SYLLABUS

Cambridge IGCSE®
Chemistry (US)

0439
For examination in June and November 2016, 2017 and 2018

This syllabus is available only to Centers participating in the

NCEE Excellence for All initiative in the USA.

If you have any questions about this syllabus, please contact Cambridge
at info@[Link] quoting syllabus code 0439.

Cambridge Secondary 2 Version 1

 Changes to syllabus for 2016

The syllabus has been revised. You are advised to read the whole of the syllabus before planning your
teaching program. The most significant changes are outlined below.

Significant changes to the syllabus are indicated by black vertical lines at the side of the text.

Changes to the structure of the assessment

A new Multiple Choice paper for Extended candidates has been included. This paper is now Paper 2.
The papers are:
Paper 1: Multiple Choice (Core)
Paper 2: Multiple Choice (Extended)
Paper 3: Theory (Core)
Paper 4: Theory (Extended)
Paper 5: Practical Test
Paper 7: Coursework
Core candidates will now take Paper 1: Multiple Choice (Core), Paper 3: Theory (Core) and either Paper 5:
Practical Test or Paper 7: Coursework.
Extended candidates will now take Paper 2: Multiple Choice (Extended), Paper 4: Theory (Extended) and either
Paper 5: Practical Test or Paper 7: Coursework.

Changes to curriculum content

The curriculum content has been revised and updated to modernize and improve the relevance of the syllabus.
The wording of some learning outcomes has been changed for clarification.
Some material has been reordered, removed, moved between sections, or reclassified as either Core or
Supplement material.

Minor changes have been made to the wording of the Syllabus Goals, Assessment Objectives and Grade
Descriptions for clarity.

Changes to accreditation for Cambridge IGCSE coursework assessors

We have reviewed the current accreditation process. To ensure that all teachers involved in the marking of
internally assessed components can benefit from the training materials provided by Cambridge, we are widening
access to these materials and discontinuing the accreditation process after the November 2015 series.
The last exam series requiring teacher accreditation for the marking of certain Cambridge IGCSE components will
be November 2015. Guidance on the delivery and assessment of Cambridge coursework and speaking tests will
be available for all teachers on our Teacher Support site from January 2016.
Section 8 of this syllabus has been updated to provide more detail on the moderation process

Note
The subject content of this syllabus is the same as the international version. The alternative to
practical paper is not included to ensure that coursework or the practical paper is a mandatory part of
the syllabus.
Please read the Cambridge Glossary alongside this syllabus. This is available from our website.
Administration materials appear in UK English and are standard for all our international customers.

Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centers are
permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission
to Centers to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a
Center.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Why Choose Cambridge?
1.2 Why Choose Cambridge IGCSE?
1.3 Why Choose Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry?
1.4 Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education)
1.5 How Can I Find Out More?

2. Teacher Support ............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Support Materials
2.2 Resource Lists
2.3 Training

3. Curriculum Content at a Glance...................................................................................... 6

4. Assessment at a Glance ................................................................................................. 8

5. Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives................................................................. 10

5.1 Goals
5.2 Assessment Objectives
5.3 Relationship Between Assessment Objectives and Components
5.4 Grade Descriptions
5.5 Conventions (e.g. Signs, Symbols, Terminology and Nomenclature)

6. Curriculum Content ...................................................................................................... 15

7. Practical Assessment .................................................................................................. 31

7.1 Teaching Experimental Skills
7.2 Paper 5: Practical Test
7.3 Paper 7: Coursework
7.4 Notes For Use in Qualitative Analysis

8. Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 40
8.1 The Periodic Table
8.2 Safety in the Laboratory
8.3 Glossary of Terms Used in Science Papers
8.4 Mathematical Requirements
8.5 Presentation of Data
8.6 ICT Opportunities

9. Other Information ......................................................................................................... 45

Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1 Why Choose Cambridge?

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge. We prepare school students
for life, helping them develop an informed curiosity and a lasting passion for learning. Our international
qualifications are recognized by the world’s best universities and employers, giving students a wide range
of options in their education and career. As a non-profit organization, we devote our resources to delivering
high-quality educational programs that can unlock students’ potential.

