On the design of experiments to study extreme field limits

S. S. Bulanov,1 M. Chen,2 C. B. Schroeder,2 E. Esarey,2 W. P. Leemans,2, 1 S. V.

Bulanov,3 T. Zh. Esirkepov,3 M. Kando,3 J. K. Koga,3 A. G. Zhidkov,4 P. Chen,5
V. D. Mur,6 N. B. Narozhny,6 V. S. Popov,7 A. G. R. Thomas,8 and G. Korn9, 10
1
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
2
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
3
Kansai Photon Science Institute, JAEA, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
4
Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
5
Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics,
arXiv:1209.0720v1 [[Link]-ph] 4 Sep 2012

National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

6
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (State University), Moscow 115409, Russia
7
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia
8
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
9
ELI Beamline Facility, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18221, Czech Republic
10
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching 85748, Germany
We propose experiments on the collision of high intensity electromagnetic pulses with electron
bunches and on the collision of multiple electromagnetic pulses for studying extreme field limits in
the nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves. The effects of nonlinear QED will be revealed
in these laser plasma experiments.

PACS numbers: 12.20.-m,[Link],[Link]

Keywords: Radiation damping, Quantum Electrodynamics, Electron-positron avalanches

I. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays with the fast growth of laser technology the lasers provide one of the most powerful sources of electromag-
netic (EM) radiation under laboratory conditions. It was already demonstrated that the intensity of 2 × 1022 W/cm2
can be achieved with the present day technology [1] and there are projects to generate pulses with the intensity up to
1026 W/cm2 [2, 3]. It was realized that such high intensity can be used to probe an unexplored regime of interaction
of charged particles with radiation and, maybe, the properties of the vacuum [4]. The probabilities of the processes in
high intensity electromagnetic (EM) fields involving electrons, positrons, and photons depend on two parameters [5]:
q
eE e~ (Fµν pν )2
a= and χ = , (1)
mωc m3 c4
where e and m are the charge and mass of an electron, c is the speed of light, ~ is Planck constant, ω and E are
the EM field frequency and strength respectively, Fµν is the tensor of the EM field, and p is the electron, positron
or photon momentum. The first parameter, a, is the dimensionless amplitude of the EM field vector-potential, and
is purely classical parameter. It has a meaning of electron energy gain over a distance of one wavelength in units
of its rest energy, mc2 . When a is small the most probable are the processes with minimum possible number of
photons. At a ≪ 1 the probabilities become equal to the perturbation theory probabilities and plane waves play a
role of an individual photon. When a ∼ 1 or a > 1 the probabilities of absorbing different number of photons become
comparable and the process becomes multiphoton, i.e., the probability has an essentially nonlinear dependence on
the field. Thus a is the classical nonlinearity parameter. With the rapid development of laser technology EM pulses
routinely obtain a ≫ 1. The EM pulse with highest reported intensity had a ≈ 102 [1]. On the other hand, the
parameter χ has the meaning of the EM field strength in the rest frame of the particle. It is responsible for the
magnitude of the quantum nonlinear effects: when a ≥ 1 these effects are maximized for χ ∼ 1. All these processes
in high intensity EM fields are part of a new emerging branch of physics.
In order to visualize the contribution of high intensity to different interactions of particles and fields, one can
imagine a cube of theories (analogous to the cube mentioned in Ref. [6]), which is located along three orthogonal
axes marked by c, ~, and a. Then each vertex of the cube corresponds to a physical theory: (0, 0, 0) is non-relativistic
mechanics, (c, 0, 0) is Special Relativity, and (0, ~, 0) is Quantum Mechanics. The theory that has both quantum
and relativistic effects included is the Quantum Field Theory, (c, ~, 0). The classical Electrodynamics corresponds to
the vertex (c, 0, a) and atomic, molecular and optical physics to (0, ~, a). If the high intensity effects are included
in the framework of the Quantum Field Theory, i.e., then the corresponding vertex (c, ~, a) corresponds to the High
Intensity Particle Physics. Thus the high intensity EM fields add a whole new dimension to the processes occurring
in Quantum Field Theory, significantly changing the physics of interactions.
 2

FIG. 1: The cube of theories.

