Test / Exam Name: Electric Charges And Standard: 12th Science Subject: Physics

Fields
Student Name: Section: Roll No.:

Questions: 39 Time: 60 Mins Marks: 39

Q1. A positive point charge Q is brought near an isolated metal cube. 1 Mark
1. The cube becomes negatively charged.
2. The cube becomes positively charged.
3. The interior becomes positively charged and the surface becomes negatively charged.
4. The interior remains charge free and the surface gets nonuniform charge distribution.

Ans: 4. The interior remains charge free and the surface gets nonuniform charge distribution.
Explanation:
A positive point charge Q is brought near an 'Isolated metal cube'. So charge distributed on the surface of isolated metal is non
uniformly and the interior remains charge free.

Q2. The Electric flux through the surface: 1 Mark

1. In Fig. 1.3 (iv) is the largest.
2. In Fig. 1.3 (iii) is the least.
3. In Fig. 1.3 (ii) is same as Fig. 1.3 (iii) but is smaller than Fig. 1.3 (iv)
4. Is the same for all the figures.

Ans: 4. Is the same for all the figures.

Key concept: According to Gauss' law of electrostatics, the total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed
divided by the permittivity,
Qenclosed
i.e.,ϕ = ϵ0
Thus, electric flux through a surface doesn't depend on the shape, size or area of a surface but it depends on the amount of charge
enclosed by the surface.
In given figures the charge enclosed are same that means the electric flux through all the surfaces should be the same. Hence option
(d) is correct.

Q3. Consider a region inside which there are various types of charges but the total charge is zero. At points outside 1 Mark
the region:
1. The electric field is necessarily zero.
2. The electric field is due to the dipole moment of the charge distribution only.
3. The dominant electric field is ∝ 13 , for large r, where r is the distance from a origin in this region.
r
4. The work done to move a charged particle along a closed path, away from the region, will be zero.

1
Ans: 3. The dominant electric field is ∝ , for large r, where r is the distance from a origin in this region.
r3
4. The work done to move a charged particle along a closed path, away from the region, will be zero.
(c, d) From Gauss' law, we q
[Link] = enclosed
ϵ equation in left side equation.
∮s 0

The electric field is due to all the charges present both inside as well as outside the Gaussian surface. Hence if qenclosed= 0, it cannot
be said that the electric field is necessarily zero.
If there are various types of charges in a region and total charge is zero, the region may be supposed to contain a number of electric
dipoles.
Therefore, at points outside the region (may be anywhere w.r.t. electric dipoles), the dominant electric field a ∝ 13 for large r.
r
The electric field is conservative, work done to move a charged particle along a closed path, away from the region will be zero.
Q4. Consider the situation of the previous problem. The force on the central charge due to the shell is:
1. Towards left. 1 Mark
2. Towards right.
3. Upward.
4. Zero.

Ans: 2. Towards right.

Explanation:

Kq2
Force on the central charge due to shell is right r2 towards.

Q5. In two positive charges q2 and q3 fixed along the y axis, exert a net electric force in the +x direction on a charge q1 1 Mark
fixed along the x axis. If a positive charge Q is added at (x, 0), the force on q1.

1. Shall increase along the positive x-axis.

2. Shall decrease along the positive x-axis.
3. Shall point along the negative x-axis.
4. Shall increase but the direction changes because of the intersection of Q with q2 and q3.

Ans: 1. Shall increase along the positive x-axis.

Net force on charge q1, by other charges q2 and q3 is along the + x-direction, so nature of force between q1 & q2 and q1 & q3 is
attractive. This is possible when charge q1 is negative.
Now, if a positive charge Q is placed at (x, 0), then, the force on q1 shall increase. The direction will be along positive x axis.

Q6. A proton and an electron are placed in a uniform electric field. 1 Mark
1. The electric forces acting on them will be equal.
2. The magnitudes of the forces will be equal.
3. Their accelerations will be equal.
4. The magnitudes of their accelerations will be equal.

Ans: 2. The magnitudes of the forces will be equal.

