1

Letter to sponsor
Date

XXX

Dear Director of health,

Honorable Sir,
On behalf of the team, I would like to inform you that we have planned install ERP Systems
in Healthcare. The installment is part of the larger initiative to bring the community together, as
well as engaging the youth in positive activities, away from the bad influence of drugs and other
unlawful activities.

We aims to increase social communication and growth by bringing small positive changes in
ourselves and around us. In addition, the aim is to motivate the generation to work towards
betterment of life. The group has conducted numerous research and activity sessions over the
months, ranging from blood camps, local competitions, educational campaigns and others.
We hope that you will humbly extend your financial support to help us organize this
program. Your support will certainly encourage and inspire the community to lead a better
successful life.

With Regards,
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Title Page

ERP Systems in Healthcare proposal

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Contents
Letter to sponsor...................................................................................................................................1

Title Page..............................................................................................................................................2

Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................5

1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................6

2.0 Environment analysis......................................................................................................................6

3.0 Justification of ERP Software System.............................................................................................7

4.0 Processes for Life Cycle..................................................................................................................7

4.1 The Acquisition Phase.................................................................................................................8

4.2 The Implementation Phase..........................................................................................................8

4.3 The Maintenance Phase...............................................................................................................8

4.4 The Evolution Phase...................................................................................................................8

4.5 The Retirement Phase..................................................................................................................9

5.0 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)......................................................................................9

5.1 Business Requirements...............................................................................................................9

5.1.1 Reason for Selecting ERP System......................................................................................10

5.1.2 Feasibility Analysis............................................................................................................11

5.2 System Design...........................................................................................................................11

5.2.1 System Design for ERP......................................................................................................12

5.2.2 Development and Unit Testing...........................................................................................13

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5.2.3 User Acceptance Testing....................................................................................................14

6.0 Implementation.............................................................................................................................15

7.0 Post Implementation Activities.....................................................................................................16

7.1 Risk Management......................................................................................................................16

7.2 Change Management.................................................................................................................17

8.0 Risk management..........................................................................................................................18

9.0 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................21

10.0 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................21

11. Reference list................................................................................................................................22

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Executive Summary
The modern world of has advanced in technology as well as there is the increment in

stiffness of business rivalry, where now companies necessitate venture in valuable, rare,

inimitable as well as expensive to acquire resources which set them apart from their competitors.

Notably, competition has largely shifted from the traditional areas of advantage like pricing and

quality of products to more abstract fields such as knowledge management. Today, knowledge is

a major asset for a company which can give it strong competitive advantage. Knowledge is

gained from the amount of information available. Therefore, the investment in strategic

information systems is an important venture and interest for all business corporations today.

The health care industry incorporates technology into many of its practices. Technology is

growingly used to communicate between health care providers and patients. Patient care is

improving and companies are becoming increasingly more popular with the use of technology.

Health care providers can communicate more effectively to patients without having to spend

face-to-face time with them. Health care providers find this more accommodating because of

busy schedules. The patient can get the information needed to make informed decisions

regarding care and treatment options that might become available using technology. The patient

can communicate all needs to providers and providers can respond in a timely manner. This

improves patient satisfaction, decreases possible errors and potential legal action due to

malpractice. Health care technology allows providers collect, store, retrieve, and transfer

information electronically. The use of technology overall has improved the quality of services to

both the provider and patient, and will continue to do so in the years ahead. This paper has given
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an in-depth analysis on development design and implementation of ERP Systems in Healthcare

proposal

1.0 Introduction

Today, knowledge is a major asset for a company which can give it strong competitive

advantage. Knowledge is gained from the amount of information available. Therefore, the

investment in strategic information systems is an important venture and interest for all business

corporations today.

2.0 Environment analysis

Based on the SWOT analysis, there are a few areas of focus that we should consider. The facility

should invest in advancing technology. We will also need to confirm a plan to hire and recruit a

team to facilitate the expanded services. This could include physicians, nurses and support staff.

Satisfaction with a visit increases the likelihood patients return and recommend the facility.

