tun science
tuun lesson
tier to learn
titam school
atitam grade school
etitam high school
ititam college
tiud student
tiudán student body

Wikibooks | 79
 Chapter 4

tiun study
tiuna scholastic
tiunán studies, scholastics</i
tin doctrine
tina doctrinal
tez culture
teza cultural
ten knowledge
tena awareness-related
teá known
tea aware
tean awareness
trer to recognize
tren cognizance
treá recognizable
trea cognizant
éztrer be conscious
éztren conscience
éztrea conscious
oéztrea unconscious
otra incognito
otrea incognizant
tec perception
tecer to perceive
teceá perceptible
tecpan emotion
tecpana emotional
tecpanea emotive
tecpanean emotivity
tecpaneá excitable
tecpaner to emote
tib trunk
zetib waist
tetibgan waist size
zotib back
zotiba dorsal
zotibók back pain
tiab chest
tilab breast
tilabil, bil milk
tilabiler to lactate
tilabila lactic
tilabilbier to milk
tilabilbuer to give milk
tilabiléna milky
tieb lung
tieba pulmonary
tieser to breathe
éztieser to inhale

80 | Unilingua
Word Families

óztieser to exhale
tiebok pneumonia
tieboser to cough
tiib heart
tiiba cardiac
tiibil blood
tiibiler to bleed
tiibilàa bloody
tiibiloker to lose blood
tiibilotila blood-thirsty
tiibila sanguinary
tiibilánam bloodbank
tiibuf artery
tiibufa arterial
tiibufog arteriole
zòtiibuf vein
zòtiibufa venal
tiub belly
tiuba ventral
tiùb abdomen
tiùba abdominal
zetiub navel
zotiub buttock
tiób kidney
tióba renal
tióbok kidney disease
tióbil urine
tióbiler to urinate
tióbilem urinal
tióbila urinary
tiáb penis
tiába penile
tìáb vagina
tìába vaginal
ébtiába sexual
tiábcan phallus
tiábcana phallic
tiábòser to castrate
tiábòcat castrato
tiáv condom
tikob esophagus
tikoba esophageal
tikab stomach
tikaba gastric
tikeb liver
tikeba hepatic
tikebok hepatitis
tikebil bile

Wikibooks | 81
 Chapter 4

tikib pancreas
tikiba pancreatic
tikub instestine
tikuba instestinal
tikubil feces
tikubila fecal
tikubiler to defecate
tikubuj anus
tikubuja anal
tikubujbok proctitis
tub arm
tuba brachial
tuab shoulder
tueb upper arm
tuib elbow
tuiber to elbow
tuub forearm
tuób wrist
tuáb hand
tuába manual
tuácer to handle
tuábier to grasp
tuábuer to lend a hand
tuúpúner to slap
ébtuáber to clasp/shake hands
tuápaner to clap/applaud
tuálpaner to massage/knead
tuásiner to sign
tuádotsiner to wave [hello/goodbye]
tuáf glove
tuáfém glove compartment
tuáfud glover
tuéb fist
tuépaner to pound
tuúb finger
tuúba digital
atuúb thumb
etuúb index
etuúber to point
ituúb middle finger
utuúb ring finger
ótuúb little finger
tuúcer to feel
tuúca tactile
tuúceá palpable
tuúpaner to tap
tuúdrer to type
tuúdrar typewriter, keyboard
tuúbuj finger tip

82 | Unilingua
Word Families

tulob fingernail
tulocer to scratch
tulop claw
tuloper to claw
tuúb palm
tuúpaner to slap
tulib knuckle
tulipaner to knock
tób leg
tóab hip
tóaper to sit
tóeb thigh
tóib knee
tóiper to kneel
tóub shin
tôab foot
tôabektun podiatry
tôabektut podiatrist
tôaper to walk
tôapud pedestrian
tôapem sidewalk
tôapar walker
igtôaper to run
igtôapem racetrack
tôapúner to kick
tôapaner to stomp
tôabar pedal
tôaf shoe
tôafser to cobble
tôafsud shoemaker
tôafsam shoemaker's shop
tôafber to shoe
tôafba shod
apetôaf horseshoe
tôafmacil shoe polish
tôafnífet shoelace
tôafodet shoetack
tôeb heel
tôepaner to supplant
tôib sole
tôub toe
tôuper to tiptoe
tólob toenail
toba human
tobaser to humanize
otobaser to dehumanize
toban humanity
tobin humanism

Wikibooks | 83
 Chapter 4

tobina humanistic
tobinat humanist
iftoba humanitarian
iftoban humanitarianism
tobán mankind
tobéna human
toob male
tooba masculine
otoobaser to emasculate
tooban masculinity
toòba feminine
toòban femininity
tooc sex
tooca sexual
toocan sexuality
otooca asexual
entooca bisexual
hátooca pansexual
getooca homosexual
getoocan homosexuality
getoocat homosexual [person]
tos instinct
tosa instinctual
toséna instintive
top soul
toptun psychology
toptuna psychological
toptut psychologist
topéna animate
topénaser to animate
topénasen animation
otopéna inanimate
topòa soulless
tòb woman
tòba female
eóntòba effeminate, quasi-female
tòbéna feminine
otobéna unwomanly
tòbet girl
tòbeténa girlish
tòbetan girlhood
tòbán womankind
tobob child
toboba infantile
toboban infancy
tobéna childish
tobobòa childless
tobobikam child care center
tobet boy

84 | Unilingua
Word Families

tobeténa boyish
tobetan boyhood
tobog kid, midget
tobòg kiddie
tobóg brat
tobag giant
tobagéna gigantic
tobág monster
tobágéna monstrous
toc sense
toca sensorial
tocan sensation
tocer to sense
toceá sensible
tocea sensitive
boc organ
boca organic
bocán organism
bocet gland
boceta glandular

Bodily functions (tab...er)

body part body function
óbtaber to bow, stoop
tab body áztaber to prostrate oneself
ábtaber to stand erect
óbteber to duck
teb head
tebciner to nod
tep mind ter to know, etc. [see Mental Activities]
teacer to see
teaser to look
teabiler to weep
zóteaber to squint
teab eye ágteaser to stare
igteaser to glance
igteacer to glimpse
teabciner to wink
teabigíjer to blink
taéb hair taébòcer to bald
taóbiler to sweat
taób skin
taóboker to shed
taíser irritate
taíb nerve iftaíser to tickle
taícer to itch

Wikibooks | 85
 Chapter 4

teecer hear
teeb ear
teeser listen
teicer to smell
teiser to sniff
teiseucer to snore
teib nose
teibiler to run at the nose
teibilpuner to sneeze
teibukser to blow the nose
teubiler to salivate
teubilpuner to spit
teub mouth ézteuber swallow
teubíjer to yawn
teuder to shout
teubocer to kiss
éztèbober to suck
teubob lip
teubozer to smile
teucozer to laugh
teubab teubaber to lick
tongue teucer to taste
teubib jaw teubiser to chew
teipid tooth teupicer to bite
tilab breast tilabiler to lactate
tikab stomach tikabilpuner to vomit
tieser to breath
éztieser to inhale
tieb lung óztieser to exhale
tiebil phlegm
tiebukser to cough
tiib heart tiibiler to bleed
tiób kidney tióbiler to urinate
tuab shoulder tuaber to shoulder
tuib elbow tuiber to elbow
tuábier to grab
tuábuer to hand
tuáser to manipulate
ébtuáber to shake hands
tuáb hand
tuáciner to wave
tuápéner to slap
tuápéneter to pat
tuálpaner to massage
tuúb finger tuúcer to feel
tuúpéneter to tap
tuúdrer to type
iztuúber to point

86 | Unilingua
Word Families

ivtuúcer to tickle
tuúbginer to poke
tuúser to strum, fiddle
tôapéner to kick
tôaper to walk
tôab foot
igtôaper to run
kitôaper to hobble
tôocer to kneel
tôob knee
tôoper to crawl
tôeb heel tôepéner to stomp
tôub toe tôuper to tiptoe
tulob nail tuloser to scratch

Bodily fluids and other liquids (tab...il)

object fluid
tab body tabil humor
teab eye teabil tear
teib nose teibil mucus, snot
tilab breast bil milk (tila dropped)
teub mouth teubil saliva, spit
tiib heart tiibil blood
tiób kidney tióbil urine, piss
tikeb liver tikebil bile
tikub intestine tikubil feces, shit
taób skin taóbil perspiration, sweat
tieb lung tiebil phlegm, sputum
tobij seed tobijil semen
mam sky mamil rain
vafáb grape vafil wine (vafáb shortened to vaf)
voz color vozil paint
dr- write dril ink
mag fire magil petroleum
mag fire maagil fuel
mag fire maegil gasoline
mag fire maigil kerosene
meg rock megil cement
magmeb volcano magmebil lava (fire mountain liquid)
án together ánil glue
mel ground meil mud

Wikibooks | 87
 Chapter 4

tel food telil soup

ovob cereal ovobil meal, porridge
bil milk biel cream
fáb fruit fábil juice
afáb apple afábil apple juice
ufáb prune ufábil prune juice
lafáb orange lafábil orange juice
afáb apple afil cider (afáb shortened to af)
kafáb olive kafábél olive oil
vol vegetable volél vegetable oil
levol beet levolil beet juice
fab tree fabil sap
ávob hop ávil beer (ábov shortened to áv)
levaf ... levafil liqueur
level sugar levil syrup (el < tel food, il < til drink)
tul plate tulil sauce
m- nature mil water
mil water miil liquid
óm ice ómil dew
óm ice ómbiil ice cream
t- human/animal til drink
bek treatment bekil medicine
bok illness bokil poison
mag fire magil fuel
cafaéb tea leaf cafaél tea (-b organism to -l liquid)
cefáb coffee bean cefál coffee
él oil
fél wax
apelat bee apelatel honey (-el food)
apelat bee apelatél wax (-él oil)
c metaloid cil acid
ílom 80-electron
ílomil mercury
metalloid
mam sky mal air (mam shortened to ma)
mal air meal gas
mal air mial vapor
amc 1-electron metalloid amcal hydrogen (-al gas)
ímc 8-electron metalloid ímcal oxygen

88 | Unilingua
Word Families

émc 7-electron metalloid émcal azote

Health (bak)

Wikibooks | 89
 Chapter 4

bak health bek treatment, remedy, bok illness

baka healthy cure boka sick
baker to be healthy beka clinical boker to be sick'
bakcer to heal' beker to treat bokcer to fall ill
bakser to cure bekcer to heal [intr.] bokser to sicken'
baktun hygiene bekser to heal [tr.] boktun pathology
baktut hygienist bekler to cure, to remedy boktut pathologist
bakam sanatorium beklacer to be cured boktuna pathological
bakat healthy person bektun medecine (practice bokus pathogen
of)
baktel health food bokam hospital
bektut doctor
baktelam health food bokamber to hospitalize
place bekam clinic, hospital, care
bokat patient
facility
baak sanitation book fatigue
bekim hospital room
baaka sanitary booka tired
bekat patient
obaaka unsanitary bookcer to grow tired
bekut care-giver, nurse
baakser to sanitize bookser to tire
bekil medecine, drug
tabak physical health bookseá tiresome
bekel pill
tebak mental health bokil poison
bekila medicinal
bàk safety bokiler to poison
bekilam pharmacy
bàka safe bokiléna poisonous
bekiler to medicate
bàker to save obokilam detox facility
tebektun psychiatry
bàkser to make safe ombok cold
tebektut psychiatrist
bàksud savior teibok influenza, flu
bekleá curable
obàk danger, peril vúrbok infection
obekleá incurable
obàka unsafe, ambok inflammation
dangerous obekeá untreatable
tebok mental illness
obàkser to endanger fubek mistreatment, abuse
teboka mentally ill
fubeker to mistreat, to
abuse tebokam insane asylum
tebokat mentally ill
person
tebook boredom
tebooker to bore
tebookcer to grow
bored
tebookca bored
oboker to cure, to heal,
to save
obokut savior, healer
egbokcer to relapse

90 | Unilingua
Word Families

bik care buk wound bók pain

bikea careful buka wounded bôk ache
biker to care for buker to wound bôkcer to ache
biktun nursing bukcer to be wounded bóker to hurt
biktut nurse bùk sore (someone)
bikam care facility buket scratch bókcer to be in pain
bikat care patient buketer to scratch bókeá painful
bikof bandage bukof patch bókòa painless
bikofer to bandage bukofber to patch up bókòsil painkiller
obik lack of care bukat trauma patient, bôker to ache
obiker to leave uncared for victim bóokcer to suffer
tebiker to care (about) buuk harm brók agony
otebik apathy, lack of buuker to harm bróker to torture
concern buukeá harmful brókeá torturous
otebiker to be unconcerned buukòa harmless brókcer to agonize
about buukék danger tebók anguish
obikea careless tebókcer to anguish
otebikea unconcerned,
apathetic
igéga bik urgent care
igéga bikim emergency
room

Clothes (tof)
body part heavier material lighter material
tob man tof apparel tov underwear
tab body taf suit pontav pijama
teb head tef hat tev scarf
teiv
teib nose teif nose cover
handkerchief
teób neck teóf tie teóv collar
tuab
tuaf shawl
shoulder
tib trunk tif vest
zetib waist zetif belt zetiv sash
tiab chest nefiaf sweater tiav shirt
tiub belly tiuf corset tiuv underpants
tilab breast tilav brassiere

Wikibooks | 91
 Chapter 4

tiáb penis tiáv loin cloth

tób leg tóf pants
tôab foot tôaf shoe tôav sock
tuáf mit
tuáb hand tuáv glove
tuáfém pocket
tiúb tail tiúf train

Habitation (tom)
tomer to live, tomud inhabitant
tòm home, tòma domestic
toem place of residence
toom accommodation, lodging, toomer to accommodate
tomet apartment, tometán apartment building
tomof tent
utom property
tomtun architecture, tomtut architect, tomtuna
tom habitation
architectural
tombuer to lease,tombuud landlord, dren tombuena
lease
tombier to rent, let, tombiud renter, lessee
tomnoc rent

tombel housekeeping, tombelud concierge

ábtom hi-rise
témer to reside
témud resident
tém residence téma residential
vegdren témuda resident's permit
otémud non-resident
tam house tameb master of the house
taam villa
agtam chateau
ivagtam palace
ogtam cottage
tamet cabin
ogtamet hut
potam hotel, igpotam motel
zútam tower
azcatam castle
tamán housing complex
tamózem yard
tameézem courtyard
abtamac roof
zatam facade
telam restaurant

92 | Unilingua
Word Families

epam station
tilam bar
tuzam museum
dénam library
titam school
tutam institute
nunam store
cesam factory
avolam bakery
bikam hospital
totam church
spanam gym
milbam bathhouse
pemtam garage
beelam warehouse
vobésam farm
tàmser to build, otàmser to demolish, otàms ruins,
tàmsud builder
tàm building
tamcer to found, tamc foundation
mamtàm skyscraper
abtem attic
obtem basement
ágtem gallery
pemepem parking lot
ponem rest stop
ifekem playground
dropekem battleground
maparem airport
ózem yard, outdoors
ázem flat space
úbem neighborhood
íbem the far side
kum side
tem space abem top
obem bottom
zam front
zom back
zem middle
zém indoors
kunadam frontier
kim slope
ábem upstairs
óbem downstairs
zém tunnel
zèm bridge
ifpem promenade
mimkum beach

Wikibooks | 93
 Chapter 4

ifpopem resort
tujémem cemetery
tatem shrine
zúm zone
ubem destination
ibem origin
pum destination
pimstarting point
epem station
ijem starting point
ujem endpoint
miltim bathroom
éstim bureau
datim salon, living room
zótim hall, corridor
tjujim bedroom
tim room, telim dining room
chamber magelim kitchen
tilim bar
zatim lobby
zotim antechamber
áktim waiting room
timet cubicle, cabin, roomette

Places and containers

The "place" suffixes am, (e)m, im, ém, and éb are short for and recall tam
house, tem space, tim room, ném box, and céb container.