Our programs set the global standard for international education. They are created by subject experts,
are rooted in academic rigor, and provide a strong platform for progression to employment or to other
qualifications. Over 10,000 schools in 160 countries work with us to prepare nearly a million students for
their future with an international education from Cambridge.

Cambridge Students
Cambridge programs and qualifications develop not only subject knowledge but also skills. We encourage
Cambridge students to be:
• confident in working with information and ideas—their own and those of others
• responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others
• reflective as students, developing their ability to learn
• innovative and equipped for new and future challenges
• engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.

Recognition
Cambridge IGCSE is recognized by leading universities and employers worldwide, and is an international
passport to progression and success. It provides a solid foundation for moving on to higher-level studies.
Learn more at [Link]/recognition

Support for Teachers

A wide range of materials and resources is available to support teachers and students in Cambridge schools.
Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts. Through subject discussion
forums and training, teachers can access the expert advice they need for teaching our qualifications. More
details can be found in Section 2 of this syllabus and at [Link]/teachers

Support for Exams Officers

Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entries and excellent personal support
from our customer services. Learn more at [Link]/examsofficers

Our systems for managing the provision of international qualifications and education programs for students
aged 5 to 19 are certified as meeting the internationally recognized standard for quality management, ISO
9001:2008. Learn more at [Link]/ISO9001

2 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Introduction

1.2 Why Choose Cambridge IGCSE?

Cambridge IGCSEs are international in outlook but retain a local relevance. The syllabi provide opportunities
for contextualized learning, and the content has been created to suit a wide variety of schools, avoid cultural
bias, and develop essential lifelong skills, including creative thinking and problem solving.

Our goal is to balance knowledge, understanding, and skills in our programs and qualifications to enable
students to become effective learners and to provide a solid foundation for their continuing educational
journey.

Through our professional development courses and our support materials for Cambridge IGCSEs, we
provide the tools to enable teachers to prepare students to the best of their ability and work with us in the
pursuit of excellence in education.

Cambridge IGCSEs are considered to be an excellent preparation for Cambridge International AS and
A Levels, the Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Group Award,
Cambridge Pre-U, and other education programs, such as the US Advanced Placement program
and the International Baccalaureate Diploma program. Learn more about Cambridge IGCSEs at
[Link]/cambridgesecondary2

Guided Learning Hours

Cambridge IGCSE syllabi are designed with the assumption that candidates have about 130 guided learning
hours per subject over the duration of the course, but this is for guidance only. The number of hours
required to gain the qualification may vary according to local curricular practice and the candidates’ prior
experience with the subject.

1.3 Why Choose Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry?

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry is accepted by universities and employers as proof of essential knowledge and
ability. As well as a subject focus, the chemistry syllabus enables learners to:
• better understand the technological world, with an informed interest in scientific matters
• recognize the usefulness (and limitations) of scientific method, and how to apply this to other disciplines
and in everyday life
• develop relevant attitudes, such as a concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, integrity, enquiry,
initiative and inventiveness
• develop an interest in, and care for, the environment
• better understand the influence and limitations placed on scientific study by society, economy,
technology, ethics, the community and the environment
• develop an understanding of the scientific skills essential for both further study and everyday life.

Prerequisites
We recommend that candidates who are beginning this course should have previously studied a science
curriculum such as that of the Cambridge Lower Secondary Program or equivalent national educational
frameworks. Candidates should also have adequate mathematical skills for the content contained in this
syllabus.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 3
Introduction

Progression
Cambridge IGCSE Certificates are general qualifications that enable candidates to progress either directly to
employment, or to proceed to further qualifications.

Candidates who are awarded grades A* to C for this qualification are well prepared to follow courses leading
to Level 3 AS and A Level GCE Chemistry, Cambridge Pre-U Chemistry, IB Certificates in Chemistry or the
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry.

1.4 Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education)

Cambridge ICE is a group award for Cambridge IGCSE. It gives schools the opportunity to benefit from
offering a broad and balanced curriculum by recognizing the achievements of candidates who pass
examinations in a number of different subjects.