Addressing patient concerns timely will help us be successful.

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Urgent care centers help to benefit both community medical services and patients. Ultimately

a well- written SWOT analysis can determine the success of our business, so it is important that

we gather our resources and research topics extensively. The next steps include creating a

company profile that will help attract talent. We will also need to establish an aggressive

marketing plan, clear goals for the future and illustrate what sets our facility apart from the

competition!

3.0 Justification of ERP Software System

One of the furthermost significant compensations of ERP systems are secretarial application.

It can integrate the cost, profit, and sales information are made. Enterprise Resource Planning

can also change how products are manufactured. A dating structure can be set up to allow the

company to be notified when the product they need to be updated. In addition, the advantage of

also reducing operating costs ERP system implementation. When the initial cost of ERP

navigable, users can find a reward for their efforts in the form of reduced operating costs. It can

also enable companies to have greater control over marketing, production and inventory. This

will reduce costs and dependence on help desk support. In addition, integration can also be the

highest benefit of ERP systems. The only real project aim for implementing ERP reduce

redundancy data. If this is set as a goal, to automate inventory posting to G / L, then it might be a

successful project. Companies where the integration is not as important or even dangerous, tend

to have a hard time with the ERP. ERP not enhance individual users, so if they were expecting, it

will be a big dissatisfaction. ERP upsurge user collaboration. Contingent on the size of the

innovativeness, as well as manage data attributing can be a full-time role, even taking some

commissioner to comprehensive the task. Through applying an ERP system, all data will be
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positioned in one location, making it calmer to achieve the duties as well as responsibilities of

day-to-day. Also, to keep all the data adequately, daily tasks will develop easier.

4.0 Processes for Life Cycle

4.1 The Acquisition Phase

In this phase, the vendor selection and the ERP system that addresses the business needs are

analyzed. Some of the key factors include the pricing models that are offered by vendors; the

functions of different ERP systems, the need for training etc. are considered. Selection of the

appropriate package enables in minimizing the risk.

4.2 The Implementation Phase

The significant efforts are specifically created for synchronizing the business procedure

along through the employed ERP system. The customization of the ERP may be needed for

meeting the needs of the business. It also includes testing of the system and training is provided

on the new ERP system. All processes and procedures needs to be tested before launching

(Kahkonen et al. 2014).

4.3 The Maintenance Phase

This particular phase highlights the running of the new ERP system. It is vital to check as

well as corrected if there are any sort of malfunctions. The users are trained for using the system

in an effective manner so that advantages can be gained.

4.4 The Evolution Phase

For improving the business performance alterations and upgrade of the ERP system is

necessary. In this phase the capabilities are integrated into the organization’s ERP system
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intended for achieving additional benefits. In regards to upward evolution functionality is

provided so that it helps in decision making with significant applications. In case of outward

evolution the system is specifically integrated by e-commerce and web. It helps in providing

added value (Wan and CLEGG, 2011).

4.5 The Retirement Phase

Ultimately, it is evident that an ERP system just like in the case of Healthcare becomes

moderately susceptible to the legacy system concerns as the commercial state as well as

technologies transforms.

5.0 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

5.1 Business Requirements

Bearing in mind the important processes carried out by organizations in distinguished

sectors, ERP delivers wide variety of amenities which improves the level of performance

impacting the inclusive accomplishment of objectives as well as goals. Though enterprise

resource planning software provides immense benefits it is essential to consider the fact that it do

comes with certain drawbacks which needs to be assessed for effective functioning of all

operations. Thus, it is quite essential on the part of the organization to contemplate on the

emphasizing on effective scheduling and management in advance for the employment of the

ERP system is done.