Buildings (-tam, -am)

t- human-related tam house

nun merchandise nunam store
nac money nacam bank
apelat bee apelatam beehive
pancinam
pancin cinema
moviehouse
tel food telam restaurant
til drink tilam bar
tier to study titam school
tuer to instruct tutam institute
tata holy tatam church
dénán book collection dénánam library

94 | Unilingua
Word Families

cuzán art collection cuzánam museum

bekil drug bekilam pharmacy
ep stop epam station
pon rest ponam hotel
bek treatment bekam clinic
bok illness bokam hospital
bik care bikam nursing home
bak health bakam sanatorium
avol bread avolam bakery
dez show dezam theatre
daz dance dazam dance studio
cefál coffee cefálam café
belud guard beludam guardhouse
apet horse apetam stable
koer to hide koam shelter
def paper defam stationery
túj sleep tújam dormitory
voc flower vocam floristry
par vehicle param garage
pat bird patam nest
vab grass vabam grange

Places and spaces (-tem, -em)

t- human-related tem hall

ep stop epem stopping point
tij birth tijem birthplace
és work ésem factory
ek play ekem playground
dropek war dropekem battlefield
koer to hide koem hideaway
pier to depart piem departure point
puer to arrive puem arrival point
ab on abem top
ob under obem' bottom
áb up ábem upstairs
ób down óbem downstairs
éb between ébem interstice
éz in ézem interior

Wikibooks | 95
 Chapter 4

óz out ózem exterior

ib from ibem origin
ub to ubem destination
ij start ijem starting point
uj end ujem endpoint, goal
úb near úbem vicinity
íb far íbem distance
za before zam front
zo behind' zom back
ze middle' zem center
ák wait akem waiting area
úz around územ environment
zú round zúm zone
uka empty ukem vacant lot
kua lateral kum side
kua lateral kuem sidelines
kia oblique kiem slope
kes trial kesem proving ground
vab grass vabem prairie
áza flat ázem plain
íja open íjem open area
zé through zém transit area
zè across zèm crossing/bridge
záa wide zám expanse
zóa narrow zóm tight spot
pon rest ponem rest area
tapek sport tapekem sports arena
ifzíp tour ifzípem tourist site
ánup meeting ánupem meeting venue
tujém coffin' tujyemem cemetery
ézmelben burial ézmelbem burial ground
tata holy tatem shrine
tesbeler to tesbelem memorial
memorialize (site)
nun merchandise nunem marketplace
hea which hem where?
háa every hám everywhere
héa any hém anywhere

96 | Unilingua
Word Families

hoa no hom nowhere

hua this hum here
hia that him there
gea same gem the same place
teler to eat telem refectory
ób under óbtem cellar
úja open újtem court
ága long ágtem gallery
áb above ábtem attic
zaóz front outside zaóztem front porch
zaéz front inside zaéztem lobby
tier to study titem study hall
tuer to teach tutem class

Rooms (-tim, -im)

t- human-
tim room
related
tjujer to sleeptjujim bedroom
teler to eat teltim dining room
mageler to cookmagelim kitchen
és work ésim bureau
mil water miltim bathroom
tata holy tatim chapel
vi nice vitim salon
ák wait áktim waiting room
za front zatim lobby
zo back zotim backroom
daer to talk datim parlor
tapektim exercise
tapek sport
room
teacibar t.v. teacibarim t.v. den
mover to smoke movim smoking den
ón apart óntim compartment
éz in éztim chamber
zóa narrow zótim corridor/hall
tuer to teach tutim classroom
cim chair bimer to sit
cum bed bumer to lie down

Wikibooks | 97
 Chapter 4

Enclosures (-tém, -ném, -ém) and containers (-céb, -éb, -éf)

t- human-related tém residence

aza strong azém safe
koer to hide koém shelter
pon vacation poném suitcase
mog ash mogém ashtray
óm ice ómém ice chest
voc flower vocém flower bed
voc flower vocéb flower pot
il liquid + neer reserve ilneéb tank
il liquid iléb bottle
il liquid ilcéb carafe
til drink tiléb glass
til drink tilcéb cup
el food elcéb pot
tol food toléb casserole
áz flat+tol
áztoléb pan
consumables
telil soup teliléb bowl
ber put bém position
tab body tabém posture
tes thought tesbém method
tep mind tebém attitude
eber to stop ebém situation
ukém slot,
uka empty
vacancy
nac money nacém cashbox
noz jewel nozém jewelry box
n- commercial ném box
nac money nacéf purse
n- commercial néf bag
néf weave néfém basket
faof wood faoféb barrel
mak electricity nakéb battery

Building structures and furniture (com)

moc floor [stage] amoc ground floor

98 | Unilingua
Word Families

emoc second floor

imoc third floor
obmoc basement
abmoc penthouse
ébmoc mezzanine
mocpar elevator (also: álbur)
abmac roof
obmac foundation
ézabmac ceiling
ézobmac floor
uzabmac vault
abzamac balcony
abkumac ledge
macsud mason
mac wall mactén masonry (industry)
macán masonry
ózmac outer wall
ézmac inner wall
úzmac fence
mefa mac brick wall
macet fence
ónsmac partition
màc screen
mecag entrance-way
mec door
zamec threshold
micet ticket window, porthole
micof blinds
mic window micov curtain
abmic sunroof
micog skylight
mucnog step
mùc ladder
muc stairs zúpea muc escalator
mucim stairwell
igózpen muc fire escape
comber to furnish
comán furniture
com item of comser to make furniture
furniture comsud furniture maker
milcom sink
comiper to move
cam closet telarcam buffet
tofcam clothes closet
déncam bookcase
macam cupboard

Wikibooks | 99
 Chapter 4

comoc shelf
tovcam linen closet
ècam alcove
drecem desk
cèm pulpit
cemném drawer
cemof table cloth
cemób table leg
cem table
cemet board
úscemet serving tray
tilcem bar
cágcem counter
cemaper to sit down at the table (also: bemer)
cìm seat
agcim armchair
ágcim couch
ciim bench
ècim stool
tôabcim footstool
cimub arm rest
cim chair cimzom seat back
baanetcim rocking chair
zoólbcim recliner
milnef cim bucket seat
cimbier to occupy a seat
cimbuer to seat (someone)
cimober to unseat
cimaper to sit down (also: bimer)
cuam cushin
cuàm pillow
cuem mattress
cuav bedspread
cum bed cuev sheet
cuef cover
cuim box springs
cumnán litter
cumaper to go to bed, lie down (also: bumer)

Food (tol)
tol foodstuffs toler to feed
tola alimentary
tolcéb pot
toléb casserole
áztoléb pan
tolam grocery store, market, tolamud grocer

100 | Unilingua
Word Families

tolar eating utensil, tolarán dishes

tolnún produce, groceries
teler to eat
otel hunger, otelcer to hunger, otela hungry, otelag famine,
oteltujer to starve (to death)
telun edible (item)
vitelyd gourmet
vitelea gourmand
telam restaurant, telamet cafe, telamseb restauranteur
telém buffet
tel (prepared) teléb plate, telébar serving tray
food telar fork, telarán place setting, cutlery
telim kitchen
telten culinery
telsur cooker
telsud cook
telseb chef
telil soup, teliléb soup bowl
magtelur stove
teleá edible, oteleá inedible
teluzer to taste
tèluz savor, tèluza savory, tèluzer to savor
teluz taste oteluz disgust
oteluza disgusting
oteluzer to be disgusted
tiler to drink
otil thirst
otilcer to thirst
otila thirsty
otilag draught
tilam bar
tilamag brasserie
til drink tiléb glass
tilcéb bowl
tìlcéb cup
tilar spoon
tilarag soup spoon
tilarog teaspoon
tileá potable, otileá non-potable
omtil refreshment, soft-drink
tulán meal
atulán breakfast, atuláner to eat breakfast
tul dish, etulán lunch, etuláner to lunch
served food itulán dinner,ituláner to dine
jatul appetizer
jotul dessert

Wikibooks | 101
 Chapter 4

ébtul snack
tuléb platter
tulil soup
tulánag banquet
tuldren menu
tulusud waiter, tulusudán wait staff, tulusdeb head waiter,
maitre d' , tulúsnac (restaurant) tip
tuljób mealtime
taol meat,taolam butcher shop, taolud butcher, taolil stew,
úgtaol beef steak, ápetaol sausage, ápetól ham
mimol salt, mimolika salty
vavol salade, greens
avol bread, avolet bread crumb, abavol crust, avolek flour,
avolam bakery, avolud baker
ébcavol sandwich
cabavol slice of bread
ázavol pancake, flatbread, pizza
úzavol wrap, burrito
góavol crepe
-ol/ól (solid)
leavol pastry
leávol cake
aleavol brioche
umleavol cookie
umcavol cracker, biscuit
uzleavol croissant
afleavol fruit pie
taoleavol meatpie
leavolser to make pastry
leavolsud pastrymaker
leavolam patisserie
-el/él/ál (semi- eopel beef, gocra eopel ground beef, gocra eopel ébcavol
solid) hamburger
uopel mutton
ápel pork
él oil
kafabél olive oil
gevobél corn oil
magél cooking oil
tàal fat, grease
mageler to cook
magéler to fry
level sugar, levela sweet, leveler to sweeten, lèvel candy,
levil syrop, lèvelud confectioner, lèvelam confectionary
elcéb pot
ápel pork, ápelán pork meats, ápelam pork butchery
-il (liquid) iléb bottle
tuil sauce

102 | Unilingua
Word Families

tulil soup
vafil wine
ígvafil vinegar
afil cider
ávil beer
levafil liqueur
bil milk, bilam dairy, bilíg cheese, bilúg butter
bilúgl yoghurt
abil cream
fáblevil compote
fábil fruit juice
taobil gravy, jus
levil syrup
apelatil honey
mageler to cook, magelur cooker
magiler to boil, magilur boiler
màgiler to broil, màgilur broiler
magler to roast, maglúr roaster
abmagler to grill, abmaglur grill
mag-
magéler to fry, magélur frier
magoler to bake, magolur oven
magler to roast, maglur roaster
magtelur stove
magsur burner
gopar knife

Time (job)
job joba temporal
time ponjob vacation
ógjob short while,
ógjoba temporary
ívjob leasure
ágjob longtime, ágjoba
chronic
jejoba chronic
zé job over time
ádjob eternity, ádjoba
eternal
gonjoba part-time
jobúgc delay, jobúgser
to delay, jobúgca
delayed
jobigc haste, jobigcer
to hurry
kóca (jonabca) jobem

Wikibooks | 103
 Chapter 4

appointment
jobnabs schedule
jobdaf schedule
joòb era, epoch
joobag eon
joobog short period
jooba periodic
jooban periodicity
joobà periodically
odjobu? when?
udjobu now
joob
idjobu then
period
ádjobu always
ódjobu never
édjobu whenever
gedjobu at the same
time
ogedjobu some other
time
údjobu sometime
jaba annual
cojab century, cojaba
secular
jab
jabij new year
year
jabuj year's end
jabdén yearbook
jabzòp anniversary
jeba seasonal
jeab spring
jeb
jeeb summer
season
jeib autumn
jeub winter
jiba monthly
ijib trimester
ájib semester
jiab January
jieb February
jiib March
jib jiub April
month jiób May
jiáb June
jiéb July
jiíb August
jiáb September
jilob October
jilab November

104 | Unilingua
Word Families

jileb December
juba daily
éjub week, éjuba
weekly
juab Monday
jueb Tuesday
juib Wednesday
juub Thursday
juób Friday
juáb Saturday
juéb Sunday
ponjub holiday
ívjub day off
ádjubu every day,
jub day ádjuba daily
jubdén diary
jubdrén newspaper,
jubdréna journalistic,
jubdrénud journalist
zojub yesterday
udjub today
zajub tomorrow
ivjub feast, ivjuber to
feast, ivjuber to
celebrate
tijub birthday
agtijub Christmas
zòtujub Easter
jóba hourly
jóbar clock
jób
tíjóbar alarm clock
hour
tubjóbar wrist watch
jóbándaf schedule
jáb jâb moment, jâba
minute momentary
jéb jêb instant, jêba
second instantaneous
maj maja diurnal ádmaju udmaju zomaju zomaju
daytime ijmaj dawn every this yesterday tomorrow
imaj morning morning morning morning morning
ujmaj dusk
umaj evening
èmaj noon
joèmaj afternoon
fimaj good day!
fiumaj good evening!

Wikibooks | 105
 Chapter 4

moja nocturnal
èmoj midnight
moj
fimoj good night!
night
ádmoju every night
udmoju tonight
judrer to date
jojudrer to postdate
jajudrer to antedate udjudu idjudu
jud
judar calendar on this on that
date
judaf calendar date date
judén datebook
odjudu on what date
jaga old, jagat elder,
jagan old age, jagat
bikam elder care
facility, jagcer to age,
jagca aged, ágcea
ageing
joga young/new, jogan
youth (state), jogat
youth (person), jogatán
youth (coll.), egjogser
to rejuvenate/renew,
joganéna youthful
gajàga elder
jàg age gojàga younger
gejàga of the same age,
as old (as)
jéga adult
jega middle aged
jòga adolescent
ojéga minor
gájàga eldest
gójàga youngest
glajàga antique,
ancient
glojàga brand new,
very young
odjàg how old?

Time expressions

expression example
Yujo mani ja et pio. Turn out the lights before you
ja before
leave.
je while Tobob tuja je tújá. The child died while sleeping.

106 | Unilingua
Word Families

Jo teacera mavi it igípa. After seeing the flames,

jo after
he fled.
Aita tijé ga fià ji dropek úja. We have been living
ji since
better since the war ended.
Ju et agco, et ho tido. Until you grow up, you won't
ju until
understand.
já early Ga já ga fi. The earlier the better.
jé on time Valco puer jé. Be sure to arrive on time.
jó late Ho puo já! Don't arrive late!
zojubu yesterday Hè mamila zojubu? Did it rain yesterday?
udjubu today Iyt deuzo udjubu. She is going to sing today.
zajubu tomorrow At ikso dén zajubu. I will finish the book tomorrow.
zomoju last night Hè et fi túja zomoju? Did you sleep well last night?
Udmoju ho eco màri mamu. Tonight there will be
udmoju tonight
no stars in the sky.
Tijuba vitul aco zamoju. The birthday feast will
zamoju tomorrow night
occur tomorrow night.
jazojubu the day before Vab gorfàa jazojubu. The grass had been mowed
yesterday the day before yesterday.
jozajubu the day after Avolam íjco jozajubu. The bakery will open the day
tomorrow after tomorrow.
Uvà eta ted jà pia. Sadly, your father has already
jà already
left.
gaj still Hè pati gaj tijea? Are the birds still alive?
Hè et jù teuca hia pancin? Have you seen this
jù yet
movie yet?
Uti sá hubén aju. People used to act that way in the
aju in the past
past.
eju at present Eju ait ukce mil. At present, we are out of water.
oju in the future Et fi to oju. You'll know better in the future.
ji idjob since then, Ji idjob eca hoga sejeti. Since then, there have
thenceforth been no further incidents.
jo udjob from now on, Jo udjob at éso ga tepazà. From now on I will work
henceforth more diligently.
Ju idjob at ho teacàa ídcuni. Until then, I had not
ju idjob until then
seen such things.
ju udjob until now, up to
Hot ózpa ju udjob. Nobody has emerged so far.
now, so far
At vagó iju ivader et av updier at. I would first
iju first
like to thank you for inviting me.
jò next Jò ait teeco drez Sekspira. Next we shall hear a

Wikibooks | 107
 Chapter 4

poem by Shakespeare.
uju finally Elánidpar uju pua. The train has finally arrived.
gloja recently Iit gloja tadca. They recently married.
glojo soon Jobipar co him glojo. The taxi will be here soon.
Hua pancin ózpa glaja. That movie came out a
glaja a long time ago
long time ago.
Dropek ujco glajo. The war will come to an end a
glajo a long time hence
long time from now.
At gója ijeaca eta vóon. I just now noticed your
gója just
error.
At úbji ijeaca eta vóon. I just now noticed your
úbji just
error.
úbju almost At úbju aka. I almost won.
Keus aca ja e jub. The accident occurred two days
ja ago
ago.
glaj for a long time At ésa hum glaj. I worked there for a long time.
At ésa him anà gloj. I worked here only for a short
gloj for a short time
time.
ókbénà suddenly, all of a
Yokbénà teuzibar ceusa. Suddenly the phone rang.
sudden
igjobu suddenly, all of a
Igjobu teuzibar ceusa. Suddenly the phone rang.
sudden
Odjobu et sa uda cizun? When did you do this
odjobu? when?
painting?
At sa cizun adjobu at ca joga. I did the painting
adjobu when (relative)
when I was young.
ji odjob? since when? for Ji objob et ce tadca? How long have you been
how long? married?
ju odjob until when?, Ju odjob et drecéo eta dén? How long will you be
how long writing your book?
idjubu then, at that time Et ca via idjubu. You were beautiful then.
udjubu now, at this time At ése ge tuut udjubu. I work as a teacher now.
ádjubu always, all the
Iyt ádjubu teubòze. She always smiles.
time
údjubu sometime Iyt egteapo údjubu. She'll visit again someday.
ódjubu never Ata épet ódjubu épede. My dog never barks.
Iit áke beer tadca ju ádjub. They hope to remain
ju ádjub forever
married forever.
Et vege teaper édjubu et vage. You can visit
édjubu ever, anytime
anytime you like.
At teapo et údjubu úboju. I will visit you sometime
údjubu sometime
in the near future.

108 | Unilingua
Word Families

ogedjubu some other Et égo uper ogedjubu. You'll have to come some
time other time.
Ait ége doer ídjubu. We must be silent at such a
ídjubu at such a time
time.
Yad e nidpari pua gedjubu. Both trains arrived at
gedjubu at the same time
the same time.
vo...gaj no longer, At vo vage gaj teacer et. I don't want to see you
anymore any longer.
Odjopi et pe pancinu? How often to you go to the
odjopi? how often?
movies? (jop instance in time)
Et ége utmilabaner ajop jubè. You must bathe
ajop once
once a day.
ejopi twice At vísa par ejopi. I washed the car twice.
glajopi often Ait deuze ánà glajop. We often sing together.
At glojopi teaca ídcun. Seldom have I seen such a
glojopi seldom
thing.
gaijopi sometimes, at
Iyt ceace geijopi jó. She sometimes shows up late.
times
ojop never At ojop vóde. I never lie.
Et ídjop abdabe ébdaen. You dominate the
ídjop so often
conversion so often.
gejopi as often Upo gejopi vé et vage. Come as often as you like.
Ata ted datupe gajopi vé ja. My father visits more
gajopi more often
often than before. (vé than)
gojopi less often At zípe gojopi udjubi. I travel less often these days.
Nun ce géjopi nasaga. The merchandise is quite
géjopi quite often
often expensive.
grajopi too often Et tile grajopi. You drink too often.
At ózpe tam grajopi. I get out of the house too
grojopi too infrequently
infrequently.
gájopi as often as Et ége milaber voci gájopi. You should water the
possible flowers as often as possible.
gójopi as seldom as At ázte maru gójopi. I lie in the sun as seldom as
possible possible.