Learn more about Cambridge ICE at [Link]/cambridgesecondary2

1.5 How Can I Find Out More?

If You Are Already a Cambridge School
You can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels. If you have any questions, please
contact us at info@[Link]

If You Are Not Yet a Cambridge School

Learn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at [Link]/startcambridge. Email us at
info@[Link] to find out how your organization can register to become a Cambridge school.

4 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Teacher Support

2. Teacher Support

2.1 Support Materials

We send Cambridge syllabi, past question papers, and examiner reports to cover the last examination series
to all Cambridge schools.

You can also go to our public website at [Link]/igcse to download current and future syllabi
together with specimen papers or past question papers and examiner reports from one series.

For teachers at registered Cambridge schools a range of additional support materials for specific
syllabi is available from Teacher Support, our secure online support for Cambridge teachers. Go to
[Link] (username and password required).

2.2 Resource Lists

We work with publishers providing a range of resources for our syllabi including print and digital materials.
Resources endorsed by Cambridge go through a detailed quality assurance process to ensure they provide a
high level of support for teachers and learners.

We have resource lists that can be filtered to show all resources, or just those that are endorsed by
Cambridge. The resource lists include further suggestions for resources to support teaching.

2.3 Training
We offer a range of support activities for teachers to ensure they have the relevant knowledge and skills to
deliver our qualifications. See [Link]/events for further information.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 5
Curriculum Content at a Glance

3. Curriculum Content at a Glance

Candidates study the following topics.

1. The particulate nature of matter

2. Experimental techniques

2.1 Measurement
2.2.1 Criteria of purity
2.2.2 Methods of purification

3. Atoms, elements and compounds

3.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

3.2.1 Bonding: the structure of matter
3.2.2 Ions and ionic bonds
3.2.3 Molecules and covalent bonds
3.2.4 Macromolecules
3.2.5 Metallic bonding (Extended candidates only)

4. Stoichiometry

4.1 Stoichiometry
4.2 The mole concept (Extended candidates only)

5. Electricity and chemistry

6. Chemical energetics

6.1 Energetics of a reaction

6.2 Energy transfer

7. Chemical reactions

7.1 Physical and chemical changes

7.2 Rate (speed) of reaction
7.3 Reversible reactions
7.4 Redox

8. Acids, bases and salts

8.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases

8.2 Types of oxides
8.3 Preparation of salts
8.4 Identification of ions and gases

6 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content at a Glance

9. The Periodic Table

9.1 The Periodic Table

9.2 Periodic trends
9.3 Group properties
9.4 Transition elements
9.5 Noble gases

10. Metals

10.1 Properties of metals

10.2 Reactivity series
10.3 Extraction of metals
10.4 Uses of metals

11. Air and water

11.1 Water
11.2 Air
11.3 Nitrogen and fertilizers
11.4 Carbon dioxide and methane

12. Sulfur

13. Carbonates

14. Organic chemistry

14.1 Names of compounds

14.2 Fuels
14.3 Homologous series
14.4 Alkanes
14.5 Alkenes
14.6 Alcohols
14.7 Carboxylic acids
14.8.1 Polymers
14.8.2 Synthetic polymers
14.8.3 Natural polymers

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 7
Assessment at a Glance

4. Assessment at a Glance

All candidates must enter for three papers.

Core candidates take: Extended candidates take:

Paper 1 45 minutes Paper 2 45 minutes

A multiple-choice paper consisting of 40 items A multiple-choice paper consisting of 40
of the four-choice type. items of the four-choice type.
This paper will test assessment objectives This paper will test assessment objectives
AO1 and AO2. Questions will be based on the AO1 and AO2. Questions will be based on
Core syllabus content. the Extended syllabus content (Core and
Supplement).
This paper will be weighted at 30% of the This paper will be weighted at 30% of the
final total mark. final total mark.

and: and:

Paper 3 1 hour 15 minutes Paper 4 1 hour 15 minutes

A written paper consisting of short-answer A written paper consisting of short-answer
and structured questions. and structured questions.
This paper will test assessment objectives This paper will test assessment objectives
AO1 and AO2. Questions will be based on the AO1 and AO2. Questions will be based on
Core syllabus content. the Extended syllabus content (Core and
Supplement).
80 marks 80 marks
This paper will be weighted at 50% of the This paper will be weighted at 50% of the
final total mark. final total mark.