Enterprise Resource Planning systems promote significant change in different areas of a

healthcare facility including finance, human resource, capability, revenue and admission

resources. In healthcare organizations, these systems are famed for increasing profitability and
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efficiency of services. Some of the business processes that these systems have been designed to

promote include the reception area where patient records and details are maintained. These

systems help receptionists to easily obtain information that may be needed by patients and their

families. It also helps in keeping updated information on schedules such as appointment,

admission dates, and discharge details. Healthcare amenities endure on the flow of information

from diverse professionals as well as amid dissimilar departments. The ERP systems guarantee

that there remains a tranquil diffusion of data through guaranteeing that all approved personnel’s

partake admittance to all pertinent evidence in the wildest way conceivable. The obtainability of

this data remains critical in procedures such as evolving diagnostic reports. When evidence

documented on electronic medical reports (EMR) is conveyed in a fast way, physicians remain

capable to usage of specifics such as health background as well as preceding analyses in order to

express sophisticated diagnosis verdicts (Botta-Genoulaz, 2006).

5.1.1 Reason for Selecting ERP System

Considering the immaculate number of issues persisting with the healthcare it can be stated

that the organization is in urgent need of technological implementation which can enable in

overcoming such problems and put the organization in the driving seat. Evaluating the first issue,

the implementation of the ERP system can help in making order management error free. By the

help of this particular system (Tsai et al. 2012). The implementation of the system would allow

in saving the works directly in the program so that the operations can be carried out as per

convenience. The editing abilities make altering remits, creation of quoted and converting the

invoices in an easy manner through the ERP software. The customized enterprise resource

planning system will also improve the consumer relationships and allow in making constant

progress in the business.

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In a similar manner for the second issue it is necessary to avoid miscommunication regarding

the production unit and inventory. The implementation of ERP system enables in attaining

inventory accuracy. No matter which devices are used the levels of inventory will appear

consistently which will help in saving both money and time (Leon, 2014). This also will help in

overcoming the stock mishaps. Moreover ERP solution will also enable in knowing the

purchases across the business so that every individual can make accurate and informed decisions

that are beneficial for the entire organization.

5.1.2 Feasibility Analysis

This aspect basically implies the applicability of a significant strategy in regards to a certain

organization. Assessing the scenario of healthcare centers the implementation of the ERP system

is feasible enough for enhancing the profitability. Regardless of the factor whether the business

organization has the abilities, capacities and assets for execution of the implemented

technological system, it is essential on the part of the management to evaluate the financial

related possibilities by estimation and investigation of cash flow, performing the break even

analysis along with other financial analysis (Beheshti and Beheshti, 2010). As per the feasibility

analysis of implementation of the ERP system is concerned, the organization needs to analyze

the human resources, effectiveness of the managers, materials etc. These aspects need to be

inquired for having a profound knowledge about the capacities of the organization. As the

implementation of ERP system is necessary and depends upon the execution all related

operations and aspects must be analyzed beforehand so that the implementation of ERP system

can be feasible enough for the healthcare center.

5.2 System Design

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Modern hospital information systems remain information systems which are combined,

comprehensive as well as specialized. Even with these benefits being evident the utilization of

the systems of ERP by physicians' and hospitals' is still significantly low. Researching the

response of medical professionals to the use of ERP systems is important especially in

understanding the success and failure of ERP development and implementation project.

5.2.1 System Design for ERP

Considering the issues persisting with healthcare it can be stated that ERP implementation

can be the only way out to sort all the problems and bringing back the operations of the

organization in track.

Features

 The ERP executed as a spouse presented cloud solution or positioned on buildings or the

amalgamation of in cooperation helps in tumbling the upfront investment (Handayani,

Hidayanto, and Budi, 2013)..

 Implementation of the ERP enables in offering adequate and accurate business solutions

helps an organization in getting ahead and staying ahead by prolifically enhancing the

operations for smooth functioning of the overall organization (Ruivo et al. 2013).

The following ways can be used to test the ERP system before implementing in the chosen

organization.

 Using the SysTest Framework for editing the component/unit assessment code.

 The formation of assessment module aimed at management the FormAdaptors as well as

test code.
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 Introducing the record of the Task Recorder hooked on the visual studio intended for

producing the test code (Clegg and Wan, 2012).

 Integrating the Test module with a build machine

Dynamics Management Reporter: It can be confirmed through the postponement by means of

the general library.