Beginning and ending (ijer, ujer)

The following table shows j (time) words that forms parallels on the basis of the i
⇒ u ordinal vowel opposition:

ijer to begin ujer to end

ij beginning uj end

Wikibooks | 109
 Chapter 4

ija initial uja final

tijer to be born tujer to die
tij birth tuj death
tija natal, born tuja mortal, dead
tijser to birth tujser to kill
majij dawn majuj dusk
tobij ovum>
vabij seed
patij egg
magujer to
magijer to spark
extinguish
manijer to light manujer to turn off
esijer to set in
esuj to terminate
motion
tesij idea
jabij new year's jabuj year's end
íjer to open újer to close
íj opening új close
íja open úja closed
íjar key újar lock
íjem passageway újem dead end
íjofer to unfold újofer to fold
íjden introduction újden conclusion
tíjer to wake tújer to sleep
tíj wakefulness túj sleep
tíja awake túja asleep
taj former ja
aj past aju in the past, then ajer to delay já early
life before
je jé on
ej present eju at present, now ejer to wait tej life
during time
ojer to
oj future oju in the future toj afterlife jo after jó late
preempt
ij iju in the beginning,
ijer to begin tij birth ji since
beginning at first
uj end uju in the end, at last ujer to end tuj death ju until

Natural phenomena (mor, mar, etc.)

110 | Unilingua
Word Families

mor universe mora universal,

Wikibooks | 111
 Chapter 4

mòr cosmos mòra cosmic, mòrtun cosmology

mar sun mara solar, marnad sun ray
màra stellar, màrán constellation, màránag galaxy, màrtun
màr star
astronomy
mear Mercury
meer Venus
meir Earth
meur Mars
mer planet
meór Jupiter
meár Saturn
meér Uranus
meír Pluto
mira global
amir north, amira nordic
omir south, omira southern
mir world
imir east, imira oriental
umir west, umira occidental
emir equator, emira equatorial
mura lunar
mùr satellite
mur moon muar comet
muer meteor
muerog meteorite
mol nature mola natural, omola artificial
mula material, multun physics
mulet particle
amul atom
amulán molecule
amulet atomic particle
mul matter amula atomic, amulzem nucleus, amulzema nuclear
emul electron
imul proton
umul neutron
umulet neutrino
ámul quark
mala aerial
màl gas
maal atmosphere
mael troposphere
mal air
mail stratosphere
maul ionosphere
maól exosphere
malp airwave
mam sky mama celestial, mamnad horizon, mamèzún rainbow,
mamceus thunder

112 | Unilingua
Word Families

mamevan weather
mamevantun meteorology
maem space maema spatial, paem spacecraft, maempopud astronaut
maap gust
maep breeze
maip puff
map wind mapag cyclone
mapaget storm
maper to blow
maiper to puff
maaf stratus
maef nimbostratus
maif cumulus
mauf cumulonimbus
maóf stratocumulus
màaf allocumulus
maf cloud maéf allostratus
maíf cirrocumulus
maúf cirrostratus
malof cirrus
óbmaf nimbus
mafàa cloudy
mafòa cloudless
mela terrestrial, meltun geography
mel ground,
ánmel continent, ánmela continental
earth
ónmel island, ónmela insular
meam region
meem land
meim countryside
memcin scenery
memud peasant
ázmem plain
ázmeam valley
mem country
ázmeem dale
ukmem desert
ènukmem steppe
vabem prairie
vabemet meadow
ébmem isthmus
ézmelber to bury
mep way mèp route
meap road
meep path
meip lane, track
meup pass
mepet alley

Wikibooks | 113
 Chapter 4

uzmep detour
izmep bee-line
kumep sidewalk
domep highway
óbmep subway

mebán mountain chain

ázmeb plateau
miekmeb dune
meb mountain
magmeb volcano, magmeba volcanic, magmebil lava
mèb mount
meab hill
meabet hillock
zamet front yard, zomet back yard, kumet side yard, vocmet
met garden
flower garden
med park potmed zoo, fabmed arboretum, pemed parking lot
moma subterranean
mom
mompar subway
underground
momesem mine, momesud miner
mòb abyss
moab canyon
mob precipice moeb ravine
moib cave
moub ditch
mop tunnel
mima marine
mimag ocean
miam lake
miem pond
miim marsh
mióm swamp
ézmim bay
mim sea midom port
mimkum shore
mimázkum beach
mimuzkum gulf
ébmim strait
mimpop ocean cruise
mimbok seasickness
mimanar lighthouse
mit basin
mip river mipa fluvial, miper to flow, run
miap river
miep stream
miip brook

114 | Unilingua
Word Families

mipet tributary
igmip torrent, igmipa torrential
ébmip canal
mipkum riverbank
mimzèmep bridge
mipugar dam
mipàa riparian
mil water mila aquatic
óbmila underwater
mamil rain
mamiler to rain
mileter to drip, milet drop, miletog droplet, mileteá drippy
umilóbiner to drown [intr.]
milpóer to drown [intr.]
miltujer to drown, miltujat drowning victim, miltuj drowning
milper to swim
milber to water, irrigate
milpón waterfall
milabaner to wash [tr.], utmilabaner to bathe, milaban bath,
milabanim bathroom, milabanam bathhouse, milabaném
bathtub
miltim bath, washroom
milcom sink
ilper to flow, ilp flux, current
iligper to gush, stream
ilaper to float, ilapar flotation device
ilukser to flush, iluksar toilet
ilikser to flood, iliks inundation
gámiluper to flood, gámilup flood
ilóper to downpour
ilzíber to spray
ilpúner to squirt
ilpáner to gush
iloker to leak, ilok leak
ilpéner to splash
tiibiloker to bleed
ilzéper to leak, ilzép leak
ogilzéper to trickle, ogilzép trickle
zoílper to back up with water, zoílp reflux
ilpan wave
ilpanet ripple
ilápóper to undulate, ilápóp undulation, wave action
mimupip tide, mimupipa tidal
mimbin tide, mibina tidal
mimpán surf, mimpánud surfer, mimpán faof surfboard
ilbuner to pump, ilbunar pump
milbiner to pump, draw water, milbinar pump, milbinéc well
ilaber to pour

Wikibooks | 115
 Chapter 4

utmilzíber to take a shower

milbím spring
tilcom drinking fountain
milbíc fountain
mimper to navigate, sail, mimpar ship
mimpoper to sail, travel by sea, mimpop cruise, sea voyage,
mimpopud sea voyager, mimpopar cruise ship
imcer to get wet,imsrer to drench, ìmser to dampen, iman
ima wet
wetness, ìman humidity, olimsar dehumidifier
uma dry uman dryness, umser to dry, umsar dryer, umca dried
aman heat, amanàg temperature, àma warm, àman warmth,
ama hot
amser to heat, amsar heater
oman cold, òma cool, omser to cool, omsur refrigerator,
oma cold
òmser to refresh, òmsea refreshing, òmsun refreshment
óma frozen, ómser to freeze, ómsur freezer
óm ice óom frost, óoma frosted, óomcer to frost over, olóomser to
defrost, ovóomil antifreeze
maer to shine
manet glimmer, maneter to glimmer
manser to light up
maníjer to turn on the light
manújer to turn off the light
man light manager to illuminate
màna clear, mànser to clarify, mànan clarity
lomàna opaque
manig sparkle, maniger to sparkle
kumaner to reflect
zòmaner to mirror, zòmanar mirror
magar match, magam fireplace
magser to burn, magsar burner
magcer to burn (intr.), magca burned, magcun a burn
mageler to cook, magelud a cook, magelun cuisine, magelar
oven, magelur frying pan
magújer to extinguish a fire, magújud fireman, magújam'
fire department
mag fire

magil petroleum
magìl napth
maagil fuel
maegil gasoline
maigil kerosene

maver to flame, maveá flammable, mavser to inflame,

mav flame
mavsen inflammation, mavugea flame retardant

116 | Unilingua
Word Families

maka electrical, makser to electrify, makéna electronic,

mak electricity maktun electronics, makveg electric power, makvegam
electric power plant
mov smoke mover to smoke, movikca smoke-filled, movet plume
mona dark, moncer to grow dark, monser to darken (tr.)
mon dark otmon shadow, otmonéna shadowy
mòn shade, mòna shady, obscure, mònan obscurity
megéna (made of) stone, megàa rocky, megunkum cinder
block
megag boulder
megog pebble
meag marble
meeg slate
meig granite
meug clay
meóg clay
meág chalk
meg stone meég limestone
meíg alabaster
meúg rubble stone
mealog sandstone
megóg gravel
mieg pebble
mameg coal
maameg anthracite
èmameg coke
maemeg peat
maimeg lignite
mék powder
méik paste
mek dust mékar mill
mékam mill
meil mud
mef brick abmef tile
mev
porcelaine
amez diamond
emez topaze
imez ruby
mez gemstone ómez sapphire
ámez amethyste
vamez emerald
mezán jewelry, mezánam jewelry shop

Money (nac)

Wikibooks | 117
 Chapter 4

nazer to be worth, nazika valuable, nazuka worthless, nazder to

naz
evaluate, nazter to esteem, utnaz merit, utnazer to deserve,
value
utnazika meritorious, onazteá inestimable, nazta esteemed
nasaga expensive, nasoga cheap, nasán rates, nasuka priceless
nas
nàs cost, nàser to cost, nàsaga costly, nàsòa cost-free, nàsán costs,
price
nàsder to cost out
nacet change, nacetéb coin purse, nacdref check, jonacdref bill,
nacán capital, ánac funds, ánàc sum, nactun finance, donactun
'nac economy, nacam bank, nacika rich, nacuka poor, úsnac gratuity,
money tip, nasak profit, nacok loss, gornacdren stock, gornacdrenam
stock market, yebkyanac commission, nacyeg debt, nacyegaya
indebted, nacyeger to owe money
noc
nocer to spend, nòc fee, funoc waste, finoca generous
expense
nec necer to save, necán savings, cágdin necána savings account,
savings funeca stingy, nècer to economize
nucer to pay out, nucbier to buy, nucbiud buyer, nucbiudán
nuc clientele, dobnuc tax, nucvegeá solvable, jobnuc credit, jobnucud
payment creditor, jobnucdaf credit card, januc prepayment, zònucer to
reimburse
nicer to collect, cash, nicán revenue, nicbuer to pay for, nicbuud
vendor, ésnic salary, ésnìc wage, tutnic honorarium, égnicag
nic
tribute, dobnic pension, dotnic allowance, donic annuity, ésnicud
income
wage earner, jonic debit, jonicud debitor, jonicdaf debit card,
zònicerto recover

Merchandise (nun) and materials (nof)

nunam store, nunàm boutique, nunamet shop, nunamán
nun shopping center, nunem market, nunud merchant, nunébkán
merchandise commerce, nundel advertisement, nunemtun marketing, nuler
to acquit,
nozud jeweler, nozam jewelry shop, nozán jewelry, nozika
noz jewel bejeweled, tuóz bracelet, obtez necklace, tuúz ring, tiaz broche,
teez earring, tez crown, teiz nose ring, nozkobilud jewel thief
nof material nofser to weave, nofsar loom, nofán textiles
taf suit
tof clothes
tif vest, etc.
nòv sheet
novet rag
nov linen milnov towel
milnovet handtowel
milov wash cloth
naf cloth naaf drape/curtain, naafán drapery
naef canvas

118 | Unilingua
Word Families

naif velvet
nauf net
nefser to knit, yarn
nef knit, yarn
neef lace
nifser to thread, wire
nìf string
nif thread, nifet filament
wire nifar needle
nivar pin, ánifer to sew, ánifur sewing machine, ániftén
couture, nifòa wireless, maknif electrical cord
náf knot náfser to knot
nífet lace
níf cord
nífetog braid
néf sack, bag ném box, némag case, poném suitcase, áznéfem basket
nóf film nóv ribbon
núf button núfec buttonhole (zéc hole)
fùf tube
fuf pipe tilfuf drinking straw
tiibuf artery (fub branch)
zúf post zúfet column, pimzúf mast, zézúf cross-beam
zúv stick zúvet cane, ágzúv pole
faof board faocéb barrel (fab tree + nof material + céb container)
mez crystal meg stone + naz value
zév glass
zéf glass cinzéf mirror, cimzéf window pane (zéteaser see through + nof
material)
utaéf wool upet sheep
apeéf silk apeét worm
favof cotton favob cotton plant
fivof hemp fivob hemp plant
fuvof jute fuvob jute plant
favov cotton
favob cotton plant
wool
taóf leather taób skin + nof material
taéz fur taéb hair + naz value

Measures and dimensions (nag)

nog degree anoga primary
enoga secondary
inoga tertiary
unoga quaternary

Wikibooks | 119
 Chapter 4

henoga to what degree, how?

nogper to step, zànogper to advance, progress, step ahead,
zònogper to step back, regress, ábnogper to step up, be
promoted, advance, óbnogper to step down, be demoted, nogà by
degrees
nòg grade, step, nogéna gradual, ujnògper to graduate,
ujnògpud graduate
noog stage, level, status, enooga bi-level, two-staged, ábnooga
high-status, dotnoog social status, class, óbdotnooga low-class,
kódotnoog caste
anaga one-dimensional
enaga two-dimensional
inaga three-dimensional
glanaga multi-dimensional
nag
dimension
nàg measure, size', nàger to measure, genàga commensurate,
onnàgeá immeasurable, zenayga moderate, ozenayga
immoderate, zenaygaser to moderate, naygar meter
(measuring device), nayga metric, naygpar taxi

genega even, ogenega uneven, odd, glanega multiplanar, negar

neg level
level (planing device), enega bi-level, ébnega interplanar
néga spatial, onég void, glanéga spacious, ónanég interval,
nég space
ónanégser to space out, tomnég Lebensraum, cf. néb container
nibser to arrange, nibcer to adapt, niber to array, oniber to
nib row,
disarray, óniber to topple, nibémer to dispose, ábniba high-
rank
ranking
nipber to order, onip disorder, onipber to mess up, nipba
nip order,
ordered, orderly, neat, sequential, onipba out of sequence, out of
turn,
order, messed up, Heta nip ce? Whose turn is it?, jonipa next,
sequence,
janipa prior, niper to queue up, to line up, to get in order,
queue
zínipber to sort, vánip proper order, order
nuda columnar, nibnubi coordinates, nibnubcan grid, matrix,
nud column
row-column format
zenod mid-point, center, zénod hub, intersection, ábnod high-
nod point point, climax, apex, óbnod low-point, nadir, ijnod starting point,
ujnod endpoint, butt, terminal, drenod period, dot
ned surface, neda superficial, planar, záned stretch
plane, face nedet facet, glaneda multifaceted
nid line nida linear, teacnid light of sight, nidber to align, obnider to
(cf. nif wire) underline, nidar ruler, elánid rail, jopnid track, kunid edge,
border, rim, zyunid circumference, boundary, zyeiznid
perpendicular (line), zyeiznida perpendicular, mamnid
horizon, yaztanida horizontal, yabtanida vertical, kinid
diagonal, zeynid transversal, kinida diagonal, zenid midline,

120 | Unilingua
Word Families

nidcer to line up, queue up, form a line, iznid straight line,
geizana nid parallel line, ébnida interlinear, drenid line of text,
zanid front-line, frontier, forward line, óznid limit, íbnid limit
nìd ray, radius, nìdcer to radiate, marnìd sun ray, nìda radial
niid trait
néd volume
nédàa voluminous, zúnéd sphere
(cf. néb
gekumnéd cube
container)
caga numeric, cager to number, cág count, cáger to count, cáag
cag number calculation, cágar computer, cáagar calculator, cágud
accountant, cágán account
anan one time
enan twice
nan time
glanan often, glanana frequent
(frequency)
glonan seldom
henan how often?

