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Operation and Maintenance of Hydraulic Structures

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Chapter

Operation and Maintenance of

Hydraulic Structures
Musa Abubakar Tadda, Amimul Ahsan, Monzur Imteaz,
Abubakar Shitu, Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan and
Aliyu Idris Muhammad

Abstract

Water is among the most valuable resources that nature has endowed to human
beings. Water has cut across all spans of life from cradle to grave. Since time imme-
morial, man continuously developed methods and techniques to harness the benefits
of water and as well to protect himself from the destruction that may be caused by
the same water. Therefore, for a hydraulic structure to answer its name, it must be
capable of being used smoothly for the purposes it was designed for and also be able
to be controlled effectively without the risk of causing any havoc to the environ-
ment. Using water, especially for agricultural purposes, cannot be overemphasized.
Hence, this chapter discusses the hydraulic structures based on the work they
performed, challenges facing hydraulic structures, and management procedures of
the hydraulic structures in order to adequately and efficiently serve their purpose.

Keywords: hydraulic structures, operation, maintenance, water, design

1. Introduction

Hydraulic structures play an important role in drainage, irrigation, and hydraulic

projects. If hydraulic structures fail, it may cause serious damages of wealth, prop-
erties, and environment as well as losses of life and injury to economy. The water
related infrastructures are constructed at the aims to facilitate human needs/desires
and enhance the quality of life such as drainage channel, river/channel, irrigation
canal, bank/foot protection work, embankment, dam, spur dike/groyne, bridge/
culvert, regulator, barrage/large regulator, aqueduct, pump station, siphon, and
sluice. The details of some of the hydraulic structures are presented below.

1.1 Types of hydraulic structures

Hydraulic structures are structures that are fully or partially submerged in

water. The essence of building hydraulic structures is to either divert, disrupt, store,
or completely stop the natural flow of water bodies. Based on the work they are
designed to perform on streamflow, hydraulic structures are categorized as water-
retaining structures (dams and barrages), water-conveying structures (artificial
channels), and special-purpose structures (structures for hydropower generation or
inland waterways) [1].

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1.1.1 Water-retaining structures

The dam is an essential hydraulic structure that all other structures directly or
indirectly relied upon. Dams and barrages are typical water-retaining structures that
are built purposely to impound water. The retained water behind dams and barrages
could be used for other purposes such as irrigation, recreational activities, naviga-
tion, and a lot more. As of September 2019, there are 57,985 registered dams in the
world [2]. Regardless of their size and type, dams demonstrate high complexity in
their load response and interactive relationship with site hydrology and geology.
Dams are of different sizes and shapes and made of various materials such as soil
or rockfill embankment, mass concrete, reinforced concrete, masonry, and wood.
However, based on the construction materials used, dams are broadly classified into
concrete dams and embankment dams.

• Concrete dams comprised of gravity (PG), arch (VA), buttress (CB), barrage
(BM), and multiple-arch dams (MV) as shown in Figure 1a–e. All these dams
are constructed of mass concrete and sometimes of masonry with appropriate
structural quality [1, 2]. Recent statistics show that concrete dams occupied
only 20–22%, while embankment dams accounted for 78–80%.

• Embankment dams are of two types, earthfill (TE) and rockfill (ER), both of
which are constructed by mass filling of naturally existing ground materials
(soil and rocks). The construction materials are graded and well compacted
to resist seepage and sliding. Embankment dams are characterized by having
similar moderate face slopes at both upstream and downstream. This feature
gives rise to a broad trapezoidal cross section and a high construction volume,
which is relative to the dams’ height that can cover >300 m [2].

1.1.2 Water-conveying structures

Any artificial facility cut in the ground with the sole purpose of transporting
water diverted from main sources (river and dams) is termed as the water-conveying
structure. These types of structures are comprised of canals (Figure 2a) and tunnels
(Figure 2b) (usually made from soil and rocks) or siphons, aqueducts (Figure 2c),
flumes (Figure 2d), and pipelines (usually made from concrete and metals) [1].
Before the construction of any water-conveying structure, a detailed geotechnical
soil test and analysis is recommended to avail the surface and subsurface properties
of the soil on which the structure is upon rest. The same soil test and analysis also
applies to other types and classes of hydraulic structures to ensure safety and to save
resources.