All candidates take

either: or:

Paper 5 1 hour 15 minutes Paper 7

Practical Test Coursework
This paper will test assessment objective AO3. This paper will test assessment objective AO3.
Questions will be based on the experimental The paper is structured to assess grade ranges
skills in Section 7. A*–G.
The paper is structured to assess grade ranges 48 marks
A*–G. This paper will be weighted at 20% of the final
40 marks total mark.
This paper will be weighted at 20% of the final
total mark.

8 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Assessment at a Glance

Candidates who have studied the Core syllabus content, or who are expected to achieve a grade D or below
should be entered for Paper 1, Paper 3 and either Paper 5 or Paper 7. These candidates will be eligible for
grades C to G.

Candidates who have studied the Extended syllabus content (Core and Supplement), and who are expected
to achieve a grade C or above should be entered for Paper 2, Paper 4 and either Paper 5 or Paper 7. These
candidates will be eligible for grades A* to G.

Availability
This syllabus is examined in the June and November examination series.

Detailed timetables are available from [Link]/examsofficers

Combining This With Other Syllabi

Candidates can combine this syllabus in an examination series with any other Cambridge syllabus, except:
• syllabi with the same title at the same level
• 0652 Cambridge IGCSE Physical Science
• 0653 Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science
• 0654 Cambridge IGCSE Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award)
• 5129 Cambridge O Level Combined Science

Please note that Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate and Cambridge
O Level syllabi are at the same level.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 9
Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5. Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5.1 Goals
The syllabus goals listed below describe the educational purposes of a course based on this syllabus. These
goals are not intended as assessment criteria but outline the educational context in which the syllabus
content should be viewed. These goals are the same for all students and are not listed in order of priority.
Some of these goals may be delivered by the use of suitable local, international or historical examples and
applications, or through collaborative experimental work.

The goals are:

1. to provide an enjoyable and worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go
on to study science beyond this level
2. to enable students to acquire sufficient knowledge and understanding to:
• become confident citizens in a technological world and develop an informed interest in scientific
matters
• be suitably prepared for studies beyond Cambridge IGCSE
3. to allow students to recognize that science is evidence based and understand the usefulness, and the
limitations, of scientific method
4. to develop skills that:
• are relevant to the study and practice of chemistry
• are useful in everyday life
• encourage a systematic approach to problem solving
• encourage efficient and safe practice
• encourage effective communication through the language of science
5. to develop attitudes relevant to chemistry such as:
• concern for accuracy and precision
• objectivity
• integrity
• enquiry
• initiative
• inventiveness
6. to enable students to appreciate that:
• science is subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations
• the applications of science may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community
and the environment

10 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5.2 Assessment Objectives

AO1: Knowledge with understanding
Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts and theories
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety
4. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.

Syllabus content defines the factual material that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Candidates will also be asked questions which require them to apply this material to unfamiliar contexts and
to apply knowledge from one area of the syllabus to another.

Questions testing this objective will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
explain (using your knowledge and understanding) or outline (see the Glossary of terms used in science
papers).

AO2: Handling information and problem solving

Candidates should be able, in words or using other written forms of presentation (i.e. symbolic, graphical
and numerical), to:
1. locate, select, organize and present information from a variety of sources
2. translate information from one form to another
3. manipulate numerical and other data
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships
6. make predictions and hypotheses
7. solve problems, including some of a quantitative nature.

Questions testing these skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to candidates, requiring them
to apply the principles and concepts from the syllabus to a new situation, in a logical, deductive way.

Questions testing these skills will often begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, calculate or
determine (see the Glossary of terms used in science papers).