Dynamics Web Portals: It can be verified by numerous web portals employing the web

browser collections/

5.2.2 Development and Unit Testing

Many studies have come to view ERP to be quite challenging especially due to the

presence of multiple screens, options as well as navigation aids. Similarly, these studies have

noted the problems in usability especially in regard to the documentation of progress notes and

other components that are proven labor extensive to cause healthcare providers to spend extra

time at work learning how to use these systems. These substantial initial time costs, however, are

regarded as very crucial barriers towards achieving successful implementation. Poba-Nzaou et. al

(2014) says the reason they are considered barriers is that they put a time stress on healthcare
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providers and staff by increasing their time at work, this extra time used in training reduces their

use of the ERP systems and could in some cases increase resistance towards the systems

translating to the lower success of ERP implementation.

While vendors are making effortless attempts to gradually improve ERP usability, the

analysis that vendors contributed to show that they believed that newly innovated technology

such as voice recognition, mobile devices, and tablet computers could not make significant

changes in simplifying ERP usage. Stefanou (2006) feels that the development and designing of

user-friendly information software to be used by professionals have become a challenge for

many industries other than the healthcare industry. Failures in ERP implementation and use such

as inexistence of integration between the ERP and clinical data systems such as referral systems

and lab systems has been attributed to barriers of inadequate electronic data exchange and weak

integration. Having health care professionals work using both electronic and paper-based

systems has proven quite challenging in that maneuvering through both systems during the

performance of their work tasks has become very time-consuming thereby slowing down the

workflow. It can also lead to an increase in errors of information conveyance and organization

and can as well lead to an increase in the resistance to EMR use amongst the healthcare

professionals.

5.2.3 User Acceptance Testing

The implementation of information systems adoption, as well as its use, has remained a

major issue affecting both research and practice. Even with the major innovations and

technological evolution for both hardware and software the problem facing information systems

persists. The last two decades have brought about significant progress especially in the prediction
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and determination of user acceptance of information systems. Numerous researches have proven

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to be effective in explaining about forty percent of the

variance in components relative to usage intention as well as behavior (Ahlan, 2014).

This Model believes that behavioral intention to use by an individual can be determined

by the belief of perceived usefulness and the belief of perceived ease of use. Perceived

usefulness can be used to describe as the level at which a person believes the information system

will increase their job performance. Perceive ease of use, on the other hand, is referred to as the

level at which a person believes the use of these information systems will be easy to use and

require minimum effort. The TAM model also views perceived usefulness to be influenced by

perceived ease of use since the easier it is to use the systems the more useful it becomes to the

work performance (Ketikidis, 2012).

6.0 Implementation
Considering the scenario of Healthcare implementation of the ERP system needs to be

carried out effectively by following certain regulations. Implementation can be carried out firstly

by identification of the issues, as noticed in the chosen organization the production and inventory

unit is not functioning effectively so it can be stated that the real objective for implementing the

ERP systems is for enhancing the operational activities. In a similar manner for execution of the

ERP system, emphasis should be given on the scope (Bahssas, AIBar and Hoque, 2015). The

features of the ERP need to be synchronized as per the company needs depending on the core

necessity and budget. Following the scope evaluation of options has to be evaluated. It is the role

of the management to successfully invest the time in an effective manner for evaluating the

available options.
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Once the particular ERP solution has been identified which is ERP in the case of the

Healthcare the most significant step that needs to be taken in migration of data that helps in

future utilization and smooth transition of the software. It needs to be assessed that only the

relevant and necessary data should be transferred with great care so that data can be retrieved

whenever required (Sekar, 2018). After this procedure the infrastructure has to be checked as it is

the core aspect for the implementation of the ERP software. The infrastructure on which the

particular ERP system will run must have the scalability scope along with distinctive options as

per the requirement. Once this process is carried out emphasis should be provided on change

management and transfer of technology and knowledge to all the associated members of the

organization. This helps in clearing all questions regarding the change that would take place and

the need for the ERP system (WAN and CLEGG, 2011). Proper training and knowledge transfer

can help in understanding the requirement and can also help in reducing the time gap. After all

these aspects have been evaluated implementation of the ERP system is carried out with proper

monitoring process.