One of the most fascinating effects of this new branch of physics is the electron-positron pair production from
vacuum under the action of a strong EM field, which nonperturbative and nonlinear features can shed a light on the
properties of the physical vacuum. This effect was likely first discussed by Sauter [7]. The vacuum-vacuum transition
probability, which differs from unity in the presence of a constant uniform electromagnetic field due to e+ e pair
production, was found in the leading approximation by Heisenberg and Euler [8], and exact formulas were derived by
Schwinger [9]. This effect if often referred to as the ”Schwinger process”.
The probability of pair creation acquires its optimum value over the characteristic scale of the process when the
electric field strength is of the order of the ”critical” for quantum electrodynamics (QED) value

ES = m2 c3 /e~ = 1.32 × 1016 V/cm. (2)

Such field can perform work of mc2 over the Compton wavelength, λC = ~/mc = 3.86×10−11 cm. Such field strength is
unattainable for static fields experimentally in the near future. Therefore attention of many researchers was focused
on the theoretical study of pair creation by time-varying electric fields [10–17]. However, the rapid development
of laser technologies promises substantial growth of peak laser intensities. Therefore various aspects of e+ e− pair
production by focused laser pulses are becoming urgent for experiments and are currently gaining much attention
[18, 19]. There are several other processes relevant to the study strong field effects. One of them is the emission
of a photon by an electron in the EM field, usually referred to as multiphoton Thomson scattering or multiphoton
Compton scattering [5, 20]. The first one being the name for the process in classical electrodynamics and the second
in quantum electrodynamics, when the recoil should be taken into account. It was pointed out by Dirac that there is
a possibility of transforming light into matter [21], which was calculated by Breit and Wheeler [22] for the collision
of two photons and subsequent production of an e+ e− pair. The process of the pair production by a photon in the
strong EM field was also considered in a number of papers [5, 23, 24].
 3

FIG. 2: Principle experimental schemes aimed at the study of (i) colliding laser pulses (all optical setup); (ii) laser - e-beam
interaction.

The experimental verification of these effects, namely, the photon emission by an electron and the e+ e− pair
production by a photon in the intense EM field, is limited to the E144 experiment at SLAC [25], where a 46.5 GeV
electron beam interacted with a 1018 W/cm2 laser pulse. In the course of interaction, high energy photons emitted
by electrons in the field of the laser pulse were able to convert to e+ e− pairs.

II. PRINCIPAL EXPERIMENTAL SCHEMES

There are two principle experimental schemes aimed at the study of particle physics effects at high laser intensity:
(i) colliding laser pulses (all optical setup) and (ii) laser - e-beam interaction (See Figure 2). The first one could be
employed for the study of direct vacuum breakdown, i.e., the e+ e− pair production under the action of intense EM
field and the subsequent ”avalanche”. The second scheme will allow for the study of basic processes: photon emission
by an electron and a photon conversion into an electron-positron pair in intense EM field. Each of the experimental
setups is characterized by its own set of extreme field limits, which mark the subsequent onset of the classical radiation
reaction regime, the regime when quantum recoil becomes important, and the e+ e− pair production from vacuum.
(i) Colliding laser pulses. Let us consider the behavior of an electron in the focus of two colliding circularly
polarized laser pulses, i.e., in the antinode of a standing light wave with null magnetic field, and determine the
thresholds for the classical radiation dominated regime of interaction, for the onset of the quantum regime, and for
the Schwinger process in terms of the laser pulse dimensionless vector-potential.
Classical radiation reaction. The power emitted by the electron in the circularly polarized electric field in the
ultra-relativistic limit is proportional to the forth power of its energy PC,γ = ǫrad ωmc2 γe2 (γe2 − 1) ∼ γe4 , where ǫrad =
4πre /3λ is the parameter characterizing the strength of the radiation reaction effects and re = e2 /mc2 = 2.8 × 10−13
cm is the classical electron radius. In the non-radiative approximation, the electron can acquire the energy from the
EM field with the rate ≈ ωmc2 a0 . The condition of the balance between the acquired and emitted energy is a3 ≈ ǫ−1 rad .
Thus the radiation reaction effects become dominant at

a > arad = ǫrad . (3)

−1/3

For an electron moving in the focus of two 0.8 µm laser pulses the radiation reaction limit is arad = 400 and the
corresponding intensity is Irad = 3.5 × 1023 W/cm2 .
Quantum regime. The quantum effects become important when the energy of a photon emitted by an electron
is of order of the electron energy, i.e., ~ωm = γe mc2 . The electron circulating in the electric field emits photons with
the energy ~ωm = ~ωγe3 . Thus the quantum recoil comes into play when
 2
2
a > aQ = α ǫ−1
rad , (4)
3

where α = e2 /~c = 1/137 is the fine structure constant. Here we took into account the fact that in the limit I > 1023
W/cm2 due to strong radiation damping effects the electron energy scales as mc2 (a/ǫrad)1/4 . For an electron moving
in the focus of two 0.8 µm laser pulses the quantum effects become important at aQ = 1.6 × 103 and the corresponding
intensity is IQ = 5.5 × 1024 W/cm2 .
Schwinger limit. As it was mentioned in the introduction the probability of pair creation acquires its optimum
value over the characteristic scale of the process when the electric field strength is of the order of the ”critical” for
 4

quantum electrodynamics (QED) value ES = m2 c3 /e~ = 1.32 × 1016 V/cm, or in terms of vector-potential:
 