Explanation:
Proton contain positive charge = 1.6 × 10-19 = e
Electron contain negative charge = -1.6 × 10-19 = -e
Force inoniforma electric field is = qE
∴ The Magniludes of Electric force is equal But direction of electric force is opposite to each other.

mass of proton = 1.67 × 10-27Kg.

mass of electron = 9.1 × 10-31Kg.
So that Magnitudes of their acceleration will be unequal.

L
Q7. Figure shows an imaginary cube of edge .A uniformly charged rod of length L moves towards left at a small but 1 Mark
2
constant speed u. At t = 0, the left end just touches the centre of the face of the cube opposite it. Which of the
graphs shown in figure represents the flux of the electric field through the cube as the rod goes through it?
 1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d

Ans: 1.

Explanation:
Flux is constant with respect to time.

Q8. An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a sphere. 1 Mark

Mark the correct options:
1. The flux of the electric field through the sphere is zero.
2. The electric field is zero at every point of the sphere.
3. The electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere.
4. The electric field is zero on a circle on the sphere.

Ans: 1. The flux of the electric field through the sphere is zero.
3. The electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere.
Explanation:
∴ Net charge of electric dipole is always zero.

qinside
ϕ = ϵ0 Here inside = 0
The flux of the electric field through the sphere is zero. But the electric field is not zero any where on the sphere. Take 'A' point any
where on the sphere, and find the electric field on the surface. You will get non zero electric field on the sphere.

Q9. A point charge is brought in an electric field. The electric field at a nearby point. 1 Mark
1. Will increase if the charge is positive.
2. Will decrease if the charge is negative.
3. May increase if the charge is positive.
4. May decrease if the charge is negative.

Ans: 3. May increase if the charge is positive.

4. May decrease if the charge is negative.
Explanation:
The electric field at a near by point may increase if the charge is positive or may decreases if the charge is negative.

Q10. An electric dipole is placed in an electric field generated by a point charge. 1 Mark
1. The net electric force on the dipole must be zero.
2. The net electric force on the dipole may be zero.
3. The torque on the dipole due to the field must be zero.
4. The torque on the dipole due to the field may be zero.
Ans: 4. The torque on the dipole due to the field may be zero.
Explanation:
In the uniform Electric field the net electric force on the dipole is alwas zero.

In uniform Electric field the torque on the dipole due to field may be zero.

T=0
Here t Þ Torque
T = 2qEl sin q ⊗ ≠ 0
Q11. A thin, metallic spherical shell contains a charge Q on it. A point charge q is placed at the centre of the shell and 1 Mark
another charge q1 is placed outside it as shown in figure. All the three charges are positive. The force on the
charge at the centre is:

1. Towards left.
2. Towards right.
3. Upward.
4. Zero.

Ans: 4. Zero.
Explanation:

Electric field due to Q & q, inside the spherical shell is zero.

Q12. The electric field in a region is directed outward and is proportional to the distance r from the origin. Taking the 1 Mark
electric potential at the origin to be zero,
1. It is uniform in the region.
2. It is proportional to r.
3. It is proportional to r2.
4. It increases as one goes away from the origin.

Ans: 3. It is proportional to r2.

Explanation:
DV = −E. dr
Given (E ∝ r)
(V − 0) = −E. dr
þE ∝ r2
Q13. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following 1 Mark
statements is correct?
 1. The dipole will not experience any force.
2. The dipole will experience a force towards right.
3. The dipole will experience a force towards left.
4. The dipole will experience a force upwards.

Ans: 3. The dipole will experience a force towards right.

We know electric field emerges radially outward from positive point charge.
In the figure given above, space between field lines is increasing (or density of electric field line is decreasing). In other words, the
electric force is decreasing while moving from left to right.
Thus, the force on charge ‒q is greater than the force on charge +q in turn dipole will experience a force towards left direction.

Q14. A hemisphere is uniformely charged positively. The electric field at a point on a diameter away from the centre is 1 Mark
directed:
1. Perpendicular to the diameter.
2. Parallel to the diameter.
3. At an angle tilted towards the diameter.
4. At an angle tilted away from the diameter.