7.0 Post Implementation Activities

It is quite important for the management of the Healthcare in emphasizing in the post

implementation activities of the ERP systems. This can enable in enhancing the performance and

getting adequate results for which the particular system has been implemented.

7.1 Risk Management

It is universally known that every ERP implementation which consume resources, money,

time and attention do face certain number of risks. In regards to Healthcare the risk can be quite

dangerous as it can impact the overall organization not only from the failure of the new system
 PROPOSAL 17

but also from the perspective of change management. Thus the following risk management

techniques need to be taken into consideration for successful management of risk in ERP

implementation.

 For effective management of risk related to ERP implementation at Healthcare five key

ways needs to be followed for dealing with the risk i.e. prevention of risk, reduction of

risks, transference of risk, contingency of risk and acceptance of risk. Developing a plan

based on this aspect can help the management to overcome the risk associated with the

new ERP implementation (Aloini et al. 2012).

 On the other hand, educating the employees of the organization in articulating the risks in

an actionable manner can be a significant way in managing the ERP implementation risk

(Hakim and Hakim, 2010). Educating them about the ways the risk can be mitigated and

how the ERP can be beneficial can be beneficial from both change management

viewpoint and risk management viewpoint.

 In managing the risk compliance assurance review is must as it is reviewed and driven by

the present situation of the business. As noticed with Healthcare the organization needs

an overhaul change the major goal is that the organization understand the reason behind

execution of the change, This will help in preparing risk management plan so that if

anything goes awry during operational time quick decisions can be made to overcome the

risk.

7.2 Change Management

In regards to implementation of ERP systems in the Healthcare organization widespread

organizational change management is quite essential to the implementation success of the chosen

ERP system. Thus the following needs to be assessed by the organization.

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 All employees of the organization need more training and understanding about the specific

need for the ERP system. Thus organizations must take prolific strides in enhancing the

communication and letting the employees know about the need for implementing ERP

system, how it can impact the organizational effectiveness and how it will enhance the daily

operations (Altamony et al. 2016).

 Similarly, training and education is quite essential in regards to the ERP related training so

that the employees are ensured about learning the new software and the business processes.

The significant changes in the business processes which are necessary in successful

implementation of ERP create significant changes in the corporate climate and culture.

Therefore it is essential in managing the staff for avoiding fear, resentment and anxiety.

 In regards to organizational change management due to ERP implementation the higher

management authorities needs to showcase commitment and support (Dezdar and Ainin,

2011). Lack of management can impact both the organization and failure of the ERP

implementation and therefore the management needs to overcome the resistance to change by

bridging the gap and communicating with the employees.

8.0 Risk management

Risk Mitigation Plan

This particular section provides a discussion of the identified threats based on the presented

case, then proposing the mitigations. The part therefore, starts by looking or outlining the

identified risks then providing the elevation for the threats. Based on the case presented, the

following are the identified threats and the proposed mitigations (Smith, 2016).
 PROPOSAL 19

The Losing of the customers as a result of the outages led by incidences, for instance,

natural disasters, software that is not stable et cetera.

Remediation; This threat can be elevated through Improvement of the risk intelligence;

this will help the organization to differentiate the risk administration from the demeanours

regarding the risks. The organization should, therefore, focus on indorsement of the risk

clearness through the whole organizational stages; this will help the organization to ensure that

the actions taken align with the goals and objectives. Moreover, conversing as well as emanating

the intelligent risk philosophy is an essential strategy that should be adopted. All employees will

be required to follow this. This can be achieved through, frequent and open communication of

the errands while holding them accountable, development of the procedure that would facilitate

the discussion of the risks (Smith, 2016).

The Damage as well as destructions of the information of the organization as a

result of the insider threat.