2
a > aS = α ǫ−1
rad . (5)
3

For two colliding linearly polarized 0.8 µm laser pulses the ”critical” field is reached at aS = 3 × 105 and the
corresponding intensity is IS = 2.3 × 1029 W/cm2 .
(ii) Laser - e-beam interaction. When an energetic electron bunch interacts with a counterpropagating laser
pulse, the electrons of the bunch lose energy due to the radiation emission. In what follows we determine the thresholds
for the classical radiation dominated regime of interaction and for the onset of quantum regime in terms of the laser
pulse dimensionless vector-potential.
Classical radiation reaction. The motion  µ of an electron in a EM field is governed by the equation ṗµ =
(e/m)F pν + g , where g = (2e /3m ) p̈ − (p /mc)(ṗν )2 is the radiation reaction force in the Lorentz-
µν µ µ 2 2 µ
R
Abraham-Dirac form [26]. The dot over momentum stands for the differentiation over proper time s = dt/γe .
If ǫrad aγe2 ≫ 1 then the interaction is purely dissipative and we can neglect all the EM forces except the radi-
ation reaction. For a head-on collision of the e-beam and a laser pulse the longitudinal momentum is given by
h Rt i−1
px = −p0 1 + ǫrad ω(p0 /m) 0 a2 (−2η)dη . This means that the classical radiation effects become dominant at

a > arad = (ǫrad ωτlaser γe,0 ) , (6)

−1/2

where τlaser is the duration of the laser pulse and γe,0 is the initial energy of the e-beam. For a 10 GeV electron
beam colliding with a 0.8 µm laser pulse the radiation reaction limit is arad = 10 and the corresponding intensity is
Irad = 2.2 × 1020 W/cm2 for the laser pulse duration of ωτlaser = 20π.
Quantum regime. The effects of quantum electrodynamics become important when the energy of an emitted
photon becomes of the order of electron energy, i.e., ~ωm = γe mc2 . In this case the recoil can no longer be neglected
and the probability of the e+ e− pair creation by an energetic photon in the EM field acquires its optimum value. For
an electron colliding with the laser pulse a characteristic photon energy is ~ωm ≈ ~ωaγe2 [33], which corresponds to
the condition χe,γ ∼ 1. Thus the quantum recoil comes into play when
 
2
a > aQ = α γe−1 ǫ−1
rad . (7)
3

For a 10 GeV electron beam colliding with a 0.8 µm laser pulse the quantum limit is aQ = 20 and the corresponding
intensity is IQ = 8.7 × 1020 W/cm2 .

III. PROBING NONLINEAR VACUUM

It was shown in a number of papers that the e+ e− pair production can be observed in an EM field, which is a
superposition of two colliding EM pulses [17, 18]. In the antinodes of an emerging standing light wave the invariant
electric field, which is responsible for pair production, acquires its maximum value. The estimates show that for
tightly focussed laser pulses the intensity of 2.5 × 1026 W/cm2 is needed to observe pair production, which is three
orders of magnitude less than the intensity corresponding to the ”critical” field strength [18]. There are several ways
to further decrease the threshold intensity, such as the utilization of multiple colliding pulses [27] or different temporal
substructures of a pulse, which may lead to quantum interference effects, inhibiting or enhancing the production
probability [28]. However even for these additional schemes the total energy needed is around 10 kJ in 10 fs, which
prevents the experimental verification of this effect in the near term.
The problem of the avalanche formation in strong EM fields is considered in a number of recent publications [29]
(see also [30]). The avalanche emerges due to the fact that if a e+ e− pair is created in the focus of two colliding EM
pulses then the created electron and positron can be very quickly accelerated by the laser field to relativistic energies
and emit hard photons, which in their turn produce new e+ e− pairs. These effects have been already observed in
the famous E144 SLAC experiment [25], but yet as single events, because the energy of electrons and hard photons,
as well as the laser intensity were not high enough. At high laser intensities interaction of the created electron and
positron with the laser field can lead to the production of multiple new particles and thus to the formation of an
avalanche-type electromagnetic discharge.
 5

FIG. 3: The scheme of the e-beam interaction with a laser pulse, and the subsequent development of a cascade-type processes.