1.1.3 Special-purpose hydraulic structures

As the name implies, special-purpose hydraulic structures are built as an integral

part of hydraulic project to meet a special purpose such as hydropower generation
(e.g., surge towers and shafts, forebays, and head ponds), navigation (e.g., land-
ings, berths, substations for ship repair, etc.), fishing (e.g., fish nursery ponds, fish
lifts and locks, fishways, etc.), water supply for domestic and industrial uses (e.g.,
water intakes to treatment plant, pumping stations, etc.), waste disposal/sewerage
(e.g., sewage headers, pumping stations, channels after treatment plant to water
bodies, etc.), and land reclamation (e.g., irrigation canals, drainage systems, silt
tanks, etc.) [1, 7].

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Figure 1.
(a) Gravity dam, (b) arch dam, (c) buttress dam, (d) multiple-arch dam, (e) earthfill and rockfill dam.
Source: [3].

Figure 2.
(a) Canals, (b) tunnels, (c) aqueducts, and (d) flumes. Source: [4–6].

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Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications

2. Purposes of hydraulic structures

Hydraulic structures are purposely for managing and controlling the flow of
water in natural and built environment systems. Moreover, the primary purposes
may include the following flood control, water conveyance, irrigation, navigation,
power generation, domestic and industrial purposes, environment protection, and
recreation, among others.

2.1 Flood control

Flooding is a geophysical hazard that nonuniformly dispersed in both space

and time. Over a decade, several watershed areas are frequently suffering from
flood disaster, which causes massive destruction and loss of lives, farmlands,
crops, access roads, and houses [8]. The effective way of flood control and reduc-
ing its negative impacts is by the construction of dams, water conveyance struc-
tures, culverts, canals, and reservoirs [9]. Many control structures are not solely
constructed mainly for dealing with flood control only. However, sometimes,
hydraulic structures are purposely built for flood control only. In the designing
and building of flood control structures, some vital point of views must be taken
into consideration in such that the cost of construction of such a project structure
should be of benefit, concerning the damage reduction and the public interest
when comparing to similar benefits to be derived by the alternative means. Also,
the flood control structures should be reliable and effective as predicted. Even in
some instance, the methods of controlling floods should rather be automatic, not
manual.

2.2 Power generation

Hydropower generation is the production of electrical energy from running

water through turbines without reducing its quantity. The flexibility; long-last-
ing, storing capability; less environmental pollution; and the cost-effectiveness
of hydropower plants make it attract more investment as a renewable energy
source and role as a way of drought mitigation [10]. It has been demonstrated
that hydropower generated about 16.4% of the global total electricity supply
equivalent to the installed capacity of about 1064 GW [9]. The hydropower
system is the leading global source of an estimated 71% of total renewable energy.
Furthermore, hydropower plant reservoirs can also be used as a tool in minimiz-
ing the adverse impacts of climate change and in achieving sustainable develop-
ment goals [11].

2.3 Navigation

Inland water transportation plays a significant role in the national and global
markets. Building dams and draining of river streams will considerably raise the
capacity of inland water transportation, thereby allowing the smooth movement
of a shipping vessel. An important point to note is that a chain of storage reservoirs
would advance navigation depth, straightening out navigation channels, and sup-
port the passage of both small, medium, and even large ships. However, it is recom-
mended to provide pathways or locks for vessels when dam structures are built on a
large river stream for easy navigation from upstream to the downstream. Also, the
topography of the surrounding environment should be taken into consideration.
Hence, the pathways might be an integral part of the dam or a completely different
structure.

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2.4 Irrigation schemes

Recently, it was reported that about 20% of the global total arable land is under
different forms of irrigation schemes. More than 70% of freshwater withdrawn
from rivers is utilized for irrigating crops, and 75% of the total water hardly returns
to the rivers [1]. In many regions of the world, with water scarcity, farming without
irrigation would not be possible. The quantity of water kept in the storage reservoirs
and the power required for water pumping are provided by hydropower plants,
which are integral parts of the multipurpose hydraulic structure. In the present
world, irrigation projects depend on the supply from multipurpose hydraulic dams,
reservoirs, and rivers. For irrigation schemes to be successful, the water supply from
sources must be adequately available whenever needed and at a reasonable cost
of investment. Also, the operation and maintenance of such a structure should be
smooth and cost-effective.