The remediation of this threat may take two steps: First, alignment of the risk management

with strategy is critical in this regard- arguably. the organization itself is responsible for assisting

the administration in formulation of the appropriate approach which is proved to be affiliated to

the mission of the organization. During the evolution of the company’s plan, the board should

focus on debating the risks to the approach as well as the possible dangers the procedure may

have. The organization therefore, has to task management CBA under the destruction of the

information of the organization as a result of the insider threat which could lead to the loss of

essential data of the organization. In this case, the CBA analysis is reported to be $34000 to be

the estimated cost of damage while the control cost is $12000.

 PROPOSAL 20

Losing the data of the organization attributed to the removal of the hardware from the

production systems

Remediation of the threat: making a decision regarding the risk oversight accountability.

Considering the facts that the administration is wholly accountable for the risk running and then

providing the answers to the procedures of categorizing, checking as well as mitigating the

dangers of the organization. Ensuring accountability within the organization so that the

mitigation process is effective. CBA: The approximated cost of this possible loss would force the

organization to incur about $48,900 dollars, in case of the implementation of the control then the

cost would be about $23,000.

Losing the data of the organization on lost Organization assets, for instance, the laptops

Remediation of the threat: Effective Calculation of the risk governance “development”.

this effective suit the loss of the information of the organization or even the data that might be

misplaced. The familiarity that the organization have with the risk administration is essential. In

this case, therefore, the organization should ensure the incorporation of the risk administration in

consideration of the different actions (Smith, 2016).

Theft of private data of the organization as a result of the insider threats.

Remediation actions to be taken: ensuring effective communication of the process of risk

while at the same time issuing the recommendations even to the stakeholders.

The Losing of the customers as well as the revenue as a result of the regulatory landscape

modification Impacting operations.

 PROPOSAL 21

Remediation: This type is based on the organization, a flexible as well as a low-cost strategic

measure that would effectively counter the above-identified risks. Arguably, an ideal risk

mitigation task has to be adopted considering the facts that some of the risks might not be easily

identified. In this regard, therefore, flexibility is essential as it would effectively help in the

mitigation of this risk type (Smith, 2016).

9.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, Healthcare began as a practice where people would learn about the

medicinal properties of plants through practice, and trial and error. After new found knowledge

was learnt and studied, people would pass that knowledge onto others. Healthcare is an integral

part of our community, and there is great importance placed on the efficient and effective

operations of health providers. The high numbers of patients visiting the hospitals daily pose

direct challenges in the administration of a facility forcing most hospitals to adopt information

systems such as ERP. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in medicine has mostly been used by

large organizations, but we seek to apply its use in small-sized healthcare facilities.

10.0 Recommendations
 The ERP is a solution for long term and for getting utmost value out of it, it is essential to

work towards the efficient use of the application. Thus, this particular section frames all the

necessary ingredients of a project in light of the adoption of the user.

 It has been observed that implementation of this particular system needs planning and

strategy and therefore it is the role of the organization to analyze all the necessary aspects
 PROPOSAL 22

before expecting any solution. In case the goal is for self-supporting then it is important to

learn about the application to the fullest.

 If waterfall approach or the agile approach to implementation is considered by the

organization it is important to analyze the processes of business and develop the CRM design

for supporting all those processes.

