CHO-102: FLUID MECHANICS
B. tech 3th semester
Instructor: Dr. Pramod Soni
Department of Civil Engineering
LECTURE-1
Course introduction
and Lecture Plan
Syllabus
• UNIT I: Fluid Properties and Fluid Statics: Concept of fluid and flow, ideal and
real fluids, continuum concept, properties of fluids, Newtonian and non-
Newtonian fluids. Pascal’s law, hydrostatic equation, hydrostatic forces on plane
and curved surfaces, stability of floating and submerged bodies, relative
equilibrium, Manometers. [7 lectures]
• Unit II: Fluid Kinematics: Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid flow;
stream, streak and path lines; types of flows, flow rate and continuity equation;
rotation, vorticity and circulation, potential flow, stream and potential functions,
flow net. [6 lectures]
• Unit III: Fluid Dynamics: Concept of system and control volume, differential
equation of continuity in cylindrical and polar coordinates, Euler’s equation,
Bernoulli’s equation, kinetic and momentum correction factors, Impulse
momentum relationship and its applications. [5 lectures]
• Unit IV: Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude: Dimensional analysis,
Buckingham’s Pi theorem, important dimensionless numbers and their
significance, geometric, kinematics and dynamic similarity, model studies. [3
lectures]
Syllabus
• Unit V: Viscous Flow: Flow regimes and Reynold’s number, Relationship
between shear stress and pressure gradient, uni-directional flow between stationary
and moving parallel plates. [4 lectures]
• Unit VI: Flow Through Pipes: Major and minor losses in pipes, Hagen-Poiseuille
law, hydraulic gradient and total energy lines, series and parallel connection of
pipes, branched pipes; equivalent pipe, power transmission through pipes, pipe
fittings and valves. [5 lectures]
• Unit VII: Boundary Layer Flow, Boundary layer concept, Boundary layer
thickness, Introduction to Turbulent Flow. [5 lectures]
• Unit VIII: Flow Measurement: pitot tubes, venturi meter and orifice meters,
orifice, mouthpieces, Open channel flow, notches and weirs, rotameter, mass flow
meter and hot-wire anemometer [3 lectures]
Textbooks
1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Fox & McDonald, John & Wiley
2. Fluid Mechanics, Frank M. White, 7th edition, Mcgraw-Hill
3. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines, S. K. Som, G. Biswas, and S.
Chakraborty, TMH
4. Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering, McCabe, Smith, Harriot, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
5. Fluid Mechanics – Streeter V L and Wylie E B, Mc Graw Hill
6. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F., “Chemical Engineering, Volume I”, Pergamon
Press.
7. Geankoplis, C.J., “Transport Processes and Unit Operations”, Prentice-Hall Inc.
UNIT I
Fluid Properties and Fluid Statics
Concept of fluid and flow
• Definition: Substances that can flow and take the shape of their
containers (liquids, gases, plasmas).
• Key Properties:
– Incompressibility (Liquids): Almost incompressible; gases are compressible.
– Viscosity: Resistance to flow (high in honey, low in water).
– Pressure: Exerted equally in all directions.
– Surface Tension (Liquids): Minimizes surface area due to intermolecular forces.
Continuum concept
Definition:
• The continuum concept assumes that fluids are continuous, homogeneous substances, even
though they are composed of molecules. This allows us to use continuous fields to describe fluid
properties like density, velocity, and pressure.
Key Points:
• Macroscopic View: Ignores molecular structure, focusing on average behavior of large numbers
of molecules.
• Continuity: Fluid properties vary smoothly without abrupt changes.
• Applicable Scale: Valid when the size of the fluid system is much larger than the mean free path
of molecules.
Advantages:
• Simplifies the analysis and mathematical modeling of fluid flow.
• Enables the use of differential equations to describe fluid behavior.
Properties of fluids
•Density (ρ): Mass per unit volume.
•Viscosity (μ): Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
•Pressure (P): Force exerted per unit area.
•Surface Tension (γ): Tendency of liquid surfaces to minimize area.
•Compressibility: Measure of the change in volume under pressure.
•Temperature: Affects fluid properties like viscosity and density.
•Buoyancy: Upward force exerted by a fluid, Depends on fluid density.
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
• Newtonian Fluids: Fluids that have a constant viscosity regardless of the applied
shear rate.
• Non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids whose viscosity changes with the applied shear rate.
Pascal’s law
• In a confined fluid at rest, any change in pressure applied to the
fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid in all
directions.
Applications:
• Hydraulic Systems: Used in hydraulic
presses, car brakes, and other machinery
that multiplies force.
• Hydraulic Lifts: Elevators and jacks
utilize Pascal’s law to lift heavy loads
with relatively small force inputs.
Hydrostatic equation
• The hydrostatic equation describes
the variation of pressure in a fluid at
rest due to gravity.
Hydrostatic forces on plane and
curved surfaces
Stability of floating and submerged
bodies
Manometers
Instruments used to measure the pressure of a fluid by balancing it against a column of
liquid.
UNIT 2
Fluid Kinematics
Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid flow
Eulerian Description:
• Observes the fluid flow at fixed points in space as the fluid passes through.
Lagrangian Description:
• Follows individual fluid particles as they move through space and time.
Streamline
A streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent to the
instantaneous local velocity vector.
Path-lines
A pathline is the actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle
over some time period
Streaklines
A streakline is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially
through a prescribed point in the flow
Types of flows (Kinematics)
Flow rate and continuity equation
Flow Rate:
• Definition: The volume of fluid passing
through a cross-sectional area per unit time.