2.5 Municipal and industrial water supply

A large quantity of freshwater is being consumed daily by food processing; min-

eral mining and processing; textile, paper, and pulps; nuclear and thermal power
plants; and drugs and pharmaceutical, petrochemical, and metallurgical industries,
among others. However, some of the major industries that use a large volume of
water are nuclear and thermal power plants. To meet both domestic and indus-
trial needs, due to the higher demand for water by many industries, especially in
industrially developed nations, large capacity storage structures are always built to
store local rainfall runoff and water diverted from other river basins. Multipurpose
hydraulic structures are the primary storage and sources of most water supply for
domestic and industrial purposes. Although public water consumption constitutes
nearly only 10% of the water consumed by the industries, still the immediate needs
of public water supply must be taken seriously [12]. The water supply from hydrau-
lic projects should always meet the standards of quality required for domestic and
industrial uses in terms of its color, test, hardness, odor, and bacterial purity. Also,
the treatment methods for the water should be cost-effective and daily available
all year round. Necessary control and protection measures should be provided in
the river basin areas where the hydraulic project is sited which are mainly for the
municipal water supply. The need for hydraulic projects is also in a region with the
seasonal variation of rainfall distribution of the year.

2.6 Environment protection

Another vital reason for hydraulic projects is for environmental protection and
water management, which may include farmland improvement by controlling soil
erosion; environmentally friendly hydropower supply; improved quality water
supply for human, animal, and industrial consumption; aquatic food supply; and
recreational development [8]. Nevertheless, the negative impacts posed by the
massive hydraulic structures on the environment and public safety should always
be considered in the course of design and construction processes [1]. The essential
environmental issues are for the well-being of people living around the hydraulic
projects and to the other plants and animals for the social needs of humankind.

2.7 Recreation and other purposes

Many hydraulic projects also serve as a place for tourism, recreational, and
sports activities. In fact, in some countries, sometimes hydraulic projects are

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Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications

specially constructed for recreation purposes. Some recreational activities carried

out at the hydraulic project sites might include swimming, fishing, boating, canoe-
ing, scuba diving, and lakeside walking. Recreational activities provide job oppor-
tunities to the teeming population and generate incomes to the government and, at
the same time, conserve the natural environment.

3. Operation and maintenance of hydraulic structures

Strategies for sustainable operation and maintenance of hydraulic structures

are initiated before design and are optimized during its service life for the safety of
lives and properties, which stabilizes the environment and the national economy.
Consequently, improper hydraulic structures’ operation and maintenance may lead
to loss of life, properties, economy, and the environment. The responsibilities for
the operation and maintenance of hydraulic systems vary in different countries,
depending on the ownership and purposes. In Nigeria, the responsibilities rest on
the central government, coordinated by the department of water resources. This
section has highlighted the necessary strategies for safe operation, maintenance,
and consequences due to failure. The strategies can be long term, seasonal, fre-
quent, and daily. The primary tasks to exemplary operation and maintenance of
hydraulic structures according to Chen [1] are as follows: hydrologic monitoring
and forecasting, detection and mitigation of aging of structures, safety surveillance
and instrumentations, and remedial actions.

3.1 Hydrologic monitoring and forecasting

Safe operation and management of hydraulic structure primarily depend on the

efficiency of metrological stations to provide independent data of water regime
and observation. The data obtained can be used during the analysis and prediction
of future hydrologic events. Nowadays, automated facilities are installed at various
locations in the catchment area to provide hydrologic data. After the analysis of the
data, the forecasted value and period must be provided with some reliable accuracy.
The short-term forecasting, developed on runoff and other fundamental theories,
provides the basis of flood controls in the catchment. Mid- and long-term forecast-
ing give essential information to the hydropower sector [1].

