BIOCHEM PAPER 1 FIRST TO READ ESSAYS:
Glycosuria
Insulin and glucagon
Salivary digestion of carbohydrates and functions of liver
Cholesterol synthesis and regulation
Structure and function of immunoglobulins
Mutarotation and Benedict’s test
Functions of carbohydrates and their classification
Compare substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation
SGLT and GLUT transporters
Compare glucokinase and hexokinase
Hyperkalemia – Biochemical causes and effects
Chylomicron – Formation and metabolism
Biochemical role of biotin
Plasma proteins and their functions
Active transport and membrane potential
DNA vs RNA (1)
Plasma calcium regulation
Glucose tolerance test
Classification and functions of enzymes
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Isoenzymes – diagnostic use
Glycolysis pathway and energetics
Urea cycle and disorders
TCA cycle with energetics
Gluconeogenesis and its regulation
HMP shunt pathway
Electron transport chain and inhibitors
CALCIUM
IRON
BIOCHEM PAPER 1 NEXT TO READ ESSAYS:
DESCRIBE STRUCTURES OF PROTEIN
GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMANS
BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL REGULATION
METABOLIC FATE OF PYRUVATE
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
STEPS IN KETONE SYNTHESIS AND ITS METABOLISM
CHOLESTROL- IN DETAIL
PALMITIC ACID
DENOVO SYNTHESIS
UREA
PHENYLALANINE
AMMONIA = HYPERAMMONEMIA
TYROSINE
GLYCINE AND ITS PRODUCTS
CYSTEINE
CITRIC ACID CYCLE +AMPHIBOLIC ROLE
VITAMIN D
VITAMIN A,C,B12
PANTOTHENIC ACID
NIACIN
PORPHYRIAS
JAUNDICE
MUST KNOW SHORT NOTES:
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation with inhibitors
HMP shunt pathway
Glycolysis with energetics
TCA cycle with energetics
Gluconeogenesis and its regulation
Urea cycle and disorders
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Classification and functions of enzymes
Isoenzymes and diagnostic use , Glucose tolerance test
GOOD TO KNOW SHORT NOTES:
Substrate level phosphorylation
Rapoport Luebering Shunt
Fate of pyruvate
Lactose intolerance
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
Anaplerotic Reactions
Cori’s cycle and Cahill cycle
Von Gierke disease
Galactosemia
G-6-P-D deficiency
Uronic acid pathway
POSSIBLE BOUNCER SHORT NOTES: ***
Saponification
Iodine number
VLDL
LDL
HDL/Reverse cholesterol transport
Abetalipoproteinemia
Tangier disease
Frederickson classification of hyperlipoproteinemia
Prostaglandins
Mechanism of enzyme action (Lock and key model, Hand in glove model,
Fischer’s Template theory, Koshland’s Induced Fit Theory)
Lineweaver-Burk’s plot
Michaelis-Menten Equation, Km value and its significance
Factors regulating enzyme action
Types of enzyme inhibition – What happens to Km and Vmax in each case
Suicidal inhibition
Allosteric inhibition
Allosteric enzymes
Metalloenzymes and zymogens
Isoenzymes – Examples, diagnostic uses and their clinical significance
Isoenzymes in MI
Folate trap
Vitamin D toxicity (Hypervitaminosis D)
Pellagra
Biochemical functions of Pyridoxine
Respiratory quotient
Dietary fibers
Essential amino acid
BMR and affecting factors
Nitrogen balance and affecting factors
Protein-energy malnutrition
Obesity
Glycemic index
Heme synthesis and its regulation; Porphyria – types, enzyme defect in each
type, and findings
Obstructive jaundice
Physiological jaundice
Thalassemia
Precipitation of proteins
Isoelectric precipitation
READ YOUR REGULAR WAY OF READING QUESTIONS AND ADDITIONALLY
CHECK THAT YOU DON’T MISS THESE QUESTIONS
PREDICTED HIGH-YIELD ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Describe the Cori’s cycle and Cahill cycle. Add their
physiological significance.
2. Discuss the metabolism of pyruvate. Add a note on
oxidative decarboxylation and its regulation.
3. Describe the biochemical basis, clinical features, and
management of Galactosemia.
4. Explain the synthesis and degradation of heme. Add a note
on Porphyrias.
5. Describe the types of enzyme inhibition. How do they affect
Km and Vmax?
6. Explain the role and clinical significance of isoenzymes.
Add a note on their use in myocardial infarction.
7. Describe the biochemical classification, transport, and
functions of lipoproteins. Add a note on
abetalipoproteinemia.
8. Discuss Protein Energy Malnutrition. Compare marasmus
and kwashiorkor.
9. Write in detail about Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) deficiency – pathway, features, and consequences.
10. Explain the role of vitamins in 1-carbon metabolism.
Describe the folate trap and its implications.
11. Explain substrate-level phosphorylation with suitable
examples from glycolysis and TCA cycle.
12. Describe in detail the classification, functions, and
mechanism of action of enzymes.
13. Write about the uronic acid pathway. Add a note on
its significance and relation to essential pentosuria.
14. Discuss the biochemical basis and types of jaundice.
Emphasize on obstructive jaundice.
15. Describe the regulation of blood glucose level. Add a
note on insulin and glucagon actions.
VITAMINS ESSAY POSSIBLE:
Vitamin B12 – sources, absorption, functions, deficiency features, and the
folate trap
Biochemical basis, causes, and clinical features of Pellagra
Vitamin D metabolism, functions, rickets, and hypervitaminosis D
Fat-soluble vitamins – functions and deficiency features of vitamin A
Vitamin K – role in coagulation, sources, deficiency, and clinical relevance