AO3: Experimental skills and investigations

Candidates should be able to:
1. demonstrate knowledge of how to safely use techniques, apparatus and materials (including following a
sequence of instructions where appropriate)
2. plan experiments and investigations
3. make and record observations, measurements and estimates
4. interpret and evaluate experimental observations and data
5. evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 11
Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5.3 Relationship Between Assessment Objectives and

Components
The approximate weightings allocated to each of the assessment objectives are summarized in the table
below.

Assessment objective Papers Papers Papers Weighting of

1 and 2 3 and 4 5 and 7 AO in overall
qualification

AO1: Knowledge with

63% 63% – 50%
understanding

AO2: Handling information

37% 37% – 30%
and problem solving

AO3: Experimental skills

– – 100% 20%
and investigations

Weighting of paper in
30% 50% 20%
overall qualification

12 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5.4 Grade Descriptions

The scheme of assessment is intended to encourage positive achievement by all candidates.

A Grade A candidate will be able to:

• recall and communicate precise knowledge and display comprehensive understanding of scientific
phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts and theories
• apply scientific concepts and theories to present reasoned explanations of familiar and unfamiliar
phenomena, to solve complex problems involving several stages, and to make reasoned predictions and
hypotheses
• communicate and present complex scientific ideas, observations and data clearly and logically,
independently using scientific terminology and conventions consistently and correctly
• independently select, process and synthesize information presented in a variety of ways, and use it to
draw valid conclusions and discuss the scientific, technological, social, economic and environmental
implications
• devise strategies to solve problems in complex situations which may involve many variables or complex
manipulation of data or ideas through multiple steps
• analyze data to identify any patterns or trends, taking account of limitations in the quality of the data and
justifying the conclusions reached select, describe, justify and evaluate techniques for a large range of
scientific operations and laboratory procedures.

A Grade C candidate will be able to:

• recall and communicate secure knowledge and understanding of scientific phenomena, facts, laws,
definitions, concepts and theories
• apply scientific concepts and theories to present simple explanations of familiar and some unfamiliar
phenomena, to solve straightforward problems involving several stages, and to make detailed
predictions and simple hypotheses
• communicate and present scientific ideas, observations and data using a wide range of scientific
terminology and conventions
• select and process information from a given source, and use it to draw simple conclusions and state the
scientific, technological, social, economic or environmental implications
• solve problems involving more than one step, but with a limited range of variables or using familiar methods
• analyze data to identify a pattern or trend, and select appropriate data to justify a conclusion
• select, describe and evaluate techniques for a range of scientific operations and laboratory procedures.

A Grade F candidate will be able to:

• recall and communicate limited knowledge and understanding of scientific phenomena, facts, laws,
definitions, concepts and theories
• apply a limited range of scientific facts and concepts to give basic explanations of familiar phenomena,
to solve straightforward problems and make simple predictions
• communicate and present simple scientific ideas, observations and data using a limited range of
scientific terminology and conventions
• select a single piece of information from a given source, and use it to support a given conclusion,
and to make links between scientific information and its scientific, technological, social, economic or
environmental implications
• solve problems involving more than one step if structured help is given
• analyze data to identify a pattern or trend
• select, describe and evaluate techniques for a limited range of scientific operations and laboratory
procedures.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 13
Syllabus Goals and Assessment Objectives

5.5 Conventions (e.g. Signs, Symbols, Terminology and

Nomenclature)
Syllabi and question papers conform with generally accepted international practice. In particular, the
following document, produced by the Association for Science Education (ASE), should be used as a
guideline.

• Signs, Symbols and Systematics: The ASE Companion to 16–19 Science (2000).

Liter/dm3
To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for liter, dm3 will be used in place of l or liter.

Decimal markers
In accordance with current ASE convention, decimal markers in examination papers will be a single dot on
the line. Candidates are expected to follow this convention in their answers.

Numbers
Numbers from 1000 to 9999 will be printed without commas or spaces. Numbers greater than or equal to
10 000 will be printed without commas. A space will be left between each group of three whole numbers,
e.g. 4 256 789.

14 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

6. Curriculum Content

All candidates should be taught the Core syllabus content. Candidates who are only taught the Core syllabus
content can achieve a maximum of grade C. Candidates aiming for grades A* to C should be taught the
Extended syllabus content. The Extended syllabus content includes both the Core and the Supplement.