3.2 Safety surveillance and instrumentations

The continuous, systematic assessments of the physical condition of hydraulic

structures without compromise are encouraged. The large capacity hydraulic struc-
tures constitute a more significant threat to downstream life and properties. Mostly,
failure arises from extreme flood events and inter- or obvious structural distress,
which necessitates safety surveillance and instrumentation programs to detect the
possible symptom and specific problem at an early stage in hydraulic structures and
create strategies for the solution to the possible abnormalities [1, 13]. The selection
and installation of equipment or instrumentation at appropriate locations in the
surveillance area, adequate interpretation of the surveillance data, and immediate
actions are more important than the number of instruments installed.

3.2.1 Safety inspection

The safety inspection is a regular inspection of some deteriorations to determine

the current state of hydraulic structures based on purposes related to the operation.

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Safety inspections are categorized into routine, specialized, and periodic inspec-
tions. Specifically, the embankments of large capacity structures should be closely
and routinely examined against any physical defect [13]. This inspection is catego-
rized into routine, specialized, and periodic inspections [1], and thus, their cumula-
tive records determine whether a defect is new, gradual, and/or rapidly changing in
the structures [13]. The routine inspection aims to identify the physical deficiencies
of the hydraulic structures during day-to-day operations. Periodic inspections are
carried out by experienced technical crews at an interval of 2–3 years and are meant
to detect physical defects on the structures by visual examination so that strategic
remedial actions can be taken. Specialized inspections include earthquake and
check-flood inspections. Earthquake and check-flood are identified as a potential
threat to hydraulic structures. Their inspection is carried out by experienced and
well-trained dam engineers. Thus, the documented reports for mitigations are then
put into the remedial action plan.

3.2.2 Surveillance and instrumentation

Surveillance is the continuous monitoring of physical conditions through

medium to large instruments. It is being done to check the deterioration con-
cerning the actual performance of the hydraulic structure and its trends for
compliance with the design expectations. In this operation, the collection,
presentation, and evaluation of data from the equipment installed in the system
are paramount. The equipment must cover critical components and should be
installed at positions where normal behavior is anticipated. It is a good practice
to draft an ideal instrumentational plan at an early stage to eliminate the less
essential provisions until an adequate, balanced, and affordable plan is deter-
mined. In large-scale structures such as a dam, surveillance through high-level
technology should be enhanced. Monitoring of change in temperature and cracks
occurring in the embankments are used to reveal seepage and sediments during
operations.

3.3 Remedial actions

Remedial actions are meant to prevent failures of hydraulic structures, especially

the large capacity structures that pose a significant threat to lives and properties.
The deficiencies are classified as minor, moderate, and major accidents [1]. Their
remedial actions are necessary before the failure of the entire structure. The defects
may earlier be detected through surveillance, and the defects may probably be
design-related, such as improper design capacity, or construction-related such as
inappropriate choice of materials. The common and challenging operation- and
maintenance-related incidents are the rapid rises in seepage, overtopping of earth
embankment, excessive beaching, erosion of spillway and embankments, crack-
ing in the concrete dam and spillway, and fractured gates. The remedial actions to
be considered depend on the condition of structures and hydrologic events. The
remedial measures included:

1. Preventive control to reduce the condition from escalation

2. Short-term actions to modify the nearby catchment conditions, such as in-

creasing surveillance, emergency evacuations, and lowering the overtopping

3. Long-term remedies in the structures, such as reinforcements, gates, dredging,

and abdication

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Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications

3.3.1 Emergency remedial actions

a. Erosion control: During floods, the use of polyethylene sheeting and sandbag
controls the erosion of the slope embankment [1]. 

b. Overtopping control: Overtopping must be avoided, and the provision of tempo-

rary barrier above the predicted altitude is applied.

c. Seepage control: The seepage must not be allowed to saturate the downstream
slope, and if saturated, the provision of permeable material to reduce pressure
buildup on the embankment is needed.

3.4 Detection and mitigation of aging

3.4.1 Aging of hydraulic structures

Aging of a hydraulic structure is referring to the time-related deformations in

the properties of the material and its foundation used during construction of the
hydraulic structures, which developed within at least 5 years of working period.
Also, it is the entire lifespan of hydraulic structure before abdication or decom-
missions. The deterioration of the structures may be due to the defects developed
through unusual events such as an earthquake or a result of environmental factors
during service life.