Geometry

kín weight
azan strength
igan velocity
íban distance
izan direction
ágan length
záan width
óban depth
ában height
zúan girth
bar pressure
kítan gravity
gáan thickness
ígan solidity
zeban density
maan
brightness
nangan
egan repetition, nan time(s)
frequency
jag age
voz color
gan quantity
fin quality

Wikibooks | 121
 Chapter 4

cág number meaning count; number is cag

nog degree
nébgan volume nég volume, meaning a solid
végan ratio
nas cost
naz value
zènidgan
as a line: zènid
diameter
zúnidgan
circumference
ènzègan radius as a line: nìd
nag dimension
neg level
nib row
nip order also: turn, sequence
nub column (on a grid)
can shape
néd volume, zúnéd sphere, gekumnéd cube, zúfnéd cylinder, defábnéd
solid cone, aginéd cone
kunid border, zúnid contour, zénid transverse, zéiznid
perpendicular, kinid diagonal, áztanid horizontal, ábtanid
nid line
vertical, zenid midline, iznid vector, uznid curve, curved line,
geizana nid parallel
gegun right angle, gagun obtuse angle, gogun sharp angle,
gun angle
igun triangle, ugegun rectangle, uogegun rhomboid
nod point zenod midpoint, zúnod turning point, zénod intersection
ágkum hypotenuse, abkum topside, obkum bottom, gekuma
kum side equilateral, ekuma bilateral, glakuma multilateral, ugekum
square
ned plane eneda biplane, glaneda multifaceted
zúc circle èzúc semi-circle, zûc oval
zúfuf cylinder
gin tip, point aginéd cone

Instruments and Machines (-ar, -ir, -ur)

The -ar suffix is used for instruments and devices in general. The -ir suffix is
used for machines, while -ur is used for motors and engines. The distinction is
only made when necessary.

122 | Unilingua
Word Families

Vehicles (par)

zíper to travel, zíptam hotel, zípem travel destination, zìpud

zíp travel traveler, ifzíp tourism, ifzípud tourist, zípdren passport, zípmep
itinerary, zípém suitcase or zípa ném suitcase
para vehicular, parupip traffic, pareper to park, parepam
garage, parepem parking lot
nunpar truck
éspar truck
nunparet van
makabnifpar tram(electrified overhead wire car)
binifpar trolley, cable car (pulled cable car)
elánidpar train (iron rail car), elánidpar epam railway station
nidpar train
ágpar train
par vehicle gorsémpar train (compartmented vehicle)
dompar bus (city vehicle), dompar epam bus station, bus stop
dompar epem
tánpar bus (people vehicle)
zípar bus (roundabout vehicle)
ébdompar motorcoachintercity behicle)
paret cart
wheelbarrow
curezúcpar motorcycle, parizber to drive/pilot, parizbud
driver/pilot, parizbuda vegdren driver's license, pilot's license
jobnucpar taxi, cab
mamp flight mamper to fly, mampud aviator, mampen aviation
mamparam hangar, mamparem airport, mamparet small plane,
mampar memparag jumbo jet, zípuda mampar passenger plane,
airplane nunkína mampar cargo plane, dropeka mampar warplane,
zúptuba mampar helicopter ("rotating wing plane")
memp ride memper to ride
memparam carport, garage, meparem parking lot, nàga
mempar car
mempar taxi
mimp sea
mimper to sail, mimpena maritime
voyage
mimparem marina, mimparof sail, óbmimpar submarine,
mimpar ship mimparud mariner, mimpartim ship cabin, mimzíp cruise,
mimpareb ship captain, nunmimpar cargo ship
maimpar
hydroplane
meampar
funicular
mompar
momparem subway station, mompar zémep subway tunnel
subway

Wikibooks | 123
 Chapter 4

Tools

car tool
carán toolset
tuábcar handtool
c- object éscar work tool
carném toolbox
egcarser to retool, repair
egcarsud repair technician
càr instrument
càrán instrumentation
c- object
càréna instrumental
càrcer to be instrumental
cur device
curán equipment
c- object
curbàser to equip
dopcurán ordnance
cúr apparatus, system
c- object cúra systemic
cúraser to systematize
cir machine
cirán machinery
c- object cira mechanical
cirud mechanic
ciraser to mechanize
cír motor, engine
c- object círàa motorized
círàser to motorize
c- object cìr mecanism
par vehicle, car
para vehicular
parupip traffic
parepam garage
p- go
parepem parking lot
círpar motor vehicle
círezúcpar motorcycle (also: círezúc
motorbike)
gopar knife
goper to cut
goparer to stab
ígfagoper to saw ígfagopar saw
gofer to shear gofar scissors, shears
grorber to shave grorbar shaver, razor
úzbalar pliers
úzbaler to pinch
úzbalaret tweezers

124 | Unilingua
Word Families

zúfod screw zúfodar screwdriver

apénar hammer
apéner to hit
apénarer to hammer
mamil rain ovmamilar umbrella
póner to fall ovpónar parachute
mar sun ovmarar parasol
biner to pull binar handle
mobser to dig mobsar excavator
uklan hollow uklar shovel
zéc hole zécbar bore
nofázar iron
nofázer to iron
nofázenfaof ironing board
aman heat amsar heater
oman cold omsar refrigerator
óm ice ómsar freezer
ánifer to sew ánifur sewing machine
nifar needle
nif thread
nivar pin
mék powder mékar mill, grinder
taébar comb
taéb hair
taébarer to comb
vícar brush, sweep
vícer to clean
'vícarer to brush, sweep
albanar mop
albaner to wipe
albanarer to mop
álber to lift álbur elevator
teler to eat telar fork
tiler to drink tilar spoon
iber to receive ibar receiver
uber to send ubar transmitter
íjer to open íjar key, opener
azújer to lock azújar lock
céb container cébíjar opener (for cans, bottles, etc.)
dopar weapon
doapar gun

dopa military
dopur rifle
igdopur machine-gun
dopir canon
doapir bazooka

Wikibooks | 125
 Chapter 4

mageler to cook magelar cooker

magiler to boil magilar boiler
magler to roast maglar roaster, oven
abmagler to grill abmaglar grill
tel food + éber to hold telébar platter
telarán dishes telarán milbar dishwasher
il liquid + újer to close ilújar faucet
mip river + ugser to brake mipugsar dam
mil water + ukser to flush miluksar toilet
drar pen
drer to write
drear pencil
uga slow ugsar brake
úgcra elastic úgcrar spring
eker to play ekar toy
cágar calculator
cág count
cágir computer
mancin photo mancinar camera
panmancin movie panmancinar movie camera
ceus sound ceusdrar recorder
ceus sound + iber to receive ceusibar radio
cin image + iber to receive cinibar television
teuz voice + iber to receive teuzibar telephone
mak electricity + cyefet cell makcéfet teuzibar cellphone
nif wire onifa teuzibar wireless phone
pan motion paneá teuzibar mobile phone
tuúb finger + drer write tuúdrar keyboard, typewriter
tun datum + káls
ébtunkálsar modem
conversion

Animals (pot)
All animal terms contain the notions of mobile (p) and organism (t).

Summary

animal (in
pot
general)
pót wild beast
pat bird

126 | Unilingua
Word Families

pet animal (land)

pét reptile
pelt insect
pit fish

Domesticated animals (pet)

male female child home noise other

potun zoology
potuna zoological
potmet zoo
potuj hunt,
potujud hunter,
potujer tohunt
potaéb mane
poder to
pòt potob poteub muzzle
potmet make an
pot animal female baby poteib snout
zoo animal
animal animal potub paw
noise
potuúb claw
tiúb tail
teúb horn
tampot pet,
poténa animalistic,
potán animalia,
potan animality
apeta equine
apetapen
apèt apetob apetam apeder to equitation
apet horse
mare foal stable neigh apetigpek horse
race
aopet gelding
epeder to
epeta bovine
epèt epetob epetam snort,
epet bull eapet buffalo
cow calf bull pen epèder to
eopel beef
moo
ipèt she- ipetob ipeder to
ipet ass iapet mule
ass donkey bray, hehaw
uopet sheep,
uopetbelud
upèt upetob upeder to
upet ram shepherd
ewe lamb bleat
utaef wool
íopel mutton
ópèt ópetbelud
ópetob
ópet goat nanny- goatherder
kid
goat ótaéf goat's hair

Wikibooks | 127
 Chapter 4

ápeta porcine
ápetôafud 'pig's
ápèt ápetob ápetam ápeder to foot
ápet hog
sow piglet pigpen squeal ápel pork
ápetól ham
ápetaol sausage
épèt épetob épetam épeder to épeta canine,
épet dog
bitch pup doghouse bark êpetob puppy
ípeder to
ípèt she- ípetob ípetam meow, ípeta feline,
ípet cat
cat kitten cathouse îpeder to ípetobán litter
purr
ípetob úpetam úpetôafud rabbit's
úpèt doe
úpet rabbit baby rabbit foot
rabbit
rabbit cage úlpet hare
tapeder to
tapèt taapet
tapet make
female chimpanzee,
monkey monkey
monkey tapetag ape
noises
gapetob
gapet gapeit
elephant
elephant hippopotamus
cub
gepet
rhinoceros
vapèt
vapet stag, vapetob
doe,
hart fawn
hind
vepet deer
vipet
roebuck
vupet
chamois
vópet llama
vápet
antilope
vépet
gazelle
vípet elk,
moose
fapèt
fapet camel she-
camel
fepet
dromadery

128 | Unilingua
Word Families

kapet
squirrel
kepet
polecat
kipet
badger
kupet otter
kópet
weasel,
stone
marten
kápet
beaver
képet
ermine,
stoat
sapet
hedgehog
sepet
porcupine
sipet mole
zapet zapeit turtle
tortoise zataób turtle shell
klapetob klapetam
klapet rat
baby rat rat's nest
klepetob
klepet klapeder klepetar mouse
young
mouse to squeek (computer device)
mouse

Wild animals ( pyot )

male female child home noise other

ápót boar
rapôt rapótob lion rapótam
rapót lion rapóder to roar
lioness cub lion's den
repôt repótob repótam repóder to
repót tiger
tigress tiger cub tiger's den growl
ripót ripôt ripótob riapót
leopard female leopard dub panther
leopard riepót
jaguar
riipót
puma
riupót

Wikibooks | 129
 Chapter 4

lynx
rupôt she- rupótob rupótam rupóder to rupóta
rupót wolf
wolf wolf cub wolf's lair howl lupine
rópótob fox rópótam
rópót fox rópôt vixen
cub foxhole
gápóder to
gápót gâpót she- gápótob gáapót
laugh like a
hyena hyena baby byena jackal
hyena
tapót
orang-
utang
tepóder to
tepótob tepótam
tepót bear growl (like a
bear cub bear cave
bear)

Reptiles (pyet) and amphibians (pyeit)

male female child home noise other

pyet
pyeta reptilian
reptile
gapyet
gaypyet alligator
crocodile
gepyet
cayman
kepyet
lizard
lopyet lopyeder
lopyeper to slither
snake to hiss
lapyet boa
lepyet
cobra
lipyet lipyetam
viper viper's nest
sipet mole
apyeatam
apyeat bat
bat's cave
epyeat
vampire
fapyet
grass
snake
fepyet
slug

130 | Unilingua
Word Families

fipyet
leech
vapyel escargot
vapyet vapyetigyena sluggish, at
snail a snail's pace, vapyeper to
move at a snail's pace
apyeit apyeitam
toad toadstool
epyeit
epyeiper to leapfrog
frog
ipyeit tree
frog

Insects (pelt)

male female child home noise other

peltán swarm, ovpeltil
insecticide, peltujsil
pelt
insecticide, pelteleat
insect
insectivore, pelper to crawl
around
kopelt
vermine
kapelt
kapeltika lousy
louse
kepelt ovkepeltof flea collar,
flea kepeltika flea-bitten
kipelt
ovkipeltil bug spray
bug
apelatil honey, apelatél
apelat apelatam apelader
wax, apelatán swarm of
bee beehive to buzz
bees
epelat epelatam
wasp wasp's nest
ipelat
horsefly
upelat fly ovupelatar fly-swatter
ópelat
ovópelanef mosquito net
mosquito
lapelat
maybug
lepelat
beetle

Wikibooks | 131
 Chapter 4

tapelat tapelader
cicada to chirp
gapelat
ápelaper to flit about
butterfly
fapeltam
fapelt ant fapeltán swarm of ants
anthill
peét
peétéc wormhole
worm
apeát
silkworm

Birds (pat)

male female child home noise other

patijob egg, patijser to
hatch, patper to fly,
patpier to fly off, pateub
patam
pader to beak, patub wing, pataéb
pat bird bird's
chirp feather, patulob claw,
nest
patésun aviculture,
patém farmyard, patán
poultry
apat apatam
apàt apatob apader to
rooster, chicken apàtog chicken
hen chick crow
cock coop
epat duck, epàt epatob epader to
epatob duckling
drake hen duckling quack
ipàt
ipader to
ipat turkey turkey
gobble
hen
upat goose upatijob goose-egg
ópat
guinea-fowl
ápatam
ápat ápàt ápader to
pigeon
pigeon dove coo
house
rapatob
rapat eagle
eaglet
repat
vulture
ripat kite
rupat
buzzard
rópat hawk

132 | Unilingua
Word Families

rápat
rápatud falconer
falcon
fapat raven
fepat crow
fipat'
magpie
gapat
ostrich
gepat
peacock
dapat stork
dapait
heron
depat
marabou
depait
crane
zapat
swallow
zepat
martinet
tapat tapader
parrot to parrot
tepat
budgie
vapat
nightingale
vepat
yellow
canary
'vipat
canary
vupat
chaffinch
vápat robin
fapat
thrush
fepader
fepat
to warble,
warbler
yodel
fipat
sparrow

Wikibooks | 133
 Chapter 4

sapat
partridge
sepat quail
sipat
woodcock
supat lark
sópat
pheasant
sápat
grouse
lapait swan
apait
cormorant
epait gull
gapait gapaiper to strut like a
penguin penguin

Fish (pit)

pitán school of fish, pitub fin, pitaéb scale, pitésun

pit fish pisciculture, pitun ichthyology, pitut ichthyologist, pitpin
fishing, pitpinud fisherman
rapit shark
repit dolphin
ripit sperm
whale
rupit walrus
rópit
porpoise
rápit
swordfish
répit tuna
rípit
sturgeon
rúpit cod
lapit ray
lepit turbot
lipit salmon
lupit sole
capit herring
cepit barbel

134 | Unilingua
Word Families

cipit
anchovie
cupit gilt-
head
apit sardine
epit perch
ipit pike
upit carp
ópit tench
ápit gudgeon
épit
stickleback
ípit marline
gapit whale
vapit eel
apiet seal
epiet sea-lion

Crustaceans (piit)

piit shellfish
apiit lobster
epiit crayfish
ipiit prawn
upiit
crawfish
ópiit prawn
ápiit shrimp ápiitpin shrimping
lapiit crab lapiitpin crabbing
apiét oyster piétaób shell, piéz pearl, piètésun ostreiculture
epiét mussle
ipiét clam ipiétpinud clamdigger

Vegetation (fob)

Summary

vegetatio
fob
n
fab tree

Wikibooks | 135
 Chapter 4

fáb fruit
vob plant
vol legume
voc flower
voz color
vab grass

Trees and fruits

fobtun botany, fobtut botanist, fobéstun agronomy, fobésun

fob vegetation agriculture, fobésuna agricultural, fobésud farmer, fobésem
farm
fàb shrub, fàbet bush, fàbán shrubery, fabán forest,
fabánésun forestry, fabánésud forester, fabánàca forested,
fab tree
fabánet woods, fabánog grove, copse, fàbánet scrub, fàbán
thicket, fabmed orchard
fib trunk
fub branch,
fubet twig
limb
faéb leaf faébán foliage, faébet bud
fábéna fruity, fábél jam, fâbél jelly, marmalade, fábóm
fáb fruit
sherbet, fábtul fruit cocktail, fábzeb pit (of fruit), fâob peel
fób root radicule, fóbober to deracinate
faob wood faoba wooden
faab sap
faób bark
afab apple tree afáb apple, afabet boxer tree
efab pear tree efáb pear, efabet spindle-tree
ifab cherry
ifáb cherry, ifabet privet
tree
ufab prune
ufáb prune
tree
ófab apricot
ófáb apricot
tree
áfab peach
áfáb peach
tree
éfab quince
éfáb quince
tree
ífab walnut
ífáb walnut
tree
úfab hazelnut
úfáb hazelnut
tree

136 | Unilingua
Word Families

alofàb
alofáb blackberry
blackberry vine
lafab orange
lafáb orange
tree
lefab mandarin
lefáb mandarin
tree
lifab lemon
lifáb lemon
tree
lufab
lufáb grapefruit
grapefruit tree
fefab date tree fefáb date
fifab banana
fifáb banana
tree
fufab cononut
fufáb coconut
tree
fófab
pomegranite fófáb pomegranite
tree
fífab fig tree fífáb fig
vafàb grape vafáb grape, vafàbem vineyard, vafábil grape juice, vafil
vine wine, vafilsam winery, ígvafil vinaiger, vafilifud oinophile
cafàb tea plant cafaéb tea leaf, tea, cafil tea (drink), cafilam tea house
cefàb coffee
cefáb coffee bean, coffee, cefil coffee (drink), cefilam cafe
plant
cifàb
blackcurrant cifáb blackcurrant
bush
cufàb
cufáb raspberry
raspberry bush
cófàb currant
cófáb currant
bush
sifàb pepper
sifáb pepper, sifáber to pepper, sifábika peppery
plant
kafab olive
kafáb olive, kafábél olive oil
tree
rafab oak tree rafáb acorn
refab beech
refaob beechwood
tree
rifab chestnut
rifáb chestnut
tree
rufab plane
tree