In delivering the course, teachers should aim to show the relevance of concepts to the students’ everyday
lives and to the world around them. The syllabus content has been designed so as to allow teachers to
develop flexible programs which meet all of the general goals of the syllabus while drawing on appropriate
local and international contexts.

Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. Wherever possible, students should pursue a fully
integrated course which allows them to develop their practical skills by carrying out practical work and
investigations within all of the topics listed.

1. The particulate nature of matter

Core Supplement
• State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids
and gases
• Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in
terms of particle separation, arrangement and types
of motion
• Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, • Explain changes of state in terms of the
evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation kinetic theory
• Describe qualitatively the pressure and temperature of
a gas in terms of the motion of its particles
• Show an understanding of the random motion of
particles in a suspension (sometimes known as • Describe and explain Brownian
Brownian motion) as evidence for the kinetic particle motion in terms of random molecular
(atoms, molecules or ions) model of matter bombardment
• Describe and explain diffusion • State evidence for Brownian motion
• Describe and explain dependence of rate
of diffusion on molecular mass
2. Experimental techniques
2.1 Measurement
Core
• Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement
of time, temperature, mass and volume, including
burets, droppers and graduated cylinders

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 15
Curriculum Content

2.2.1 Criteria of purity

Core Supplement
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of paper • Interpret simple chromatograms,
chromatography including the use of Rf values
• Interpret simple chromatograms • Outline how chromatography techniques
• Identify substances and assess their purity from can be applied to colorless substances
melting point and boiling point information by exposing chromatograms to
substances called locating agents
• Understand the importance of purity in substances in
(Knowledge of specific locating agents is
everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs
not required.)
2.2.2 Methods of purification
Core
• Describe and explain methods of purification by the
use of a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallization and
distillation (including use of fractionating column).
(Refer to the fractional distillation of petroleum
in section 14.2 and products of fermentation in
section 14.6.)
• Suggest suitable purification techniques, given
information about the substances involved
3. Atoms, elements and compounds
3.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
Core Supplement
• State the relative charges and approximate relative
masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
• Define proton number (atomic number) as the number
of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Define nucleon number (mass number) as the total
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
• Use proton number and the simple structure of atoms
to explain the basis of the Periodic Table (see section
9), with special reference to the elements of proton
number 1 to 20
• Define isotopes as atoms of the same element which • Understand that isotopes have the same
have the same proton number but a different nucleon properties because they have the same
number number of electrons in their outer shell
• State the two types of isotopes as being radioactive
and non-radioactive
• State one medical and one industrial use of radioactive
isotopes
• Describe the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’ and
understand the significance of the noble gas
electronic structures and of the outer shell electrons
(The ideas of the distribution of electrons in s and p
orbitals and in d block elements are not required.)
Note: a copy of the Periodic Table, as shown in the
Appendix, will be available in Papers 1, 2, 3 and 4.

16 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

3.2.1 Bonding: the structure of matter

Core
• Describe the differences between elements, mixtures
and compounds, and between metals and nonmetals
• Describe an alloy, such as brass, as a mixture of a
metal with other elements
3.2.2 Ions and ionic bonds
Core Supplement
• Describe the formation of ions by electron loss or gain • Describe the formation of ionic bonds
• Describe the formation of ionic bonds between between metallic and nonmetallic
elements from Groups I and VII elements
• Describe the lattice structure of ionic
compounds as a regular arrangement of
alternating positive and negative ions
3.2.3 Molecules and covalent bonds
Core Supplement
• Describe the formation of single covalent bonds in H2, • Describe the electron arrangement in
Cl 2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl as the sharing of pairs of more complex covalent molecules such
electrons leading to the noble gas configuration as N2, C2H4, CH3OH and CO2
• Describe the differences in volatility, solubility and • Explain the differences in melting point
electrical conductivity between ionic and covalent and boiling point of ionic and covalent
compounds compounds in terms of attractive forces
3.2.4 Macromolecules
Core Supplement
• Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and • Describe the macromolecular structure
diamond of silicon(IV) oxide (silicon dioxide)
• Relate their structures to their uses, e.g. graphite as a • Describe the similarity in properties
lubricant and a conductor, and diamond in cutting tools between diamond and silicon(IV) oxide,
related to their structures
3.2.5 Metallic bonding
Supplement
• Describe metallic bonding as a lattice
of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’
and use this to describe the electrical
conductivity and malleability of metals