3.4.2 Detection of aging

Detection of aging should start during the operation and maintenance of

hydraulic structures. Factors that influence the degradation of the structural prop-
erties of hydraulic systems should be identified and must immediately be managed.
Alternatively, nondestructive examinations could be essential to detect the aging of
hydraulic structures. The nondestructive examinations are the direct and indirect
evaluation of information regarding the state of the hydraulic structure. This is to
allow for immediate interventions in the situation and avoid severe consequences.
Indirect assessment of aging should be accomplished by monitoring the effects and
consequences of aging.
On the other hand, the direct assessment is performed by inspecting and test-
ing the data of the structural properties of the hydraulic structures. The laboratory
experiments and the in situ assessments, where the physical and mechanical proper-
ties of the sediment, including concrete, are extracted and analyzed, are examples of
destructive examination. According to Chen [1], the destructive examination with in
situ tests may or may not be destructive. The destructive examinations may include
(i) hydraulic pumping tests for porosity and (ii) permeability and leak detection
through a physical and chemical test of catchment and leakage, among others.
Similarly, a nondestructive examination is designed to ascertain the flows of
materials while it protects the object’s usability, successfully nondestructive tests,
and requires an understanding of its limitations and data manipulation. Various
methods, such as electromagnetic, resistivity, acoustic, induce polarization, and
visual assessment, are employed.

3.4.3 Mitigations for aging

Adequate mitigations of aging of hydraulic structures start during the designs,

effected during construction, which continues through monitoring and surveillance

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in operation and maintenance stages. The prior understanding of the factors that
influence the degradation of the structural properties of the materials used in the
constructions of the hydraulic structures must be scrutinized. Also, the provision of
extra quality to meet the designed lifespan of the system must be put into consid-
eration during the constructions. Alternatively, the following mitigations steps are
commendable:

a. Analysis: The analysis of the aging process is carried out to ascertain its severity
to the safety of life, properties, national economy, and environment.

b. Prevention: It is well known that all structural materials have a finite lifespan
and can be affected by the environment. The prevention stage to mitigate
aging of a hydraulic structure is proceeded by detailed analysis to know the
structure’s safety and its economic condition. If the effect is infinite, immediate
remedial action such as an emergency action plan is necessary. However, if the
effect is finite, and the structure has an economic lifespan, then, provision of
concrete structures from uniquely selected materials is encouraged.

c. Rehabilitations: Many physical and chemical methods like geomembrane are

employed to enhance waterproof. Additionally, the repair and replacement of
corroded steels and the use of excellent impermeable materials are also admin-
istered for overlay operations.

4. Challenges facing hydraulic structures

The importance of hydraulic structures cannot be overemphasized, and

therefore their maintenance and safe utilization are critical. The structures should
neither leak nor erode; channels and structures should be clean and free from silt-
ation with noncorrosive or rotten moving parts. The breakdown or failure of these
hydraulic structures can lead to a disastrous situation within the surrounding areas.
For instance, a catastrophic dam collapse could lead to flooding and erosion.
The challenges of maintaining hydraulic structures at the initial stage can be
achieved by managing the characteristic of the flow to meet the desired goal of
the project needs. According to Chen [1], this can be realized by considering the
public safety and ecological, environmental, and the design objectives of each
structure. Some of the challenges facing hydraulic structures and the way they can
be addressed are further discussed in the subsequent section.

4.1 Erosion

Soil is a nonrenewable resource that supports human and animal life. Soil
provides living beings with food, fiber, and protection from harsh environmental
conditions such as high temperatures and heavy rainfall. Soil is lost due to ero-
sion as a result of continuous cultivation of land, drastic reduction in vegetation,
and collapsing of hydraulic structures such as dams. Erosion is the washing away
of the topmost soil layer by the agents of erosion, including water, wind, and
human activities [14]. Erosion by water is caused by overland flow and transport
of sediments due to the interactive action of water flow and heavy rain droplets.
In hydraulic structures, erosion can occur in canals, for example, in an unlined
canal at downstream or lined canal section that receives water jet flow from a gate
or pipe or water that spills over a weir. This type of erosion can be remediated by
dissipating the energy of the incoming water through the construction of a stilling

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Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications

basin as part of the hydraulic structure immediately downstream of the pipe or

weir [15]. Another critical point of canals that is prone to erosion is the intersection
of a lined and unlined canal, that is, the transition point from a lined canal to the
unlined canal, as shown in Figure 3. This type of problem is called undermining
and, if not taken care of, can cause a collapse of the lining and destruction of the
structure [16]. So, periodic maintenance should be observed to solve this problem.
Undermining can be avoided or controlled by the provision of cutoff that will
protect the foundation of the structure.