Wikibooks | 137
 Chapter 4

rófab poplar
'rófaob poplar wood
tree
ráfab birch
ráfaob birchwood
tree
réfab locust
tree
rífab chestnut
fífáb chestnut
tree
rúfab willow
rúafab weeping willow
tree
ralafab lime
ralafáb lime
tree, linden
ralefab maple
ralefaob maplewood
tree
ralofab elm
ralofaob elmwood
tree
dofab
dofáb cone
evergreen tree
dafab fir tree
defab pine tree defáb pine cone, defaéb pine needle, defaob pine (wood)
dufab cypress
dufaob cypress wood
tree

Plants, vegetables, grains, and legumes

vober to plant, vobem plantation, vobud planter, vobier to

vob plant harvest, vobijob harvest (time), vobésam farm, vobyesud
farmer
vabem grassland, prairie, vabema rural, vabgorcer to mow,
vab grass vabemet lawn, vabán grass (lawn), vabij germ, vabóg moss,
vabib crop, harvest, vabiber to reap, vabam barn
veb ear, tuft,
spike
vib stem
vaob hay
vub blade,
sprig, twig
váb seed vábet seedling, váber to seed
vâb grain,
bean
vulob thorn,
vulobika thorny
spine
ovob cereal

138 | Unilingua
Word Families

avob wheat avol bread, avolek flour

evob rye
ivob barley
uvob
buckwheat
óvob oat óvolek oatmeal
ávob hop ávil beer
évob rapeseed,
colza
ívob rice
gavob
gaváb sunflower seed
sunflower
gevob corn,
geváb kernel, gevobek cornmeal
maize
givob tobacco givoc cigar, givocet cigarette, givov tobacco smoke
favob cotton faváb cottonseed, favof cotton fabric
fevob flax
fivob hemp fuvov marijuana, pot
fuvob jute
zavob
strawberry zaváb strawberry
bush
cavob fern
cevob thistle
civob nettle
savob
mushroom
zevob basil
zivob thyme
zuvob
rosemary
ováb legume,
bean
aváb green
bean
eváb lentil
iváb pea
uváb broad
bean
óváb lima
bean

Wikibooks | 139
 Chapter 4

volinud vegetarian, volem vegetable garden, volcer to

vol vegetable
vegetate
lovol tuber
lavol potato
levol beet level sugar, levela sweet
livol radish
luvol carrot
lávol artichoke
lóvol turnip
favol leek
fevol onion
fivol shallot
fuvol garlic
pavol cabbage
pevol
cauliflower
bavol tomato bavil tomato juice
bevol eggplant
bivol squash
buvol
ígza buvol pickle
cucumber
bávol
artichoke
bóvol gherkin
vavol lettuce
vevol spinach
vivol sorrel
vuvol
dandelion
vávol
watercress
vóvol chicory
gavol pumpkin
gevol melon
givol
watermelon
zavol parsley

140 | Unilingua
Word Families

Flowers and colors

voca floral, vocer to flower, vocen flowering, vocud florist,

voc flower vocán bouquet, vocaéb petal, vocém flowerbed, vocésun
horticulture
avoc lily avoza white
evoc narcissus evoza yellow
ivoc poppy ivoza red
uvoc rose uvoza pink
óvoc cornflower óvoza blue
ávoc hydrangea ávoza mauve
évoc lilac évoza lilac
ívoc violet ívoza violet
úvoc carnation
lovoc daisy
lavoc lily of the
valley
levoc jonquil
livoc geranium
luvoc forget-me-
not
lávoc tulip
lévoc dahlia
lóvoc hyacinthe
elavoc iris
elevoc primrose
elivoc
chrysanthemum

Colors (voz)

Change -oza to -òza to get -ish as in whitish (avòza).

Change -oza to -óza to get dark ... as in dark red (ivóza).

voz color vooz tint, hue

avoza white from avoc lily
evoza yellow from evoc narcissus
ivoza red from ivoc poppy
uvoza pink from uvoc rose
óvoza blue from óvoc cornflower

Wikibooks | 141
 Chapter 4

ávoza mauve from ávoc hydrangea

évoza lilac from óvoca lilac
ívoza violet,
from ívoc violet
purple
vaza green from vab grass
from mon darkness or moj
moza black
night
maza sky blue from mam sky or maj day
èmoza gray from è half + moza black
meza khaki from mel soil
lafáza orange from lafáb orange
rifáza maroon from rifáb water chestnut
rífyza brown from rífáb chestnut
vápeza beige from vápet antilope

Some Cross-thematic Analogies in Vocabulary

human tree grass food material
taob faob vaob taol faof
flesh wood hay meat board
human tree plant fruit fish cloth
taób faób vaób vâob piétaób taóf
skin bark husk rind shell leather
human tree plant flower bird fish
taéb faéb vaéb vocaéb pataéb pitaéb
hair leaf twig petal feather scale
human tree plant bird fish government animal
tub fub vub patub pitub dub petub
arm branch blade wing fin minister forepaw
society human work plant fish
deb teb seb veb piteb
chief head boss tuft fish-head
past+pe
form gesture knowledge action society citizen people person person
rson
cén bén tén sén dotcén ditbén udánbén utbén ajutbén utcén
style manner profession tradecraft civilization civility custom habit tradition genre
t-d t-z d-c d-z s-c s-z c-z c-s
teud teuz deuc deuz seuc seuz ceuz ceus
shout voice accent song noise melody tone sound

142 | Unilingua
Word Families

t-c t-s b-c t-p t-d c-c iz-c n-c ij-c

teacer teaser beacer teaper teader ceacer izeacer neacer ijeacer
to see to look to watch to visit to witness to seem to show to aim to perceive
mar mag man mak maz mav mal mam map maf maj
sun fire light electricity sparkle flame air sky wind cloud day
mer meg mek mez mef mev mel mem meb mep mej med met
planet rock dust gem brick porcelain soil land mountain road noon park garden
ij tij patij tobij atobij vobij tesij
beginning birth egg embryo germ seed idea

Wikibooks | 143
 Chapter 5

5 G RAMMAR
live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Spelling

The author of Unilingua, Agapoff, uses a double quote to signal capitalization and
thus dispenses with all majuscules. In this Mirad textbook, however, majuscules
(upper case graphemes) are used and capitalization adheres to the American
English model.

In this book, the mostly Cyrillic single-grapheme characters used by Agapoff for
yodified vowels are replaced with the following system:

Pre-yodified vowels, that is, those preceded by a y-glide sound, take an acute
accent:

plain vowel pre-yodified vowel

a á (ya)
e é (ye)
i í (yi)
o ó (yo)
u ú (yu)
Post-yodified vowels, that is, those followed by a y-glide sound, take a grave
accent:

plain vowel post-yodified vowel

a à (ay)
e è (ey)
i ì (iy)
o ò (oy)
u ù (uy)
Circum-yodified vowels, that is those that are both preceded and followed by a y-
glide sound, take a circumflex accent:

plain vowel circum-yodified vowel

a â (yay)
e ê (yey)
i î (yiy)
o ô (yoy)
u û (yuy)
A pre-yodified vowel always begins a new vowel syllabic nucleus, whereas a post-
yodified vowel ends a vowel syllabic nucleus.

144 | Unilingua
Grammar

Upper-case vowels take the yodifying accents just as the lower-case values do
(thus Á, È, Ô, etc.

Punctuation

The punctuation marks in Mirad are the same as in English. For example, a
question mark (?) is used at the end of a sentence or sentence fragement to
signal an interrogation.

Nouns

Structure

All nouns in their base form end in a consonant. This distinguishes them from
adjectives and conjugated verbs, which end in a vowel.

Pluralization

Nouns are made plural by adding the suffix -i.

singular plural
tob man tobi men
dat friend dati friends
car cari
instrument instruments

Femininization

Although nouns do not have inherent gender, the feminine or female-related

counterpart of a noun can be formed by post-yodifying the ordinal (inner) vowel,
that is, by adding the grave accent ` to the vowel. If the vowel is already pre-
yodified (with an acute accent), then the the acute accent is replaced with a
circumflex (^) (circum-yodification) to show that it is both pre-yodified and post-
yodified.

male-related female-related
tad father tàd mother
tob man tòb woman
tóáv sock tóâv stocking
epet bull epèt cow

Wikibooks | 145
 Chapter 5

Case Tagging

Nouns can take the following case endings, which are shortcuts for prepositional
phrases:

case
category base cased form
ending
genetive/possessive/relative/ toba of the man, human
-a tob man
ablative [origin] (adj.), man's, from the man
tam tamu to the house, (at)
-u locative/dative [destination]
house home, for the house
-à comitive [accompaniment] at I, me atà with me
-è instrumental [means] és work ésè through / by / via work
tec tecò without meaning,
-ò privative ["without"]
meaning senseless
Examples of the genetive/possessive case:

Meira zem ce gra ama. = The earth's core is very hot.

Ata ted tome íbà. = My father lives far away.
Ed et te dad ifana? = Do you know the language of love?

Examples of the locative/dative case:

Pu tamu! = Go home!
Ít peé tamu. = She is staying at home / in the house / home.
At teaco et uda moju. = I'll see you this evening. (= at this evening)
Buu dén atu! = Give the book to me!
Ev ud ce atu? = Is this for me?

Examples of the comitive case:

Upu atà! = Come with me!

Ud ca ekpan tija tujà. = This was a life-and-death struggle.
At ubeé uda ébdren ifanà. = I am sending you this letter with love.

Examples of the instrumental case:

Et vege nacikcer anà esè. = You can get rich only through work.
It aksa koenè ván. = He succeded by hiding the truth.
Ágpar pa Parisè. = The train went through Paris.

Examples of the privative case:

Et vò vege akser nacò. = You cannot succeed without money.

Tij ifanò vò naze ser. = Life without love is not worth living.
Od et su atò? = What would you do without me.

146 | Unilingua
Grammar

Pronouns

Forms

All animate pronouns (those referring to people) end in t in their base form,
while all inanimate pronouns (those referring to things) end in d in their base
form. Pronouns can be singular or plural. All plural pronouns take the plural
suffix i.

animate animate
singular plural
ot? who?, whom? oti? who all?
at I, me ati we, us
et you eti* you (pl.), you all
it he, him, that person iti they, these persons
ìt she, her ìti they (fem.)
ut this person, he uti those persons, they
ót nobody, no one óti none
át everyone, everybody, each person áti all
ót another, someone else éti others
ít such a person íti such people
ét whoever, anyone óti any
út someone, somebody úti certain people
oát not a single person, nobody, no one
get the same person geti the same ones
oget someone else ogeti others
gat another one gati several
singular plural
od what odi what things
ad that (relative), the one adi the things that
id that idi those things
ud this udi these things
ód nothing ódi nothing
ád everything, each ádi all things
ód something else, another édi other things
íd such a thing ídi such things
éd whatever, anything édi any
údi some things, certain
úd something
things

Wikibooks | 147
 Chapter 5

oád not a single thing, nothing oádi none

ged the same thing gedi the same things
oged something else ogedi other things
gad another one gadi several things
Note: Agapoff prefers ait, eit, iit for ati, eti, and iti.

Inflection

All pronouns can take cases, just as nouns do:

genetive/posse
ssive ("of") dative instrumental
comitive privative
ablative ("to/in/on/at") ("by/through/via
("with") ("without")
("from") locative ")
adjectival
ata my, of me, atò without
atu to me atà with me atè by me
from me me
eta your, of etò without
etu to you età with you etè by you
you, from you you
ita his, of him, itò without
itu to him ità with you itè by him
from him him
ìta her, of her, ìtò without
ìtu to her ìtà with her ìtè by her
from her her
atia our, of us, atiò without
atiu to us atià with us atiè by us
from us us
ota whose?, of
otà with otò without
whom?, from otu to whom otè by whom
whom whom
whom?
átu to átà with átò without
áta everyone's átè by everyone
everyone everyone everyone
oda which, of odu to which,
odà with odè by what?, odò? without
what, from at which, in
what? how? what?
what which
ida that, of
idu to that, at idò' without
that, from that, idà with that idè by that, thus
that, in that that
those
uda this/these,
udu to/at this, udò without
of this, from udà with this udè by this, thus
therefore this
this
ádu to ádè by
áda every, ádà with ádò without
everything, in everything, by all
each, all everything everything
everyting means
óda not, not a ódu to nothing ódà with ódè by nothing ódò without

148 | Unilingua
Grammar

nothing nothing
oádu in not a
oáda not a oádà with oádè by nothing,
single one, to --
single, no nothing in no way
none
éda any, édu to édà with édè by whatever, édò without
whichever anything whatever however whatever
údè by
úda some, a údu at a údà with údò without
something,
certain certain thing something something
somehow
gedà with gedò without
geda same, the gedu to the gedè by the same
the same the same
same same thing thing
thing thing
ogeda ogedà with ogedò
ogedu to ogedè by
different, the another without
another thing something else
other, another thing another thing

Possessive Pronouns

Any of the above pronominal adjective forms can be substantivized by adding -c.
The resulting possessive pronouns can then take the plural affix and case
endings.

singular plural
atac mine ataci mine
etac yours etaci yours
itac his itaci his
ìtac hers ìtaci hers
atiac ours atiaci ours
etiac yours etiaci yours
itiac theirs itiaci theirs
ìtiac theirs ìtiaci theirs
utac one's utaci one's
otac? whose? otaci whose
átac everyone's átaci everyone's
ótac nobody's ótaci nobody's
odac? which one odaci which ones
ódac the other one ódaci the other ones
udac this one udaci these
idac that one idaci those
ádac each one ádaci all of them
édac any one, whichever édaci whichever
one ones

Wikibooks | 149
 Chapter 5

Any of the above substantival pronouns can take case endings:

Mirad English
ataca of mine
otacà with whose
átacu to everyone's
without this
udacò
one
Examples:

Mirad English
Uda tam ce atac. That house is mine.
Oda déni et dédaé? Which books have you read?
Ída tej aju vò teacâe. Such a life has not been seen before.
Buu atu udi! Give me those!
Áda tej nazace. Every life counts.
Ádac nazace. Each one counts.
Áta tej nazace. Everyone's life counts.
Átac nazace. Everyone's counts.
Áda évcunuti kode. All lawyers lie.
Áti kode. All of them lie.
Át kodeé. Everyone is lying.
Ád ce kod. Everything is a lie.
Mar ce zem áda. The sun is the center of everything.
Ót ége kaer if ádu. One can find pleasure in everything.
If ége uper bi éd. Pleasure can come from anything.
Ud ce ga fia vél id (or: ga fia idu). This is better than that.
Od ce eta dún? What is your name?
At vage éd et vage. I want what(ever) you want.
At vò ta ev it upo. I didn't know whether he would come.
At ta ad it upo. I knew (that) he would come.
Ad tej ce gúa vò vege vodé. That life is hard cannot be denied.
Ev it íztejo vò twe. Whether he will survive is unknown.
At vò te ev it íztejo. I don't know if he'll survive.
Ad ìt sa ce ota seun. What she did is nobody's business.
Atac ce ga aga vé etac. Mine is bigger than yours.
Odac ce etac. Which one is yours?
Édac cu fia atu. Whichever one would be fine for me.
Otac ce ud? Whose is this?

150 | Unilingua
Grammar

Otaci ce udi? Whose are these?

Ev et co ata dat? Are you going to be my friend?
Oádad ifca atu. I did not like a single one.
Odè ìt tujswa? How (by what) was she killed?
Otà et pa? With whom did you go?
...otacò ait vò vegu íztejer. ...without whose we could not survive.
Odu et sa id? Why (for what) did you do it (that)?
Iti údè kaa mep. They somehow found the way.
The letter was written to me by
Ébdren drwa atà otè?
whom?
Ota tamu et peé? To whose house are you going?
Otacu et peé? To whose are you going?

Correlatives

By "correlatives" is meant a set of functional words in the languages than can be

arranged in a matrix, all sharing a set of "deictic" or "specifier" prefixes. For
example, the English words "which, what, where, why, when, how, who, whether,
etc." can be considered part of a matrix of correlatives, because they all ask a
question about topics such as "place", "time", "manner", and are therefore called
"interrogative correlatives." The situation is similar in Unilingua. Note, however,
that some of the correlative words in the chart below are slightly different from
those invented by the original author of Unilingua.