 PROPOSAL 23

11. Reference list

Ahlan, R, A., Ahmad, I, B. (2014). User Acceptance of Health Information Technology (HIT) in
Developing Countries: A Conceptual Model 1287 -1296. Elsevier.
Aloini, D., Dulmin, R. and Mininno, V., 2012. Risk assessment in ERP projects. Information
Systems, 37(3), pp.183-199.
Altamony, H., Al-Salti, Z., Gharaibeh, A. and Elyas, T., 2016. The relationship between change
management strategy and successful enterprise resource planning (ERP)
implementations: A theoretical perspective. International Journal of Business
Management and Economic Research, 7(4), pp.690-703.
Bahssas, D.M., AlBar, A.M. and Hoque, M.R., 2015. Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
systems: design, trends and deployment. The International Technology Management
Review, 5(2), pp.72-81.
Beheshti, H.M. and Beheshti, C.M., 2010. Improving productivity and firm performance with
enterprise resource planning. Enterprise Information Systems, 4(4), pp.445-472.
Botta-Genoulaz, V., and Millet, P. A. (2006). An investigation into the use of ERP systems in the
service [Link] journal of production economics, 99(1-2), 202-221.
Clegg, B. and Wan, Y., 2012. A new dynamic framework for managing ERP development and
enterprise strategy. In Organizational Integration of Enterprise Systems and Resources:
Advancements and Applications (pp. 182-212). IGI Global.
Dezdar, S. and Ainin, S., 2011. The influence of organizational factors on successful ERP
implementation. Management Decision, 49(6), pp.911-926.
Hakim, A. and Hakim, H., 2010. A practical model on controlling the ERP implementation
risks. Information systems, 35(2), pp.204-214.
Handayani, P.W., Hidayanto, A.N. and Budi, I., 2013. Business Process Requirements for
Indonesian Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Implementing Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) and ERP Systems Comparison. JCP, 8(9), pp.2437-2441.
Ketikidis P, Dimitrovski T, Lazuras L, Bath PA. (2012). Acceptance of health information
technology in health professionals: An application of the revised technology
acceptance model. Health informatics journal; 18(2):124-34.
Leon, A., 2014. Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education.
Poba-Nzaou, P., Uwizeyemungu, S., Raymond, L., and Paré, G. (2014). Motivations underlying
the adoption of ERP systems in healthcare organizations: Insights from online
stories. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(4), 591-605.
Ruivo, P., Johansson, B., Oliveira, T. and Neto, M., 2013. Commercial ERP systems and user
productivity: A study across European SMEs. Procedia Technology, 9, pp.84-93.
Sekar, K., 2018. Advancement and Manageability Connected to UIs in ERP Change
Management. Medico-Legal Update, 18(1).
Stefanou, C. J., and Revanoglou, A. 2006. ERP integration in a healthcare environment: a case
study. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19(1), 115-130.
Tsai, W.H., Lee, P.L., Shen, Y.S. and Lin, H.L., 2012. A comprehensive study of the relationship
between enterprise resource planning selection criteria and enterprise resource planning
system success. Information and management, 49(1), pp.36-46.
WAN, Y. and CLEGG, B., 2011. Managing ERP, Interoperability Strategy and Dynamic Change
in Enterprises. In Proc. POMS 22 nd Annual Conference, Reno, Nevada, USA.
PROPOSAL 24
 PROPOSAL 25

Appendices
Appendix one
Background of Healthcare
Healthcare Industry

Medicinal practice became a purposeful and common practice through many cultures:

Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Persian and Roman. During the nineteenth century there were

numerous technological, chemical and biological advances that helped physicians better

understand certain illnesses and treat ailments. Among those of technological advances are

anesthetics, syringes, antiseptics, x-rays, and penicillin. Around the beginning of the 20th

century the healthcare industry we know today began to evolve. These companies are the top and

some of the most important companies up to date due to the amount of revenue they bring in,

these companies bring in the greatest amount of revenue in the healthcare industry, and have the

highest percentages of people they treat around the world. Although, these are not all the people

who have been major contributors to this industry, without them this industry would not be as

successful as it is, there are many people who have made the healthcare industry the industry that

we know today. The whole healthcare industry has been increasing throughout its existence,

based off the chart (as seen above) starting at 2005 to 2013, everything about the industry has

been increasing, from revenue to net assets and member organizations. The healthcare industry’s

GDP is predicted to increase by the years, “NHE (National Health Expenditure) grew 3.9% to

$3.5 trillion in 2017, or $10,739 per person, and accounted for 17.9% of Gross Domestic Product

(GDP)” ([Link] 1). Base off the healthcare industry’s current and predicted increase in GDP,

so does the practice in medicine, insurance coverage, hospital and clinical expenditures, and the

national healthcare spending.

PROPOSAL 26

Appendix two

Appendix three

Appendix four
PROPOSAL 27