COMPLEXN
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We know that square of a real number is always non-negative, thus
no real number can
satisfy an equation x 2 + 1 = 0
The mathematical need to have solution for equation J- + 1 = 0 led
us to extend the real
number system to a new kind of number, called complex numbers
or Imaginary numbers that
allow us to take the square root of negative numbers.
Euler was the first mathematician to use symbol 'i1 for Fi . The
symbol 'i1 is called iota.
The definition of i made us able to find square root of negative real numb
ers.
For Example:- ✓-4 = B
✓4 = i.2 = 2i
Note:- ✓xfy =Jzy is true only when at least one of x andy is non-negative.
For example R✓-16 = ✓(-4)(-16) = /64 = 8 is incorrect
Correct answe r is
R.J -16 = ( ✓--1✓4)( ✓--1$6)= (i.2)(i.4)=s;2 =-s
Integral power of i
We have
i= ✓--i
l.2 =-1
.3
l = l.2.l = ( - 1).l = -l•
4
; = ;2;2 = (-1)(-1)=1
Example 1. Evaluate the following
l
(,) ;us (i,) fl' (iii) ;102 (iv) fO (v) i39
• (")
0 Ut ,on:- l
SI l =l.4X33 +3_(z
-135
-
.4)33 i3=(} )33(-i )=-i
(ii) ;237 =i4X59+1 =(i4 )59 ;1 =(1)59 j =j
(iii) ;102 = i4X25+2 =(i4 )25 i2 =(1)25 (-1) =-1
(iv) iso =i4x20+0 =(i4)20 io =(l)20 1=1
1 1 1 1 =_!_xi= i =
(v) -;w=- j4X9+3 =. (i4)9;3 -- (1)9(-i) - j j -;2
i =i
-(-1)
1
·- .JO+ ,ao + ;30 =,...x2+2+,A X +I
S oIution. 1 1 .2
= (;4)2;2 + (l)s ,.-0 + (1 ) 1
= (1)2 (-1) + (1}5(1) + (1}7(-1)
=-1+ 1-1
=-1
J ~:3 ~,-'i'' is a real numbe 1·.
Example 3. Show that 2, +w +3'19 . 4 x4 -f-O 61-4x4+3
Solution:- 2;2 + 6i3 + 3;1 -6i = 2(-1) + 6(-,) + 3,
6 -
4 3
= -2 - 6i + 3(14 ) 4,.o- 6(l) i
4
= -2 - 6i+3(1)4(1)- 6(1) (-i)_
= -2 - 6i + 3 + 6i
= 1 which is a real number.
Defini tion of Complex Number:-
A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i = is called r-'i ,
complex number and is generally denoted by z i.e. z= x + iy. For examp le 3 + 4i, I - ;, 4 +Oi ~'
complex numbers. The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C. In complex numbers 'elatioi.
'is greater than' and 'is less than' are not defined.
Real and imaginary parts of a complex number.
For complex number Z = x + iy,
x is called real part of z and denoted by Re (z)
y is called i1:118ginary part ofz and denoted by Im (z)
For exa. .....,&1
I
Note:- I
1 = 0 then complex number is calld 1
1
·1
complex number is called pllClJ I 1
\I
purely real and purely imlai8fl
comples n■aben
.J-16
Example 6. If z1 = 3+4 i, and z2 = 5 - 2i, Find (i) z1+z2 (ii)
- .
z1-z2 (iii) z1 z2 (iv) .:!.
• • Z1
Solution:-
(i) Zt + Z2 = 3 + 4i + 5 - 2i
=8 +2 i
(ii) z 1 -z2 = (3 + 4i) -(5 -2i )
= 3 + 4i- 5+ 2i
=- 2+ 6i
(iii) Z1Z2 = (3 + 4i) (5 - 2i)
= 15 + 2oi - 6i - sf •
= 15 + 14i+
=23
Esample 9:. Find additive Invene of following complex numbers.
(I) 3 - 21 2
(l,) (1 - 1) (iii) 1
S-4;
·So11tla:- (i) Let z = 3-2i
Additive Inverse, -z = -3 + 2i
(ii) Let z =(l - ;)2 = 1+ i2- 2i = 1 - I - 2i = -2i
Additive Inverse, ·-z = 2i
1
(iii) Letz = _ ;
5 4
1 S+4i
---x--
S-4i 5+4i
S+4i
----2
S -(4i) 2
S+4i
- 25+16
z = 5+4i
41
-5-4i
Additive Inverse, -z =
41
Elllll~ 11. Flad multlpllcadve lnvene (M.I.) of the following complex numbers:-
(/) 2-31 (ii) 1- ✓-9 (iu) (t+i)3
1
Soltltiea:-(i) M.I. of2 - 3i = - -
2-3i ·
l 2+3i 2+3i
- - - x - - - 2- - -2
- 2-3i 2+3i - 2 -(3i)
I EXERCISE I
1. Evaluate the follo wing :-
(i) ✓-4✓9 (ii) ✓-16✓-49
(iv) ✓3R
(iii) ~ ✓9
2. Evaluate the follo wing :-
(i) i40 (ii) ;59
-25
(iii) i 100 (iv) l
1 (vi) z33
(v) .14
l
10 0 30 40
3. Show that i +f +i +z is a real number.
4. Find real and Imaginary parts of following comp lex numbers.
9
(i) 3 - 4i (ii) 8i
(iii) 3 - 2i
2 (iv) 1 + ✓-4
18 ANANT
5. Find the values of 8 and b if
(i) 4a + (3a - b)i == 3 - 6i
(ii ) (3b - 6) + i(9 - 3a) == O
be
(ii i) (a + 1 )- b i= l _p
Find additive inverse of following co
m pl ex num rs)~
6. 3i
(i i) (2 +
(i) -3 + 4i
= l- 3i , z = 3+4i, th en ve ri fy th at
7. Ifz1= 2+i, z 2 3
z +z = z +z
(i i) Z1Z2 = Z2Z1
(i) 1 2 2 1
(iv) (z 1z 2) z3 = z1 (Z 2Z 3)
(ii i) (z1 +z 2) +z3=z 1+(z2+z3)
(v) z1(z2+z3) = z1z2+z1Z3
ive inverse of following complex numbers .
8. Find multiplicat
(i) 1- ; <u> 4 - R
(2 + ✓3;)
2 3 + 4i
(ii i) (iv)
4 -5 i
n I