Deictic morphemes (specifiers)

category deictic morpheme

interrogative od- which, what
ad- the, the one
relative
which
proximal ud- this
distal id- that
intensive íd- so, such a
generic úd- some, a certain
distributive ád- all, every, each
indeterminate éd- any, whatever
negative ód- no, not any
identical ged- same, selfsame
non-indentical oged- different, other

Wikibooks | 151
 Chapter 5

Dimensional Classifiers

The above deictic morphemes combine with the following dimensional classifiers
to form a whole matrix of functional deictic correlatives:

category classifier short version

person -t
thing -d
place -em m
time -job j
manner/means -è
quality/kind -én
quantity -gan
degree -nog
frequency -jig

Matrix of Deictic Correlatives

adject
thing person place time manner kind frequency quantity degree
ive
odén
o
odju a odganu
od oda dmu odjigu odnog
ot who whe odè how what how
what which wher how often u how
n kind much
e
of
udén
udnog
u a udganu
ud ut this uda udju udè this udjigu u to
dmu this this
this person this now way this often this
here kind much
extent
of
idén
idnog
it that idè that a idganu
id ida idmu idju idjigu that u to
person, way, that that
that that there then often that
he thus kind much
extent
of
ídmu ídju
íd ídén
ít such ída at at ídè in
such a ídjigu so ídganu ídnog
a such, such such such a
a such often so much u so
person such a a a way, so
thing a
place time
úd út úda ú údju údè údén údjigu údganu údnog
somet someo some, dmu som someho a sometimes some u
hing ne a some etim w some somew
certai wher e kind hat

152 | Unilingua
Grammar

n e of
ádju
ádén
á ever
a ádnog
ád át áda dmu y ádè in
ever ádjigu at ádganu u
every everyo every, every time every
y all times all of comple
thing ne each wher , way
kind tely
e alwa
of
ys
é édju édén
éd
ét éda
dmu whe aédè édganu édnog
what édjigu
whoeve which
wher neve however
what however u to
ever, however
r, ever,
ever, r, , in any
ever much, any
anyth often
anyone any
anyw anyt way
kind any extent
ing
here ime of
ó ódén
ód óda ódju ódganu ódnog
ót dmu ódè in a no ódjigu not
nothi no, neve not any, u not
nobody nowh no way kind once
ng not a r no at all
ere of
g gedj gedé gedno
geda
ged get the edm u at gedè in na gu, ge
the gedganu
the same u at the the the gedjigu to the
same, , ge as
same person, the sam same same as often same
the much
thing self same e way kind degree
very
place time of , as
o oged
ogeda
oged oged gedj éna ogedjigu ogedn
oget the ogedgan
somet mu u at ogedè anot at a ogu
someo other, u not as
hing elsew anot elsewise her different otherw
ne else anothe much
else here her kind frequency ise
r
time of

Basic deictic adjectives / Determiners

category determiner example

indefinite/unary a a a tam a house
ada tam the house, ada tami the
definite/relative ada the
houses
oda dén which book, oda déni
interrogative oda which
which books
uda pat this bird, uda pati these
proximal uda this, these
birds
ida pat that bird, ida pati those
distal ida that, those
birds
óda mep no road, óda mepi no
negative óda no
roads

Wikibooks | 153
 Chapter 5

áda mep every road, áda mepi all

totalative áda every, all, each
roads
éda voz any color, éda vozi
indeterminate éda any, whichever
whichever colors
ída dún such a name, ída dúni
intensive ída such a, such
such names
úda some, a certain, úda tob some man, úda tobi
partitive
certain certain men
identical geda same geda dún the same name
ogeda dún different name, another
non-identical ogeda different, other
name
quasi-identical gèda similar gèda ceus a similar sound
superior ga more ga nac vé at more money than I
ge job vé et vage as much time as
equal ge as much, as many
you want
inferior go less, fewer go és less work
majorative gla a lot, much gla if a lot of fun
quasi- glà a goodly portion of,
glà jubi several days
majorative several
excessive gra too much, too many gra tel too much food
maximal gá most gá poti most animals
sufficient gé enough, quite a bit gé job enough time
minorative glo very little, very few glo auti very few individuals
insufficient gro too little, too few gro ék too little effort
minimal gó the least gó ék the least effort
Note: Nouns in Mirad are not normally accompanied by a definite article (the) or
an indefinite article (a/an). The word tob can mean man, a man, or the man,
depending on circumstances. Where further definition is required, a, the numeric
or deictic adjective one, can be used for the indefinite article, while ada, the
deictic adjective the can be used for the definite article.

Deitic pronouns

Inanimate pronouns

singular plural
od? what? odi? what (things)
ad the thing (that) adi the things (that)
ud this udi these
id that idi those

154 | Unilingua
Grammar

ád everything ádi all things

éd anything, whatever édi any things
íd such, such a thing ídi such things
ód nothing ódi none
úd something údi certain things
ged the same thing gedi the same things
oged another, something else ogedi other things
gèlac a similar thing gèlaci similar things
gac more gaci more things
gec as much geci as many things
goc less goci fewer things
glac a lot, much glaci many things
glàc a goodly portion glàci several things
grac too much graci too many things
gác the most gáci most things
géc enough, quite a bit géci quite a few things
gloc very little gloci few things
groc too little groci too few things
góic as few things as
góc the least
possible

Animate pronouns

singular plural
ot? who? oti who (pl.)
at I ati we
et you eti you (pl.)
ut this person, this one uti these
it that person, that one iti those
át everyone áti all people
ét anyone, whoever éti any people
ít such a person íti such people
ót not a single person, noboby óti none
út somebody úti certain people
geti the same people,
get the same person, self
themselves
oget' the other person, someone
ogeti others, other people
else
ìt that female,she, her ìti they (f.), them

Wikibooks | 155
 Chapter 5

ùt this female, she, her ùti they (f.), them

aut person, individual auti persons, people
out nobody, no one outi no people, none
ga auti more people
ge auti as many people
go auti fewer people
gla auti many people
glà auti several people
gra auti too many people
gá auti most people
gé auti quite a few people
glo auti few people
gro auti too few people
gó auti as few people as
possible
Note: As with all pronouns and nouns, the above pronouns can appear in the
genetive/ablative/possessive case (-a) or dative/locative case (u). For example:
otu to whom, ota whose, áta everyone's, gla autia most people's, ata my, etu
to you. The possessive adjective forms can, in turn, be substantivized by adding
-c (thing): atac mine, atacu to mine, otac whose, getac the same person's, etc.

Determiners of Place

place
odmu? where?, whither? (also: odma? from where?, whence?)
udmu here (also: udma from here, hence)
idmu there (also: idma from there, thence)
admu at/in/to the place where (relative)
ódmu nowhere
ádmu everywhere
édmu anywhere, whereever
ídmu at/in/to such a place
ogedmu elsewhere (ogedem alibi)
údmu somewhere
gedmu at/in/to the same place (also: gedma from the same
place)
gèdmu at/in/to a similar place (also: gèdma from a similar place)

156 | Unilingua
Grammar

Determiners of Time

time
odju? when? (also: odja whence?, ji odjob since when?, etc.)
udju now (also: udja hence)
idju then (also: idja thence)
adju when, at the time when (relative)
ódju never
ádju each time, everytime, always, ever
édju anytime, whenever
ídju at/in/to such a time
údju sometime
gedju at the same time
ogedju at another time

Determiners of Quality

kind
odéna? what kind of?
udéna this kind of
idéna that kind of
adéna the/what kind of (relative)
ódéna no kind of
ádéna every kind of
édéna any/whatever kind of
ídéna such
údéna some kind of
gedéna the same kind of
gèdéna a similar kind of
ogedéna another kind of

Determiners of Degree

degree
odnogu? how (...big, ...little, etc.)?, to what extent?
udnogu this, to this degree
idnogu that, to that extent
adnogu how, to what degree, to the extent (that...) (relative)
ódnogu not at all, to no extent
ádnogu completely, to the full extent

Wikibooks | 157
 Chapter 5

édnogu however, to whatever extent

ídnogu so, to such an extent
údnogu in some way, somehow
ge, genogu equally, to the same degree, as
oge, ogenogu unequally, to a different extent
gè, gènogu similarly, to a similar extent
ga, ganogu more, to a greater extent
gla, glanogu very, greatly, very much so
gra, granogu too, to too great an extent, overly, extremely
go, gonogu less, to a lesser extent
glo, glonogu slightly, to a small extent
gro, gronogu to too small a degree, under
gá, gánogu maximally, to the greatest extent possible
gó, gónogu minimally, to the smallest extent possible
gé, génogu enough, rather, pretty, sufficiently, quite
ogé, ogénogu insufficiently
fià, finogu to a good extent, well
fuà, funogu to a bad extent, poorly
végà, véga nogu proportionately
vácà, váca nogu to the right extent, properly, duly
vócà, vóca nogu to the wrong extent, disproportionately, unduly
anogu primarily
enogu secondarily
uja nogu ultimately

Determiners of Manner, Means

manner
odè? how?, in what way?
udè this way, thus
idè that way, thus
adè how, in the way that, as
ódè in no way
ádè in every way
édè in whatever way, however
ídè so, in such a way
údè somehow'
gedè in the same way, also
ogedè otherwise

158 | Unilingua
Grammar

gèdè similarly, likewise

Determiners of Quantity

The noun following the determiner is in the singular if a mass noun (odganu dril
how much ink) or in the plural if a countable noun (odganu jubi how many
years).

quantity
odganu?* how much, how many
udganu this much, this many
idganu that much, that many
adganu how much, how many, the amount/number that
ódganu no, not any, no amount of
ádganu all
édganu any, however much, however many
ídganu so much, so many
údganu a certain amount of, some, some number of'
ge, geganu as much, as many
oge, ogeganu a different quanity of
ga more
go less, fewer
gla a lot (of), much, many
glà a goodly amount (of), quite a few
glo little, too many
glò barely, scarcely, hardly
gá most
gro too little, too few
gó as little/few as possible
gé a fair amount (of), enough, quite a lot (of)
gê several
* Literally: in what quantity, as in Odganu nac et àce? How much money do
you have?. Used substantively, Odganu becomes Odgan, as in Odgan et àce?
How much do you have? If followed by a mass noun, gla means much; if followed
by a counting noun, gla means many; if followed by an adjective or adverb, it
means very. All of the ga...ge...go words are multifunctional in this way.

Determiners of Frequency

frequency (jig = rate, frequency

Wikibooks | 159
 Chapter 5

odjigu? how often?(lit: on how many occasions)

udjigu this often
idjigu that often
adjigu as often as, the rate that
ódjigu never
ádjigu every time
édjigu however often, anytime
ídjigu so often
údjigu with some frequency, sometimes'
gejigu as often
ogejigu at a different rate
gajigu more often
gojigu less often
glajigu (very) often, frequently
glojigu seldom, rarely, not very often
grajigu too often
gájigu as often as possible
grojigu too seldom
gójigu as seldom as possible
géjigu quite often, rather often, frequently
enough

Prepositions and relational adverbs

positive middle negative

on, at the top
ab eb between ob off, at the bottom of
of
áb above, up éb amid, among ób below, down
bà with, along bè by, via bò without
ib away from --- ub toward
íb far from --- úb near to
bi from, of be at bu to
starting with, ending with, up to, as
bí --- bú
since far as
án together --- ón apart
in the middle
za in front of ze zo behind
of
zà forward zè across zò back
áz flush with éz in óz out
iza straight --- uza roundabout

160 | Unilingua
Grammar

íz beyond --- úz around, about

zi right --- zu left
zí all over zé through zúa round
ja before je during, while jo after
jà ahead (in time) jè throughout jò back (in time)
ji since --- ju until
av for ev if ov against

Compound prepositions

Prepositions can be compounded for more detailed senses:

compound preposition example

ézbu into It tôapa ézbu tim. He walked into the room.
ézbi in from At upa ézbi mamil. I came in from the rain.
ézbe in (location) Dén ce ézbe ném. The book is inside the box.
ózbu out to Po ózbu ekem. Go out to the playground.
It upea ózbi ita ésim. He was coming out of his
ózbi out of, out from
office.
ózbe out in (as in: out in the
Potòg ce ózbe mamil. The pet is out in the rain.
backyard)
Mampar pa ábzè tam. The plane flew over the
ábzè over
house.
At tôapa óbzè domep. I walked under the
óbzè under
highway.
At tôapa zèbu ogeda kum. I walked over to the
zèbu across to
other side.
zèbi across from It beme zèbi at. He sits across from me.
Ait pee zòbu Berlin. We are going back to
zòbu back to
Berlin.
zòbe back at Ait ce zòbe tom. We are back at home.
zòbi back from Ait ce zóbi Berlin. We are back from Berlin.
zàbu ahead to Teaso zàbu eta oj. Look forward to your future.
zàbi ahead of Ed et ce zàbi at? Are you ahead of me?
ónbi apart from Pa ónbi ogeti. It went apart from the others.
ánbe together with Upo ánbe at. Come along with me.
izbu straight to Po izbu ótotem! Go straight to hell!
Ìt upa izbi nunem. She came straight from the
izbi straight from
market.
izbe right at At ca izbe zem. I was right at the center.
zabi in front of At ce zabi et. I am in front of you.

Wikibooks | 161
 Chapter 5

zobi in back of Et ce zobi at.' You are in back of me.

abu onto Bo dén abu cem. Put the book onto the table.
abe on (at) Dén ce abe cem. The book is on the table.
obi off of Bio dén obi cem. Take the book off of the table.
Ece úd obe cem. There is something on the
obe on the underside of
underside of the table.
ábu up to Po ábi eta tim. Go up to your room.
ábe up in Od ce íd ábe mam? What is that up in the sky?
It upa ábi aaned. He came up from the first
ábi up from
floor.
ábè up (via) At tôapa ábè meb. I walked up the mountain.
óbu down to Upo óbu momtim. Come down to the basement.
óbe down in At ce óbe momtim. I am down in the basement.
óbi dowm from Upo óbi mamtim. Come down from the attic.
óbè down (via) It igpa óbè meb. He hurried down the mountain.
Pa óbézbu mom. He went down into the
óbézbu down into
underground.
Po úzbu ogeda kum tama. Go around to the
úzbu around to
other side of the house.
Par pa úzbè tam. The car went around the
úzbè around (via)
house.
ízbi past, beyond Par pa ízbi ait. The car went past us.
ízbu on to At pa ízbu Kanad. I went on to Canada.

Postpositions / Cases

The following case endings or postpositions are shortcuts for prepositions:

short form long form

-a of, from bi
bu to or be at / in /
-u to, on, at
on
-à with bà
-ò without bò
-è by, via, through, per bè
For example, the following expressions are equivalent:

short form long form

be tam bi X at the house of X tamu Xa
bi dom bu dom from town to
doma domu
town

162 | Unilingua
Grammar

tej bò if life without pleasure tej ifò

bè Paris by way of Paris Parisè
bà at with me atà

Other Prepositional Constructions

vélu regarding, concerning, about, with respect

to
gè ov despite
kumu next to, beside, along, on the side of
ón bi apart from
án bu together with
gal in addition to, plus, including, besides
gol minus, except
gar times, multiplied by
gor divided by
zamu...-a in the face of (also: be zamu bi)
cànu ...-a in the guise of
canu ...-a in the form of
debanu ...-a under the auspices of
ûb in the presence of, in the face of
dida ...-è at the request of
iju...-a at the end of
tecu...-a in the sense of
av búun...-a for the sake of
... thanks to
... along the lines of
izanu...-a in the direction of
zág along
kumnidu ...-a on the edge of, on the brink of
genidu ...-a in line with, parallel to
úbanu ...-a in the vicinity of, around
gáanu ...-a in excess of
bi abem...-a off the top of
bi kumnidu...-a from the brink of
dudea...-u in response to
ovbea in opposition to
... in contrast to
lovanu...-a in spite of

Wikibooks | 163
 Chapter 5

oejanu...-a in the absence of

usu ...-a because of
usu ...-a on account of
gè ov notwithstanding
...-è per
zé via
vél than, compared to, relative to
adju ...-a at the time of
admu ...-a at the place of

Using prepositions

Prepositions go between the two elements they link, just as in English. Here are
some examples:

Mirad English
Odju et po bu déntam?(or: déntamu) When are you going to the library?
Uda bun ce av et (or: etu). This gift is for you.
Dyen ca ab cem (or: cemu). The book was on the table.
Upu bay at (or: atà). Come with me.
Iyt igpa ub titam. She ran toward the school.
Et co éz gela titim. You will be in the same class.
Tob tyoyapa ózbi tam. The man walked out of the house.
Mampar zaymampa ábzè dom. The plane flew over the city.
Nidpar pa bi him bu hum. The train went from here to there.
Et voy ibo bun ju zemoj. You won't receive the gift until midnight.

Prepositions prefixed to verbs

As adverbials, many prepositions can be prefixed to other words, especially to

verb bases. The following is a list of per (go) and ber (put) verbs with
prepositional prefixes. Note that prepositions ending in b drop the b before the
verb bases per and ber.

intransitive transitive
aper get on aber put on
eper stop eber stop
oper get off ober take off
áper rise áber raise
éper intervene éber block
óper descend óber lower

164 | Unilingua
Grammar

iper go (away) iber receive

uper come uber send
úper approach úber bring near
íper go away íber take away
ézper enter ézber bring in
ízper surpass ízber take beyond
zéper go through zéber pull through
zèper transit zèber take across
ánper meet ánber unite
ónper separate ónber separate
izper go straight/ head (for) izber guide
zúper roll zúber turn
ózper exit ózber take out
zòper return, go back zòber take back
zòpuer arrive back zòbuer give back
zateaser look forward zoteaser look behind
zèteaser look across zíteaser look all around
zéteaser look through ízteaser look beyond
ézteaser look in ózteaser look out
ábteaser look up óbteaser look down
ibteaser look away izteaser look straight (ahead)
ziteaser look left zuteaser look right
uzteaser look askance úzteaser look around
avdaer speak for ovdaer speak against

Personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives

Personal pronouns have three persons (represented by the ordinal vowels a (1st),
e (2nd), and i (3rd).

The plural forms have the suffix i.

There are also three case forms, which are alternate ways of expressing
prepositional relations: Add -a for the genetive/possessive (of, from); -u for the
locative/dative (to, at, 'for); -à (short for bà) for with; è (short for bè) for
through/by, and ò (short for bò) for without.