Continuity Equation:
• Principle: States that the mass flow rate of a
fluid remains constant within a pipe or
channel, assuming no sources or sinks.
Rotation, Vorticity and Circulation
Rotation: The spinning or angular movement of fluid particles around an axis.
Vorticity: A measure of the local spinning or rotational motion within a fluid.
Circulation: The line integral of the fluid velocity around a closed curve.
Stream and potential functions
• Stream Function: A scalar function used to describe two-
dimensional fluid flow where the streamlines are orthogonal to
the velocity field.
• Potential Function: A scalar function used to describe three-
dimensional irrotational fluid flow.
Unit III:
Fluid Dynamics
Concept of system and control volume
System: A region in space chosen for study.
Control Volume: A fixed region in space chosen to analyze the flow of mass, energy,
and momentum through its boundaries.
Continuity Equation
Euler’s equation
Definition: A fundamental equation in fluid dynamics that describes the motion of an inviscid (non-viscous),
incompressible fluid in the absence of external forces like gravity.
Conservative Form: Describes the conservation of momentum in a fluid.
• Simplifications:
• Assumes the fluid is inviscid (no viscosity effects).
• Assumes the fluid is incompressible (density ρ is constant).
Limitations:
• Real-World Fluids: Does not account for viscosity and compressibility, which are significant in practical
applications.
• Complex Flows: Limited in modeling turbulent and boundary layer flows.
Variants:
• Navier-Stokes Equations: Extension of Euler's equation that includes viscosity and compressibility effects.
Bernoulli’s equation
Impulse momentum relationship
and its applications
Unit IV: Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic
Similitude
Dimensional analysis
Dimensional Analysis: A method used to understand and analyze physical phenomena by examining
the dimensions of the quantities involved.
1. Dimensional Homogeneity:
1. Physical equations must be dimensionally consistent, meaning each term on both sides of the equation must
have the same dimensions.
2. Helps identify relationships between variables without solving complex equations.
2. Applications:
1. Modeling and Scaling: Helps in scaling up or down experimental results to real-world scenarios.
2. Parameter Identification: Identifies key dimensionless numbers that characterize fluid flow (e.g., Reynolds
number, Froude number).
3. Simplification: Reduces the number of variables in complex equations, making them easier to manage and
analyze.
Buckingham’s Pi theorem
Important dimensionless numbers
and their significance
Geometric, Kinematics and Dynamic similarity
Geometric Similarity: Two systems or models are geometrically
similar if their shapes are identical in every aspect but possibly scaled.
• Characteristics:
• All linear dimensions of the models are proportional to those of the
prototype (real system).
• Used in scaling up or down models for experiments or simulations.
Kinematic Similarity: Two flows are kinematically similar if the
velocity fields at corresponding points in the flows are scaled versions
of each other.
• Characteristics:
• Velocity ratios at corresponding points are identical.
• Preserves the flow pattern and characteristics across different scales.
Dynamic Similarity: Two flows are dynamically similar if all forces
acting in the flow, including inertia, viscous, and pressure forces, are
in the same ratio to each other in both systems.
• Characteristics:
• Dimensionless parameters (such as Reynolds number) governing the
flow behavior are identical in both systems.
• Ensures that the relative importance of forces remains the same in
both models and prototypes.
Unit V: Viscous Flow
Flow regimes and Reynold’s
number
Relationship between shear stress
and pressure gradient
Shear Stress: Shear stress is the force per unit area that acts
parallel to a surface as a result of tangential forces exerted by
fluid particles sliding over each other.
Pressure Gradient: Pressure gradient is the rate of change of
pressure in a given direction within a fluid.
Balance of Forces: In fluid mechanics, the pressure gradient
represents the force exerted on fluid particles due to pressure
differences. Shear stress, on the other hand, represents the
force due to the friction between adjacent layers of fluid
moving at different velocities.
Uni-directional flow between
stationary and moving parallel plates
Unit VI: Flow Through Pipes
Major and minor losses in pipes
Hagen-Poiseuille law
Hydraulic gradient and total energy
lines
Series and parallel connection of
pipes
Pipe fittings and valves
Unit VII: Boundary Layer Flow
Boundary layer concept
Boundary Layer: It is the thin region of fluid flow adjacent to a solid surface where the velocity of the fluid changes from zero (at the wall) to the
free-stream velocity of the flow.
Velocity Profile:
1. At the wall (surface), due to viscosity, the fluid velocity is zero (no-slip condition).
2. As you move away from the wall into the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases gradually until it reaches the free-stream velocity far
from the boundary.
Thickness:
1. The boundary layer has a finite thickness, typically characterized by its thickness δ, which increases with distance along the surface from
the leading edge.
2. It can be divided into two main regions: laminar boundary layer (smooth, orderly flow) and turbulent boundary layer (chaotic, irregular
flow).
Types:
1. Laminar Boundary Layer: Flow is smooth and orderly, with fluid particles moving in parallel layers. The thickness δ increases linearly
with distance along the surface.
2. Turbulent Boundary Layer: Flow is chaotic, with eddies and fluctuations in velocity. The thickness δ increases more rapidly compared to
laminar flow.
Boundary layer thickness
Introduction to Turbulent Flow
Unit VIII: Flow Measurement
Flow Measurement Devices
THANK YOU