IV. INTERACTION OF A LASER PULSE WITH AN ULTRA RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAM

The scheme of the laser pulse interaction with an energetic e-beam is particularly interesting, because high energy
electron beams are available from conventional accelerators and from Laser Wakefield Accelerators (LWFAs) [31, 32].
Moreover the simultaneous use of the laser and LWFA electrons reduces the size of the experimental setup to a
table-top one. The utilization of high energy electron beams allows one to reduce the requirements to the EM field
intensity to the level that can be obtained with the present day PW laser systems and still get the parameter χe,γ of
the order of unity. Ongoing laser experiments are on the verge of observing the classical radiation reaction effects in
laser matter interactions. It is believed that when the intensity of the laser as well as the energy of charged particles
is high enough the interaction between them will occur in the radiation dominate regime. In this regime the charged
particles will quickly lose their energy while propagating in intense EM fields. The importance of this effect can be
determined from the estimate of an energy of a particle transversing the EM field (see Eq. (3)). For a 10 GeV e-beam
interacting with a 10 cycle laser pulse the threshold value of the laser intensity is about 1020 W/cm2 .
When the energy of an emitted photon is of the order of the electron energy the recoil should be taken into account.
The estimates show that for a > aQ = (2/3)α (ǫrad γe ) the quantum description should be applied to such a process.
−1

This threshold value of a corresponds to the EM pulse intensity of about 1021 W/cm2 colliding with a 10 GeV
electron beam. PW-class lasers will be able to achieve massive pair production due to high values of a. The process

−1
γ → e+ e− acquires an optimal value at χγ ∼ 1 or aQ = (2/3)α ǫrad ~ωγ /mc2 , analogous to the e → γe process.
The observation of positron production in laser - e-beam interaction will clearly mark the threshold of High Intensity
Particle Physics.
When an energetic electron beam interacts with an intense laser pulse the electrons undergo a cascade-type process,
emitting multiple photons (see Figure 3). These photons may convert into electron-positron pairs. Thus the energy
of electron beam is depleted and as a result there is a massive production of electrons, positrons, and photons. The
beginning of the cascade studies was marked by the E144 experiment at SLAC (a = 0.6, χe = 0.3, and χγ = 0.15)
[25]. The modern day laser systems can produce a ∼ 100, and GeV-level electron beams, which not only will boost
the classical and quantum nonlinearities, but also significantly reduce the characteristic scale of the process, resulting
in a cascade-type multistage process in the interaction of an electron beam with an intense laser pulse.

e (150 MeV) + PW laser e (1.25 GeV) + PW laser e (10 GeV) + PW laser

γe 300 2500 2 × 104
E/ES 3 × 10 −4
3 × 10 −4
3 × 10−4
χe 0.1 0.6 5
χγ 0.01 0.05 1

TABLE I: Peak values of the invariants χe and χγ for a 30 fs PW laser pulse (a ≈ 100) interacting with electron beams of
different energy (150 MeV, 1.25 GeV, and 10 GeV).
 6

In Table 1 we summarize the parameters of the proposed experiment on the energetic e-beam interaction with an
intense PW-class laser pulse. As it was mentioned above the interaction of a 10 GeV e-beam with an intense laser
pulse is characterized by χe ∼ 5 and χγ ∼ 1 (the anticipated parameters on BELLA laser at then Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory). Such experimental conditions will make it possible the study of the high intensity particle
physics effects in the near term.

V. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper we overview two principal schemes of experiments for the study of extreme field limits. The two
colliding laser pulses scheme would allow for the study of classical radiation reaction effects (Irad ∼ 3 × 1023 W/cm2 ),
the onset of the quantum regime (IQ ∼ 5 × 1024 W/cm2 ), and, ultimately, the e+ e− pair production from vacuum
under the action of strong EM field (the so-called Schwinger process). However the high values of the intensity needed
to observe these effects will prevent the realization of this scheme in the near term. In contrast, the second scheme,
e-beam interaction with a laser pulse, can be realized with the present day technology. The effects of classical radiation
reaction and the onset of the quantum regime can be revealed in such interaction. We showed that for a 10 GeV
e-beam the laser intensity should be of the order of 1020 − 1021 W/cm2 to observe these effects. Moreover during the
interaction the electrons inside the laser pulse will undergo a cascade-type multistage process involving emission of a
broad spectrum of photons, and a high energy photon conversion into a e+ e− pair.
We appreciate support from the NSF under Grant No. PHY-0935197 and the Office of Science of the US DOE
under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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