Note: These are the same case endings that can be added to any nouns. For
example, tamu (to the house), taébò (without hair), teda (father's).

nominative/ac genetive/po dative/lo

comitive instrumental privative
cusative ssessive cative

Wikibooks | 165
 Chapter 5

atu atò
ata (my, atà (with atè (through/by
at (I, me) (to/for (without
mine) me) me)
me) me)
etu etò
eta (your, età (with etè (through/by
et (you) (to/for (without
yours) you) you)
you) you)
itò
itu (to/for ità (with itè (through/by
it (he, him) ita (his) (without
him) him) him)
him)
ìtò
ìta (her, ìtu (to/for ìtà (with ìtè (through/by
ìt (she,her) (without
hers) her) her) her)
her)
atiò
atia (our, atiu atià (with atiè
ati (we, our) (without
ours) (to/for us) us) (through/by us)
us)
etiu etiè etiò
etia (your, etià (with
eti (you [all]) (to/for (through/by (without
yours) you)
you) you) you)
itiu itiè itiò
iti (they, them itià (with
itia (their) (to/for (through/by (without
(m. or m/f)) them)
them) them) them)
ìtiu ìtiè ìtiò
ìtià (with
ìt (they (f.)) ìtia (their) (to/for (through/by (without
them)
them) them) them)
Possessive pronouns are expressed with the addition of -c to the
genetive/possessive ending:

English Mirad
This book is mine. Uda dén ce atac.
Those books are ours. Ida déni ce atiaci.
Theirs has not arrived. Itiac vò puaé.
Theirs have arrived. Itiaci puaé.
Is this yours or mine? Ev ud ce etac vè atac?
Will you come to mine tomorrow? Ev et upo atacu zajubu?
Nothing will happen without yours. ód swo etacò.

Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions/Adverbs

positive neutral negative

va yes ve maybe vo no

166 | Unilingua
Grammar

và indeed vè possibly vò not

và...và both...and vè...vè either...or vò...vò neither...nor
av that, so that,
ev whether, if ov lest, against
for
à and è or ò but
-à with -è by, through, via -ò without
ga more (than) ge as, equal to go less (than
gá most gé enough gó least
gè even,
gà also, moreoever gò except, but
including
gla very gle somewhat glo slightly, little, not very
gra too (much) gre just, exactly gro too little
Note: oev = unless; ad means that as the conjunction introducing a factual
clause, not to be confused with av meaning so that introducing a subjunctive or
unreal clause.
English Mirad
I do want to go, but I cannot. At và vage per ò at vò vege.
Do you know whether he's coming. Ev et te ev it upo?
It will either rain or snow. Vè mamilo vè màlómo.
If it rains, I'll not come. Ev mamilo at vò upo.
No, it's not true that he died. Vo, vò ce váa ad it tuja.
My father and mother are still alive. Ata ted à tèd gaju tejeé.
Is it true that you were you born here? Ev et tija udmu?
We did not know (that) you were married. Ati vò ta ad et ce tadca.
The fact that you work is not the issue. Ad et ése vò ce kos.
Whether you work or play is more important. Et vè ése vè eke ce ga kíta.
Unless you go to school you will never learn Oev et po titamu et ódju tio
anything. úd.
In order to learn you must study more. Av ticer et ége ga tier.
Everyone except you is ready. Yat gò et ce perfia.
Did you want me to come long?' Ev et vaga av at àpu?
I want you not to leave. At vage ov et piu.
Don't tell her what I did. Ov du ìtu od at sa.
Are you for or against me? Ev et av è ov at?

Other Conjunctional Expressions

conjunction example
ad that Ati ta ad it upo. We knew (that) he would come.
av so that At egdo id av et tico. I will repeat it so that you'll

Wikibooks | 167
 Chapter 5

understand.
It tuja bi us avad it vò abá ígtef. He died because he was
avad because
not wearing a helmet.
Ju et uvdo at vò teapo et. Until you apologize, I will not
ju until
visit you.
ji since Ji et pua at cee iva. Since you arrived, I've been happy.
ánad even though, Ánad et oka, at gaju fítce et. Even though you lost, I still
although respect you.
ovad despite the Ovad et zageda, et vò upa. Despite the fact that you
fact that agreed in advance, you didn't come.
Igjo ìt pua at gafi teca. As soon as she arrived, I felt
igjo as soon as
better.
Váfà ge at jada, ija mamiler. Just as I predicted, it started
váfà ge just as
raining.
Ìt teubozá ge ev ìt ca iva. She smiled as if she were
ge ev as if
happy.
ev whether At vò te ev mamilo. I don't know whether it will rain.
ev if Et zàpo ev et éko. You will advance if you try.
à and Et à at ce gá fia. You and I are the best.
Et vege jobier è kobier; ce eta kebi. You can borrow or
è or
steal; it's your choice.
kéà ad in the Kéà ad mamilo, aúbio eta mamilovar. In the event that
event that it should rain, bring along your umbrella.
fiákea av in the It nucbia drénet fiákea av it ako. He bought a ticket in
hope that the hope that he would win.
fúnea ov for fear It ézpa fúnea ov mamilo. He went inside for fear that it
that might rain.
Bono ov et tíjso lopét. Stay calm lest you awake the
ov lest
snake.
Yonad gaijop mamile, doma mamecan ce gla fia. Aside
ónad aside from
from the fact that it rains occasionally, the city's weather is
the fact that
very nice.
tea ad knowing At vage tujer tea ad at po totamu. I want to die knowing
that that I will go to heaven.

Verbs

Verbs in Mirad are conjugated for tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative,
conditional/imperative/subjunctive/jussive), voice (active, passive), and
finiteness. The verbal system is perfectly regular and predictable.
The infinitive, which serves as the dictionary lookup form, always ends in -er.
The stem, therefore, is the infinitive without the -er ending. For example, the
stem of the verb buner (to push) is bun. The stem is used as the base of all
conjugated verb forms.

168 | Unilingua
Grammar

Finite forms

Finite verb forms are modulated for tense based on the three-way vowel
distinction a (present), e (past), and o (future).
A fourth ending, u is used for the equivalent of the English conditionals,
subjunctives, and imperatives.
Verbs can be further modulated for progressive, anterior (perfect), and imminent
senses through compounding.
Endings do not change depending on the subject person. For example, unlike in
English where am, are, and is are used in the present depending on the subject,
the Unilingua verb cer has one present indicative form of to be for all persons:
ce.

Mirad English
at ce I am
et ce you are
it ce he is
ìt ce she is
id ce that is, it is
ud ce this is
ot ce who is?
ati ce we are
eti ce you (all) are
iti ce they are
íti ce they are
oti ce who are?
át ce everyone is
whoever/anyone
ét ce
is
ód ce nothing is
apeti ce horses are

Simple tense forms

The simple tense verb forms are generated by adding the tense markers a, e, o,
or the conditional marker u to the stem of the verb. For example, the stem of the
verb ter to know is t and the inflected forms of the simple tenses are as follows:

Active voice forms

ending meaning example

e present It te. He knows.

Wikibooks | 169
 Chapter 5

a past At ta. I knew.

o future Et to. You will know.
conditiona Iti tu. They would
u
l know.

Non-indicative forms

The u ending is not only used for the conditional as above, but also non-
indicatives moods such as the imperative and and subjunctive. The conditional
form without a subject is used for imperatives (direct commands). Positive
subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the affirmative jussive
conjunction av (for, so that, let) followed by the subject and the verb in the
conditional.

pattern meaning example

direct
Vu Aku! (short for Av et aku!) Win!.
command
av N Vu may N V Av ati aku! May we win!.
av N Vu let N V Av it upu. Let him come.
av N Vu wishes, etc. At vàge (av) et piu. I wish you would leave.
Negative subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the negative
jussive conjunction ov (against, lest) followed by the subject and the verb in the
conditional.

pattern meaning example

direct
ov Vu Ov oku!. Don't lose!
command
ov N Vu may N V Ov ati oku! May we NOT lose!.
ov N Vu lest N V Ov it upu. Don't let him come.
At vayge ov et piu. I wish you would NOT leave (lit: I
ov N Vu wishes, etc.
wish lest you leave).
Unreal conditionals are expressed with the conditional conjunction ev (if,
whether) followed by the subject and the verb in the conditional (-u) in both the
main and subordinate clause..

pattern meaning example

ev N Vu, N if N were..., N Ev at cu edeb, at ívsu it. If I were king, I
Vu... would... would free him.

Illative patterns

Interrogative

Beginning a sentence with the conditional conjunction ev (whether, if) makes the

170 | Unilingua
Grammar

sentence into a yes/no question:

pattern meaning example

Is it true
ev + VP Ev et aka? Did you win?
that...?

Negative

Use the negative adverb voy (not) in front a verb to negate it:

pattern meaning example

vò + V negative Et vò ako. You will not win.
negative
ev + negVP Ev et vò akeé? Aren't you winning?
interrogative

Affirmative

Similary, the positive adverb vay (indeed) is used in various combinations to

qualify verbs. Like voy (not), this adverb immediate preceeds the verb form.

ending meaning example

affirmativ At vay aka. I did win. / I won
vay + V
e indeed.

Potential

Used the potential adverb vè (maybe) in front of a verb to qualify it as potential

or possible (like English may):

ending meaning example

vè + V potential It vè ako He may win!.
negative potential Ev et vè vò akaú? Might'nt you have
ev + VP
interrogative won?

Passive voice forms

The passive voice is formed by preceding the tense endings with w.

ending meaning example

w+e present It twe. He is known.
w+a past It twa. He was known.
w+o future It two. He will be known.
conditiona It twu. He would be
w+u
l known.

Wikibooks | 171
 Chapter 5

Progressive aspect forms

The progressive or continuous tenses, which are optional and used only where
the distinction is useful, are formed from the simple present forms by
compounding with pre-yodified tense vowels.

ending meaning example

At akeé. I am winning. (pronounced: a-KE-
e+é present continuous active
ye)
At akeá I was winning. (pronounced: a-KE-
e+á past continuous active
ya)
e+ó future continuous active At akeó. I will be winning.
conditional continuous
e+ú At akeú. I would be winning.
active
present continuous
we+é At akweé. I am being beaten.
passive
we+á past continuous passive At akweá I was being beaten.
At akweó. I will be in the process of being
we+ó future continuous passive
beaten.
conditional continuous At akweú. I would be in the process of
we+ú
passive being beaten.

Anterior tense forms

The anterior or perfect tenses, which are also optional, are formed from the
simple past tense form by compounding with pro-yodified tense vowels.

ending meaning example

a+é present perfect active At akaé. I have won.
a+á past perfect active Ati akaá We had won.
a+ó future perfect active Ati akaó. We will have won.
a+ú conditional perfect active Ati akaú. We would have won.
wa+é present perfect passive Iti akwaé. They have been beaten.
wa+á past perfect passive Iti akwaá. They had been beaten.
wa+ó future perfect passive Iti akwaó. They will have been beaten.
conditional perfect Iti akwaú. They would have been
wa+ú
passive beaten.

Imminent aspect forms

The so-called imminent tenses are formed from the simple future active tense
forms in the same way.

ending meaning example

172 | Unilingua
Grammar

o+é present imminent active At akoé. I am going to win.

o+á past imminent active At akoá I was about to win.
present imminent
wo+é Et akwoé. You are going to be beaten.
passive
Et akwoá. You were about to be
wo+á past imminent passive
beaten.

Non-finite forms

ending meaning example

er active infinitive Et áge aker You must win.
Et vò vagu akwer You would not want to be
wer passive infinitive
defeated.
en active verbal noun Aken ce ád. Winning is everything.
wen passive verbal noun At vò ife akwen. I do not like being beaten.
active present
ea Akea ekut The winning player
participle
aa active past participle Akaa ekut The player who won.
oa active future participle Tob ce tujoa. Man is mortal (about to die).
active conditional
ua Tob cua deb. The man who would be king.
participle
passive present
wea Akwea ekut The player being beaten
participle
waa passive past participle Magelwaa taol Cooked meat.
passive future
woa Teacwoa pancin the film to be seen
participle
passive conditional
wua Oteacwua tob the invisible man
participle
present affirmative
eà At teacibso pueà. I will call upon arriving.
gerundive
present negative At ija teò éd. I started without knowing
eò
gerundive anything.
past affirmative
aà Teacaà at pia. Having seen, I left.
gerundive
At pila dom teacaò ád. I left the town
aò past negative gerundive
without having seen everything.
present instrumental Et akso gla ésenè. You will succeed by
enè
gerundive working hard.
•Note: The -ua/wua ending approximates the English -able ending.
oteacwua = invisible, íztijua = survivable, ogorwua = 'indivisible,
vegua = capable, opanua = immobile. Adding an -n forms the
substantive, eg. ogorwuan = indivisibility.

Wikibooks | 173
 Chapter 5

Conditional constructions

In sentences with conditional clauses the conditional clause is in the same tense
as the main clause, contrary to the practice in English:

• Ev mamilo at co uva. If it rains (= will rain), I will be sad.

• Ev mamilaú at caú uva. If it had rained (= would have rained), I would
have been sad.
• Ev at cu nasika at ga zípu. If I were (=would be) rich, I'd travel more.
• Ev et tu dud, (av et) du id atu. If you (= would) know the answer, (= that
you would) tell it to me.

Sequence of tenses

Unlike in English, the tense of a consecutive clause is a real tense, not an

adjusted tense relative to the main clause:

• It da ad it tadco at. He said he would (= will) marry me.

• It da ad it teaca it ejipu. He said he had seen (= saw) it twice.

Impersonal constructions

Impersonal verbs are conjugated without the subject personal pronoun:

• Mamileé. It is raining.
• Amco. It will warm up.
• Eco dropek. There will be a war.
• Ége av et upu já. It is necessary that you come early.
• Ce fia. It's ok.

The verb "to be"

In Mirad, the verb cer (to be) is not suppressed in the present tense as in some
languages like Russian or Agapoff's original version of Unilingua. Also, there is
no existential distinction as in Spanish between ser and estar. Furthermore, the
progressive forms ceá and ceé can be used at times as in some of the examples
below:

• Ati ce íva! We are free.

• At co idmu. I'll be there.
• Déni ca ab cem. The books were on the table.
• Cayo e jubi ji at ca dopu. It will have been two days since I was in the
army.
• Cer ey voy cer. To be or not to be.
• At caú uva ev et vò upaú. I would have been sad if you hadn't

174 | Unilingua
Grammar

come.

• Et ceé gla fua. You are being very bad.

• At vò ceá ivcla.' I was not being funny.

Reflexive constructions

Verbs can be made reflexive by adding the direct object get (self).

• At vímila get ja per majtulu. I washed up (washed myself) before going

to breakfast.
• Tobet tuja get. The boy killed himself.
• At teasa get cinzéfu. I looked at myself in the mirror.
• Tu get! Know thyself!

Modal or auxiliary verbs

Mirad English Meaning Example

íver may permission Et íve iper. You may leave.
úver must requirement Et úve iper. You must leave.
ûver should obligation Et ûve iper. You should leave.
éger have to necessity At ége iper. I have to leave.
êger should obligation Et êge iper. You ought to leave.
vager want to volition At vage iper. I want to leave.
vaager long to yearning At vaage iper. I long to leave.
vàger would like to preference At vàge iper. I would like to go.
vagrer be eager to eagerness At vagre iper. I am eager to leave.
valter intend to intention At valte iper. I intend to leave.
veger can ability At vege ser id. I can do that.
voger refuse to refusal At voge ser id. I refuse to do that.
áker expect to expectation At áke aker. I expect to win.
áaker hopeto aspiration At áake aker. I hope to win.
éker try to attempt It vò éko iper. He won't try to leave.
It vò éklo iper. He will not dare
ékler dare to dare
leave.
óker to be surprised to surprise At óka aker. I was surprised to win.
ifer to love to love It ife eker. He loves to play.
ìfer to like to liking It ìfe eker. He likes to play.
ufer to hate to hate It ufe eker. He hates to play.
ùfer to dislike to dislike It ùfe eker. He dislikes playing.

Wikibooks | 175
 Chapter 5

iver to be glad to gladness At ivo iper. I shall be glad to leave.

uver to regret to regret At uva der id. I regretted saying it.
aver to favor espousal At ave iper. I favor leaving.
over to be opposed to opposition At ove eker. I am opposed to playing.
As you see in the examples above, modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form
(-er) of the main verb.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ad

The positive complementizer particle ad (the fact that) is used to introduce a

subordinate clause:

• At ta (ad) it upo. I knew THAT he would come.

• At ce vala (ad) et vádeé. I'm sure THAT you are telling the truth.
• Ad mamilo ce valan. THAT it will rain is a certainty.
• Ata tèd da (ad) iyt co tamu ojo èmaj. My mother said THAT she would
be home by noon.

As in English, if the that can be dropped without any loss of meaning, it can be:

• At da at dro. I said I'd (= I'll) write.

• Et ta it sa id. You knew he had done (= did) it.

Unlike in English, a relative sequence of tenses is not applied. For example,

English "I knew he would come." is rendered in Unilingua as "I knew he will
come."

Do not confuse the particles ad and av. Clauses following ad are facts, whereas
clauses following av are unreal wishes. Av should be thought of as so that.

• At pana av it ábtu. I moved so that he could (= would) sit down.

• At ta ad it ábto. I knew that he would (= will) sit down.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ev

The conditional complementizer particle ev (whether) is used to introduce a

subordinate clause of the type "whether...":

• At vò ta ev it upo. I did not know whether he would come.