Ans: 1. Perpendicular to the diameter.

In case of a uniformly positive charged hemisphere, if a point situated at a point on a diameter away from the centre, the electric field
should be perpendicular to the diameter. In this case the component of electric field intensity parallel to the diameter cancel out.

Q15. Refer to the arrangement of charges in Fig. and a Gaussian surface of radius R with Q at the centre. Then: 1 Mark
−Q
1. Total flux through the surface of the sphere is . ϵ0
−Q
2. Field on the surface of the sphere is .
4πϵ0R2
3. Flux through the surface of sphere due to 5Q is zero.
4. Field on the surface of sphere due to -2Q is same everywhere.

Ans: 1. Total flux through the surface of the sphere is −Q .

ϵ 0
3. Flux through the surface of sphere due to 5Q is zero.
q
Gauss' law states that total electric flux of an enclosed surface is given by .
ϵ0

Here, q is the net charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface.

From the figure,
Net charge inside the surface is = Q - 2Q = -Q.
−Q
Net flux through the surface of the sphere = ϵ0
Here, charge 5Q lies outside the Gaussian surface, so it will not make no contribution to electric flux through the given surface.

Q16. A point charge +q, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. The field at a point P on the other 1 Mark
side of the plane is:
1. Directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane.
2. Directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane.
3. Directed radially away from the point charge.
4. Directed radially towards the point charge.

Ans: 1. Directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane.
 If a point positive charge is placed near an isolated conducting plane, free electrons are attracted towards the positive charge. Result
of this some negative charge develops on the surface of the plane towards the positive charge side and an equal positive charge
develops on opposite side of the plane. The electric field lines are away from positive charge and perpendicular to the surface. Hence
the field at a point P on the other side of the plane is directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane, hence option (a)
is correct.

Q17. If a body is charged by rubbing it, its weight 1 Mark

1. Remains precisely constant.
2. Increases slightly.
3. Decreases slightly.
4. May increase slightly or may decrease slightly.

Ans: 4. May increase slightly or may decrease slightly.

Explanation:
If a body is charged by rubbing it, its weight may increase slightly or may decrease slightly.

Q18. A charge Q is uniformly distributed over a large plastic plate. The electric field at a point P close to the centre of 1 Mark
the plate is 10Vm-1. If the plastic plate is replaced by a copper plate of the same geometrical dimensions and
carrying the same charge Q, the electric field at the point P will become:
1. Zero
2. 5Vm-1
3. 10Vm-1
4. 20Vm-1

Ans: 1. Zero
Explanation:
Electric field at centre of the plastic Platcis same as the centre of the copper plate.

Q19. A charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of a cylindrical vessel (figure). The flux of the electric field 1 Mark
through the surface of the vessel is:

1. Zero
q
2. ϵ0
q
3. 2ϵ0
2q
4. ϵ0

q
Ans: 3. 2ϵ0
Explanation:

q
In the charge 'q' in side closed cylinder, due to charge the flux of the electric field through the surface of the vessel is ϵ0 . Here A
charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of a cylindrical, By symmetricily Half line of flux goes outside & half flux line goes
q
inside. So we can say that the flux of the electric field through the surface of the vessel is 2ϵ0 .

1 Mark
Q20. Mark out the correct options.
1. The total charge of the universe is constant.
2. The total positive charge of the universe is constant.
3. The total negative charge of the universe is constant.
4. The total number of charged particles in the universe is constant.
Ans: 1. The total charge of the universe is constant.
Explanation:
The total charge (Positive + negative) oif the universe is constant.

Q21. Mark the correct options: 1 Mark

1. Gauss's law is valid only for symmetrical charge distributions.
2. Gauss's law is valid only for charges placed in vacuum.
3. The electric field calculated by Gauss's law is the field due to the charges inside the Gaussian surface.
4. The flux of the electric field through a closed surface due to all the charges is equal to the flux due to the
charges enclosed by the surface.