4.2 Leakage

Leakage in hydraulic structures refers to the ability of confined or upstream

water bodies to exploit the least available exit, space, or crack underneath or
along the structure to escape to the downstream or unconfined surrounding area.
The moment the water found these small spaces, then there is a leakage problem,
which is the beginning of erosion in the area. These small openings and cracks
are widened with time and intensity of leakage. Thus, the soil is washed away as
time goes on and the structure will collapse. At this point, preventing the collapse
of such a structure will be very difficult. Take a dam, for instance, the water level
is very high at the upstream. Water can flow along the dam embankment; if no
measure is taken to save the structure, it can be undermined and collapse due to
erosion [17].
It has been recommended by van den Bosch and Snellen [16] to observe and
identify leakages at their initial stage and correct them. Leakages in the crack can be
repaired by cleaning the wall or the floor where the crack is located. Then remove
any sand, clay, plant growth, or debris. Open up the crack to become broader and
more in-depth. Prepare cement-sand mortar to fill the hole and smoothen it with a
trowel. Provide adequate curing to the repaired crack.
On the other hand, vertical cutoffs can be constructed on the structures to
obstruct the flow of water underneath and along with the structure. An example
of a cutoff wall in a dam is showcased in Figure 4a. Similarly, drop structures
can also be equipped with cutoffs to block the water flow along and underneath
the structure (Figure 4b). The cutoffs are part of the structure, driven into the
embankments of a canal by digging deep into the banks of the canal and canal bed.
During the installation, the earth around the canal banks and the cutoffs must be
well compacted.

Figure 3.
Points of transition between a lined and unlined canal.

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Figure 4.
(a) The function of the cutoff here was to prevent piping failure and reduce leakage or seepage. The cutoff was
constructed parallel to the centerline of the dam (b) intake structure provided with a concrete cutoff wall.

4.3 Siltation

Siltation is the process of deposition of debris and sand particles and their
buildup in hydraulic structures that obstruct the full functioning of the struc-
tures. The problems caused by siltation are usually the changes in water flow,
changes in velocities and water levels, decreased energy dissipation, and so on.
Examples of these problems include deposition of large volumes of sand in the
intake chamber of pumps, which usually causes damage to the pumps and sub-
sequent silting of the canals by sand particles. Another instance is siltation at the
stilling basin. This type of sand deposits reduces the energy dissipation of the
structure. Similarly, the changes in flow and velocities of water inflow division
box are affected by sand particles deposited in the structure [16]. Because of these
problems, large sand traps are usually constructed at the end of the upper main
canal to collect the sand deposits and remove them by periodic cleaning.

4.4 Corrosion/rot

Hydraulic structures are made from different materials, including concrete,

wood, or steel. These structures are liable to deterioration with time and with
alternating wet and dry conditions subjected. The wooden parts in the structure,
for instance, rot and decompose, whereas the steel parts corrode, as a rule, causing
their expansion, and get jammed in the sliding slots. Such a condition affects the
smooth operation of the structures. Routine maintenance is necessary to curtail
the problems and reduce their effects. Painting of the affected parts can preserve
them against corrosion. Lubrication of moving parts (steel) such as sluice gates and
valves can prevent jamming.

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Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications

Author details

Musa Abubakar Tadda1,2, Amimul Ahsan3,4*, Monzur Imteaz4, Abubakar Shitu1,2,

Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan1,5 and Aliyu Idris Muhammad1,2

1 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, China

2 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

4 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Science,

Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne,
Australia

5 Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering, SCA/DAC,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

*Address all correspondence to: ashikcivil@[Link]

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License ([Link]
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

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