• Ev it upo ca teskía atu. whether he would or would come was not
important to me.

Adjectives

Adjectives end in the suffix -a. They are invariable in form:

176 | Unilingua
Grammar

• aga big
• oga small
• aza strong
• oza weak
• taba bodily
• teaba ocular
• tea aware
• otea unaware

Adjectives used substantively to describe persons end in -t, while those used to
describe things end in -c:

adjective animate substantive inanimate substantive

yoga young /
yogat youth yogac novelty
new
tuja dead tujat dead person tujac dead thing
fia good fiat good person fiac good thing
Adjectives always preceed the noun they modify:

• aga tam a big house

• yaga drun the long sentence
• aza tob the strong man
• mona maf a dark cloud

Serial adjectives usually go in the same order as in English:

• ujna via jeeba jub the last beautiful summer day

Degrees of Comparison in Adjectives and Adverbs

Summary of Comparison Constructions

Note: vél is a preposition that comes from the verb véler to relate and is used to
signal the object against which a relative comparison is being made (than,
relative to).

Mirad English
ga...vél more...than
ge...vél as...as
go...vél less...than
gá...vél the most...in/of
rather...compared
gé...vél
to

Wikibooks | 177
 Chapter 5

gó...vél the least...in/of

The Comparative of Superiority

More than is expressed by the adverb ga, followed by the adjective, adverb, or
verb and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun,
pronoun, or predicate being compared:

Mirad English
Ata tadet ce ga aza vél et. My brother is stronger than you.
At ga ése vél et. I work more than you.
Ita tedet ga aga vél ata. His son is taller than mine.
This book is more interesting that that
Uda dén ce ga ketlea vél idac.
one.
Mam ce ga aga vél et tese. The sky is bigger than you think.

The Comparative of Equality

As...as' is expressed by the adverb ge, following by the adjective, adverb, or verb
and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun, pronoun, or
predicate being compared.

Mirad English
Ìt ge te vél at. She knows as much as I do.
At ge fi deuze vél et. I sing as well as you do.
Ata tam ce ge aga vél eta. My house is as big as yours.
There are as many grownups as
Ece ge tobi vél tobomi.
babies.

The Comparative of Inferiority

Less...than' is expressed by the adverb go, following by the adjective, adverb, or

verb and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun,
pronoun, or predicate being compared.

Mirad English
Ìt go te vél at. She knows less than I do.
At go fi deuze vél et. I sing less well than you do.
Ata tam ce go aga vél etac. My house is less big than yours.
There are fewer grownups than
Ece go tobi vél tobomi.
babies.

178 | Unilingua
Grammar

The Superlative of Superiority

The most...of/in' is expressed by the adverb gya, followed by the adjective,

adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition
vyel.

Mirad English
Ud ce gya yobaga miam vyel mir. This is the deepest lake in the world.
At gya fi deuze. I sing the best.
Gya fia ticudi vyel ticudyan The best students in the class will be
akbuyo. rewarded.
At ce gya ivat vyel yati. I am the happiest person of all.

The Superlative of Inferiority

The least...of/in' is expressed by the adverb gyo, followed by the adjective,

adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition
vyel.

Mirad English
Uda ticud ce gó tepaza vél áda This student is the least intelligent of all the
ticudi. students.
At gó fi deuze. I sing the least well.
Gó fia ticudi vél ticudyan The worst students in the class will be
uóvfuso. punished.
At ce gó ivat vél áti. I am the least happy person of all.

Idioms Using Adjectival/Adverbial Comparison Constructions

Mirad English example

the more...the Ga mamile ga ilirke. The more it rains, the more
ga...ga
more it floods.
the more...the Ga iva at ce ga azà at dae. The happier I am the
ga...go
less louder I speak.
the less...the
go...ga Go et tile ga fia ce. The less you drink the better.
more
Go et ézbue go et ózbie. The less you put in the
go...go the less...the less
less you get out.
as much as At tele gá ida telamu. I eat as much as possible in
gá...
possible... that restaurant.
gá veá... the most possible Puo gá já veá. Arrive as early as possible.
Bookco gó veá. Tire yourself out the least
gó veá... the least possible
possible.

Wikibooks | 179
 Chapter 5

vòga...v At tila oga vél jubénà. I drank no more than

no more...than
él usual.
Note: vél, as a preposition, originates from a verb, much like the prepositions
gal plus and gar times:

verb preposition
galer to add gal plus
garer to
gar times
multiply
goler to subtract gol minus
gorer to divide gor divided by
vél relative to,
véler to relate
than

Adverbs

Formation

Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by post-yodifying the adjectival ending,

that is, by changing -a to -à, for example:

adjective adverb
fia good fià well
ana
anà only
single
gíà
gía easy
easily
The adverbial ending -à is really the same as the comitive ending, meaning with.
So, in effect, nouns in the comitive case are really adverbs. The same holds true
for the instrumental ending -è by means of, through, by.

noun adverb
gúan
gúanà with difficulty
difficulty
áganè lengthwise, by
ágan length
length
bik care bikà with care, carefully
at me atè by me
Similarly, a noun in the dative case (-u) can amount to an adverbial expression.

noun adverb
uda job this day udjobu today

180 | Unilingua
Grammar

oda em which place od(e)mu where?

tam house tamu (at) home
mep way mepu en route
Some words are inherently adverbs:

• áb up as in go up
• ób down as in come down
• zà ahead as in run ahead
• zò back as come back
• úz around as in spin around
• ga more as in eat more
• go less as in eat less
• ge same, as as in as big or do the same
• gla very as in very good
• glo not so as in not so bad
• và indeed as in He is indeed our leader.
• vò not as in He is not our leader.
• vè possibly as in It's possibly true.

Comparison

Adverbs are compared in the same way as adjectives:

comparitive
normal equalitive degree maximal degree
degree
igà ge igà (vél) as quickly ga igà more gá igà as quickly as
quickly (as) quickly possible
ugà ge ugà (vél) as slowly gá ugà as slowly as
go ugà less slowly
slowly (as) possible

Syntax

Adverbs, like adjectively, normally precede the element in the sentence which
they modify, however, this rule is a loose one and can be bent without peril in
most cases.

• Igà upu! Come quickly!'

• At anà go te. I know only a little.
• Uda tam fià ceswa. This house was built well.
• Et vò sa ge fuà. You did not do as badly.
• Upu gá ubà. Come as closely as possible.
• At vò te ev it pa áb è ób. I don't know whether he went up or down.

Wikibooks | 181
 Chapter 5

Shortcuts

Adverbs formed from adjectives ending in -ia or -ua can be shorted to -i and -u,
respectively:

• Pu fi! Fare well!'

• vi swa beautifully done
• ésu gú! Work hard!

182 | Unilingua
Conversation Lessons

6 C ONVERSATION L ESSONS
live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Lesson 1: Greetings (Dotsini)

Mirad English
Cu baka! Hello! [Lit: "Be healthy."]
Gè et. Hi. (in return) [Lit: "Equally you."]
Fijub! Good day!
Fimaj! Good morning!
Fiumaj! Good evening!
Fimoj! Good night.
Upu và!! Welcome! [Lit: "Come indeed"]
Et ce odéna? How are you? [Lit: "You are what-like"]
Et ce odbéna? How are you? [Lit: "You are in-what-situation."]
At ce baka. I'm fine. [Lit: "I am well."]
At ce fibéna. I'm fine. [Lit: "I am in-good-situation."]
At ce ficana. I'm fine. [Lit: "I am in-good-form."]
Ev coni fipe? How are things? [Lit: "Are things going well?"]
Yad fipe. Everything is going well.
Et se odà? How are you doing? [Lit: "You do how?"]
At se fià. I'm doing well. [Lit: "I do well."
Vò fia vò fua. So-so. [Lit: "Not good not bad."]
Naztwe! Thanks! [Lit: "It is appreciated."][naz = value]
Atu ifca. You're welcome. [Lit: "It was a pleasure for me."]
À ev et? And you? [Lit: "And whether you?"]
At gè ce baka. I'm fine, too. [Lit: "I likewise am healthy."]
Od ce joga? What's new. [Lit: What is new?"]
Ód. Nothing.
Eta tod ce odéna? How is your family? [Lit: "You family is what-way?"]
Ata tod ce ficana. My family is fine. [Lit: "My family is in good shape."]
Cu baka!! Goodbye!, Farewell! [Lit: "Be healthy."]
Gè et!! Goodbye to you, too! [Lit: "Likewise you."]

Vocabulary Notes

• bak = health
• baka = healthy
• cer = to be

Wikibooks | 183
 Chapter 6

• cer baka = to be healthy, to be well

• Cu baka!! [future/imperative] = Be well! Farewell! Hello!
• At ce baka. = I'm fine. (= I am well.)

• gè = equally, also, too, likewise

• gè at = me too; I, as well
• gè fia = equally good, also good
• gebénu = in the same situation/manner

• ev = Whether?; Is it true that?

• od? = What?
• odà? = How? (-à = adverbial ending/"with")
• odéna? = How?, (Lit: what-wise?)
• odbéna? = How? (Lit: what-mannered?)
• odcana? = How? (Lit: what-shaped?)
• av = for (prep), let, so that (conj.)
• Av it bakcu. = Let him be well. [Lit: "So that he be healthy."]
• à = and (ò = but, è = or)
• vo = no (va = yes, ve = maybe)
• vò = not (và = indeed, certainly, vè = possibly, may)
• vò fua = not bad
• At vè ce boka. = I may be ill.
• It và ce ficana. = He is really in good shape.
• ód = nothing (ád = everything)

• at = I, me
• atu = to me, for me
• ata = my, mine

• et = you
• etu = to you, for you
• eta = your

• it = he, him
• itu = to him, for him
• ita = his

• can = shape, form, condition, state, status

• fican = good shape, good form, good condition
• ficana = in good shape, well, in good condition
• ficana cer / fincancer = to be in good shape, to be fine
• fucan = bad shape, bad condition
• fucana cer / fucancer = to be in bad shape, to be unwell
• odcana = in what shape, how
• odcana ce... = How is...

• bén = manner, situation

• fia = good (fua = bad)

184 | Unilingua
Conversation Lessons

• fibéna = in a good situation, fine

• odbéna? = in what situation?, in what manner?, how?
• ge = equal, same, as
• gebéna = in the same situation, unchanged

• naz = value
• ter = to know
• twer = to be known
• nazter = to appreciate, to know the value, to be thankful
• naztwe. = (It) is appreciated [passive voice], thank-you, thanks
• Gla naztwe. = Much appreciated; Thank-you very much.
• der = to say (...to [someone] = ...-u)
• nazder = to express appreciation, to thank (+ ...-u)
• At nazda itu av ita és. = I thanked him for his work.
• nazden = thanks, expression of appreciation

Lesson 2: Getting Acquainted

Mirad English
At vàge [ad] et ijtu ata I'd like you to meet my friend, Ivan. [Lit: "I'd like
dat Ivan. that you be acquainted with..."]
Very pleased to meet you. [Lit: "It is a great
Ce gla if ijter et.
pleasure to..."]
Od ce eta dún? What's your name?
Ata dún ce Maria. My name is Mary.
Odmu et tome? Where do you live?
At tome New
I live in New York/two kilometers from here.
Yorku/erozáki udma.
How long have you lived there? [Lit: "You live there
Et tome idmu ji od?
since what?"]
At tome ida domu ji alo I have lived in that city for 10 years. [Lit: I live in
jabi. that city since...]
What do you do for a living? [Lit: "What is your
Od ce eta és?
work?"]
At ése ge biktut. À ev et? I work as a nurse. And you?
At eju keé és. I am currently looking for work.
Ev et aé aga tod? Do you have a big family?
Ata tedeti ce odjaga? How old are your children? [Lit: "What-aged are..."]
Gajagat ce ale jaga à The elder is twelve years old and the younger is
gajogat ce ú jaga. nine. [Lit: "...is 12 of age...is 9 of age."]
Ev et gè ce tadca (or:
Are you also married?
tadaá)?

Wikibooks | 185
 Chapter 6

Vo. At ce No. I'm widowed/divorced/unmarried. [Lit: "mate-

tadokca/tadónca/tadoá. lost/mate-separated/mate-less"]
Odmu et tija? Where were you born?
At tija úb udem. I was born near here.
When did you move here. [Lit: "....change
Odju et emkála udmu?
location..."]
At pua ji e jabi. I arrived four years ago. [Lit: "...since four years"]

Vocabulary Notes

• ijter = to get to know, to become acquainted with, to meet (for the first
time) (ijtat acquaintance)
• ifcer/uifcer = to please/be pleased
• tomer = to reside, to live, to make one's home
• éser = to work
• aér = to have
• vàger = to wish, to like to (At vàge --er = I'd like to --)
• dúncer = to be named, to be called
• ser = to do, to make
• keer = to seek, to look for (kaer = to find, koer = to hide)
• tijer = to be born (tujer = to die)
• tadcer = to get married
• tadokcer = to be widowed
• tadòcer = to be unmarried
• emkáler = to relocate, to move (emkóler = to settle down)
• puer = to arrive (pier = to depart)
• jagcer = to get old, to age (jogcer = to get young)

• dat = friend
• tad = spouse, mate (tàd = wife, tadca married)
• tadokcat = widow(er)
• tadóncat = divore(e)
• tadoát = bachelor/bachelorette
• tedet = offspring, son, daughter, child
• tod = family
• tom = residence, home = (tomu = at home)
• dom = city (domu = in the city, in town)
• és = work (ésu = at work)
• jag = age (jaga = old, joga = young)
• tij = birth (tuj = death, tej = life)
• dún = name
• job = time
• jab = year (jabi = years, e jabi two years, udjabu this year)
• ej = the present (eju at present, eja present)
• em = place, space (emkáer to relocate)
• jagat = young person (gajagat = cadet, younger one)
• jogat = old person (gajogat = elder)

186 | Unilingua
Conversation Lessons

• if = pleasure (Ca if. It was a pleasure.)

• ja = before (jo = after, je = during)

• ja ej = ago [Lit: before the present]
• ji = since (ju = until)
• ji od = since when, for how long (ji e jabi = for two years)
• ga = more (go = less, ge = equal)
• gla = very, much, many (glo = little, few, slightly)
• úb = near to (íb = far from, úbem vicinity)
• bu = to (bi = from)

• udem = this place (ud(e)mu = here, ud(e)ma from here, od(e)mu? =

where?
• idem = that place (id(e)mu = there, id(e)ma from there)
• udjob = the present (udj(ob)u = now, odj(ob)u? when?)
• idjob = that time (idj(ob)u = then, ji id since then)

Wikibooks | 187
 Chapter 7

7 H ISTORY & D OCUMENT N OTES

Wikibook History

This book was created on 2005-03-15 and was developed on the Wikibooks
project by the contributors listed in the Authors section. The latest version may
be found at [Link]

PDF Information & History

This PDF was created on 2007-07-24 based on the 2007-07-20 version of the
Unilingua Wikibook. A transparent copy of this document is available at
Wikibooks:Unilingua/Print version. The SXW source of this PDF document is
available at Wikibooks:Image:[Link]. The template from which the
document was created is available at Wikibooks:Image:PDF [Link]. A
printer-friendly version of this document may be available at
Wikibooks:Image:Unilingua printable [Link].

Authors

Derbeth, GumbaGumba, Hagindaz, Iamunknown, James Shoemaker, Nabo0o,

Nikki, Robert Horning, Strait, Thomas Steinel, Tyoyafud, Whiteknight,
Wknight8111, anonymous contributors

188 | Unilingua
GNU Free Documentation License

8 GNU F REE D OCUMENTATION L ICENSE

Version 1.2, November 2002

Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure
everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while
not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the
document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU
General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does.
But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if
you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
copyright law.

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or

Wikibooks | 189
 Chapter 8

translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the

Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
(Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section
may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are
designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the
Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above
definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The
Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-
Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is
released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a
Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public,
that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text
editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for
drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or
discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that
is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII

without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a
publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or
PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats
include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can
be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-
generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such

190 | Unilingua
GNU Free Documentation License

following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires
to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page
as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name
mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements",
or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright
notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are
reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control
the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover,
and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and
legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must
present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You
may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited

Wikibooks | 191
 Chapter 8

to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you
should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover,
and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more

than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-
network location from which the general network-using public has access to
download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy
of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must
take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a
chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things
in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,
be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a
previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible
for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least
five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as
the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the
other copyright notices.

192 | Unilingua
GNU Free Documentation License

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the
public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in
the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required
Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version
as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access
to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given
in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the
Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text
and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of
the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict
in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that

qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as
invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the
Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing

but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover
Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,

Wikibooks | 193
 Chapter 8

previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement
of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of
your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the
name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in
the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into
the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding
verbatim copying of that document.

194 | Unilingua
GNU Free Documentation License

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and

independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation
is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the
individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the

Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the
Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in
electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the
whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute

translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any
Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version
of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case
of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this
License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",

or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so
long as such parties remain in full compliance.

Wikibooks | 195
 Chapter 8

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems
or concerns. See [Link]

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the

Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any
later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does
not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

External links
• GNU Free Documentation License (Wikipedia article on the license)
• Official GNU FDL webpage

196 | Unilingua