Ans: 4. The flux of the electric field through a closed surface due to all the charges is equal to the flux due to the charges enclosed by the
surface.
Explanation:
The flux of the electric field through a closed surface due to all the charges is equal to the flux due to the charges enclosed by the
surface.

Q22. Five charges q1, q2, q3, q4, and q5 are fixed at their positions as shown in. S is a Gaussian surface. The Gauss’s law 1 Mark
is given by
q
∮ [Link] = ϵ0
S
Which of the following statements is correct?

1. E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from q1, q5 and q3 while q on the RHS will have
a contribution from q2 and q4 only.
2. E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will have a
contribution from q2 and q4 only.
3. E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will have a
contribution from q1, q3 and q5 only.
4. Both E on the LHS and q on the RHS will have contributions from q2 and q4 only.

Ans: 2. E on the LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will have a contribution from q2 and
q4 only.
Key concept: According to Gauss' law, the term qenclosed on the right side of the equation ∮ [Link] = qenclosed/ϵ0 includes the sum of
all charges enclosed by the surface called (Gaussian surface).
In left side equation, the electric field is due to all the charges present both inside as well as outside the Gaussian surface.
Hence in given question, E on LHS of the above equation will have a contribution from all charges while q on the RHS will have a
contribution from q2 and q4 only. Hence option (b) is correct.

Q23. If there were only one type of charge in the universe, then 1 Mark
1. ∮ s [Link] ≠ 0 on any surface.
2. ∮ s [Link] = 0 if the charge is outside the surface.
3. ∮ s [Link] could not be defined.
q
4. ∮ s [Link] = ϵ0 if charges of magnitude q were inside the surface.

Ans: 2. ∮ s [Link] = 0 if the charge is outside the surface.

4. ∮ [Link] = q if charges of magnitude q were inside the surface.
s ϵ0

According to the Gauss' law

∫ [Link] = q
ϵ0

Where q is the charge enclosed by the surface. If the charge is outside the surface, then charge.
If the charge is outside the surface, then charge enclosed by the surface is q = 0, therefore,
∫s [Link] = 0
Electric flux doesn't depend on the nature or type of charge.
Q24. A positive charge Q is uniformly distributed along a circular ring of radius R.A. small test charge q is placed at the
centre of the ring Fig. Then: 1 Mark
1. If q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will be pushed back towards the
centre.
2. If q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will never return to the centre and
will continue moving till it hits the ring.
3. If q < 0, it will perform SHM for small displacement along the axis.
4. q at the centre of the ring is in an unstable equilibrium within the plane of the ring for q > 0.

Ans: 1. If q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will be pushed back towards the centre.
2. If q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, it will never return to the centre and will continue moving till
it hits the ring.
3. If q < 0, it will perform SHM for small displacement along the axis.
Here, the positive charge Q is uniformly distributed on the outer surface of the ring. Thus, the electric field inside the ring is zero. So,
the effect of electric force on charge q due to the positive charge Q is at the centre zero.
When q < 0, force between Q and q is attractive. If q is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, the net force on one
side decrease and other side increase by the same amount. So, it will be pushed back towards the centre.
When this charge is displaced towards the axis of the ring, it will gain potential energy and will be pulled by the ring (towards its
centre). Due to increase in kinetic energy, it will cross the centre and again gains potential energy. Afterwards, it will be again pulled
towards the centre and this process (SHM) will continue due to inter conversion of energies.
When q > 0, force between Q and q is repulsive. If q is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, again, the net force on
one side decrease and other side increase by the same amount. So, it will be pushed back towards the centre.
Within the plane of the ring, the equilibrium is stable as the charge q tends to move back to its position.

Q25. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct 1 Mark
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false and R is also false.

Assertion (A): If a point charge q is placed in front of an infinite grounded conducting plane surface, the point
charge will experience a force.
Reason (R): This force is due to the induced charge on the conducting surface which is at zero potential.

Ans: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Q26. A large nonconducting sheet M is given a uniform charge density. Two uncharged small metal rods A and B are 1 Mark
placed near the sheet as shown in figure:
1. M attracts A.
2. M attracts B.
3. A attracts B.
4. B attracts A.

Ans: 4. B attracts A.
Explanation:
 Charge distribution or M, A & B
So, we can say that M attracts A, M attracts B, A attracts B and 'B' attracts A.

Q27. Which of the following quantities do not depend on the choice of zero potential or zero potential energy? 1 Mark
1. Potential at a point.
2. Potential difference between two points.
3. Potential energy of a two-charge system.
4. Change in potential energy of a two-charge system.

Ans: 3. Potential energy of a two-charge system.

4. Change in potential energy of a two-charge system.
Explanation:

Vp = KQ
−
KQ
=0
r r

Q28. A metallic particle having no net charge is placed near a finite metal plate carrying a positive charge. The electric 1 Mark
force on the particle will be:
1. Towards the plate.
2. Away from the plate.
3. Parallel to the plate.
4. Zero.

Ans: 1. Towards the plate.

Explanation:
Plase: The electric force on the particle will be owards the plate. Because the distance bewteen attraction force is Less than the
distance between repulsive force. So Attractive Force > Repulsive force.

Q29. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero, then we can infer: 1 Mark
1. No net charge is enclosed by the surface.
2. Uniform electric field exists within the surface.
3. Electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface.
4. Charge is present inside the surface.

Ans: 1. No net charge is enclosed by the surface.

Explanation:
Net electric flux is highly dependent on the net electric charge enclosed by the surface.
In a closed surface, if the net electric flux is zero, then the net electric charge will be also zero.
Since electric flux is defined as the rate of flow of electric field in a closed area and if the electric flux is zero, the overall electric
charge within the closed boundary will be also zero.

Q30. The Electric field at a point is: 1 Mark

1. Always continuous.
 2. Continuous if there is no charge at that point.
3. Discontinuous only if there is a negative charge at that point.
4. Discontinuous if there is a charge at that point.

Ans: 2. Continuous if there is no charge at that point.

4. Discontinuous if there is a charge at that point.
(b, d) We cannot define electric field at the position of a charge, so we cannot say that electric field is always continuous.
Hence option (a) is ruled out and option (d) is the correct choice.
The electric field due to any charge will be continuous, if there is no other charge in the medium. It will be discontinuous if there is a
charge at the point under consideration, hence option (b) is correct.

Q31. If ∫S [Link] = 0 over a surface, then: 1 Mark

1. The electric field inside the surface and on it is zero.
2. The electric field inside the surface is necessarily uniform.
3. The number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines leaving it.
4. All charges must necessarily be outside the surface.

Ans: 3. The number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines leaving it.
4. All charges must necessarily be outside the surface.
Given,
∫s [Link] = 0
It means the algebraic sum of number of flux lines entering the surface and number of flux lines leaving the surface.
Now, from Gauss' law,
q
∫ [Link] = ϵ0
S
Where q is charge enclosed by the surface.
Now,
∫s [Link] = 0
q = 0 i.e., net charge enclosed by the surface must be zero.
Hence, all other charges must necessarily be outside the surface.

Q32. Figure, shows some of the electric field lines corresponding to an electric field. The figure suggests that, 1 Mark

1. EA > E8 > Ee
2. EA = EB = Ee
3. EA = Ec > EB
4. EA = Ec < EB.

Ans: 3. EA = Ec > EB
Explanation:
Higher separation, Lower electric field. Because Electric field inversly proportional the square of separation.
EA = Ec > EB

Q33. Figure shows a closed surface which intersects a conducting sphere. If a positive charged is placed at the point P, 1 Mark
the flux of the electic field through the closed surface:

1. Will remain zero.

2. Will become positive.
3. Will become neagative.
4. Will become undefined.
Ans: 2. Will become positive.
Explanation:
Charge distribution:

Due to charge distribution, intersection by the closed surface of conducting sphere containing the positive charge. So we can say that
the flux of
qin
the electric field through the closed surface will become positive.
∴ ϕ = ϵ ⇒ +ve
0

Q34. The electric potential decreases uniformly from 120V to 80V as one moves on the x-axis from x = -1cm to x = + 1 Mark
1cm. The electric field at the origin.
1. Must be equal to 20Vcm-1
2. May be equal to 20Vcm-1
3. May be greater than 20Vcm-1
4. May be lees than 20Vcm-1

Ans: 2. May be equal to 20Vcm-1

3. May be greater than 20Vcm-1
Explanation:

△V = −E. dr
(Vf − Vi) = −E. dr = Ex(B − A)
(80 − 120) = −E x. (2)
40
Ex = 2 = 20v/m
If electric field lines lies in 'x ' direction than it may be equal to 20v/cm.
If Electric field lines liesin 'x - y' direction than it may be greater than 20v/cm.

Q35. A closed surface S is constructed around a conducting wire connected to a battery and a switch (figure). As the 1 Mark
switch is closed, the free electrons in the wire start moving along the wire. In any time interval, the number of
electrons entering the closed surface S is equal to the number of electrons leaving it. On closing the switch, the
flux of the electric field through the closed surface:

1. Is increased.
2. Is decreased.
3. Remains unchanged.
4. Remains zero.

Ans: 3. Remains unchanged.

Explanation:
 The flux of the electric field through the closed surface is remain unchanged.
Because the no. of electric field lines enter in the closed path = no. of electric field lines existsin the closed path.

Q36. Figure shows a charge q placed at the centre of a hemisphere. A second charge Q is placed at one of the positions 1 Mark
A, B, C and D. In which position(s) of this second charge, the flux of the electric field through the hemisphere
remains unchanged?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Ans: 1. A
3. C
Explanation:

The flux of electric field through the hemishpere remains unchanged dur to 'A & C' point because these point lies on the line joining
the centre of hemisphere.

Q37. Electric charges are distributed in a small volume. The flux of the electric field through a spherical surface of 1 Mark
radius 10cm surrounding the total charge is 25V-m. The flux over a concentric sphere of radius 20cm will be:
1. 25V-m
2. 50V-m
3. 100V-m
4. 200V-m

Ans: 1. 25V-m
Explanation:
F is not depend on the shape & size of the closed volume surface.
qm Þ qm is the net charge inside the closed volume surface.

Q38. If flux of the electric field through a closed surface is zero: 1 Mark
1. The electric field must be zero everywhere on the surface.
2. The electric field may be zero everywhere in the surface.
3. The charge inside the surface must be zero.
4. The charge in the vicinity of the surface must be zero.

Ans: 2. The electric field may be zero everywhere in the surface.

3. The charge inside the surface must be zero.
Explanation:
qinside
ϕ= ϵ0 = ∫ E. dS
If the flux of the electric field through a closed surface is zero mean the net charge inside the surface must be zero or the electric field
may be zero every where on the surface.

Q39. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere. The electric field is best given by: 1 Mark
 1. Fig (i).
2. Fig (ii).
3. Fig (iii).
4. Fig (iv).

Ans: 1. Fig (i).

Key concept:
1. Electric field lines come out of positive charge and go into the negative charge.
2. Tangent to the field line at any point gives the direction of the field at that point.
3. Field lines are always normal to the conducting surface.
4. Field lines do not exist inside a conductor.
The explanation to this problem-can be done by keeping two things in mind.
1. Concept of induction.
2. The electric field lines interact with a conducting body normally.
Let us discuss the phenomenon of induction involved in this case. When a positive point charge is brought near an isolated
conducting sphere without touching the sphere, then the free electrons in the sphere are attracted towards the positive charge. Thus,
the left surface of sphere has an excess of negative charge and the right surface of sphere has an excess of positive charge. It should
be noted that both kinds of charges are bound in the metal sphere and cannot escape. They, therefore, reside on the surface of the
sphere.

An electric field lines start from a positive point charge and ends at negative charge induced on the left surface of sphere. Also,
electric field line emerges from a positive charge, in case of single charge and ends at infinity.
Here, all these conditions are fulfilled in Fig. (i).