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 17
Curriculum Content

4. Stoichiometry
4.1 Stoichiometry
Core Supplement
• Use the symbols of the elements and write the • Determine the formula of an ionic
formulae of simple compounds compound from the charges on the ions
• Deduce the formula of a simple compound from the present
relative numbers of atoms present • Construct equations with state symbols,
• Deduce the formula of a simple compound from a including ionic equations
model or a diagrammatic representation • Deduce the balanced equation for
• Construct word equations and simple balanced a chemical reaction, given relevant
chemical equations information
• Define relative atomic mass, A r , as the average mass
of naturally occurring atoms of an element on a scale
where the 12C atom has a mass of exactly 12 units
• Define relative molecular mass, Mr , as the sum of the
relative atomic masses (Relative formula mass or Mr
will be used for ionic compounds.)
(Calculations involving reacting masses in simple
proportions may be set. Calculations will not involve
the mole concept.)
4.2 The mole concept
Supplement
• Define the mole and the Avogadro
constant
• Use the molar gas volume, taken
as 24 dm3 at room temperature and
pressure
• Calculate stoichiometric reacting
masses, volumes of gases and solutions,
and concentrations of solutions
expressed in g / dm3 and mol / dm3
(Calculations involving the idea of limiting
reactants may be set. Questions on the
gas laws and the conversion of gaseous
volumes to different temperatures and
pressures will not be set.)
• Calculate empirical formulae and
molecular formulae
• Calculate percentage yield and
percentage purity

18 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

5. Electricity and chemistry

Core Supplement
• Define electrolysis as the breakdown of an ionic • Relate the products of electrolysis to
compound, molten or in aqueous solution, by the the electrolyte and electrodes used,
passage of electricity exemplified by the specific examples
• Describe the electrode products and the observations in the Core together with aqueous
made during the electrolysis of: copper(II) sulfate using carbon
electrodes and using copper electrodes
– molten lead(II) bromide
(as used in the refining of copper)
– concentrated hydrochloric acid
• Describe electrolysis in terms of the ions
– concentrated aqueous sodium chloride present and reactions at the electrodes
– dilute sulfuric acid in the examples given
between inert electrodes (platinum or carbon)
• State the general principle that metals or hydrogen are
formed at the negative electrode (cathode), and that
nonmetals (other than hydrogen) are formed at the
positive electrode (anode)
• Predict the products of the electrolysis of a specified • Predict the products of electrolysis of a
binary compound in the molten state specified halide in dilute or concentrated
• Describe the electroplating of metals aqueous solution
• Outline the uses of electroplating • Construct ionic half-equations for
reactions at the cathode
• Describe the reasons for the use of copper and (steel-
cored) aluminum in cables, and why plastics and • Describe the transfer of charge during
ceramics are used as insulators electrolysis to include:
– the movement of electrons in the
metallic conductor
– the removal or addition of electrons
from the external circuit at the
electrodes
– the movement of ions in the
electrolyte
• Describe the production of electrical
energy from simple cells, i.e. two
electrodes in an electrolyte. (This should
be linked with the reactivity series in
section 10.2 and redox in section 7.4.)
• Describe, in outline, the manufacture of:
– aluminum from pure aluminum oxide
in molten cryolite (refer to section
10.3)
– chlorine, hydrogen and sodium
hydroxide from concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride
(Starting materials and essential
conditions should be given but not
technical details or diagrams.)

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 19
Curriculum Content

6. Chemical energetics
6.1 Energetics of a reaction
Core Supplement
• Describe the meaning of exothermic and endothermic • Describe bond breaking as an
reactions endothermic process and bond forming
• Interpret energy level diagrams showing exothermic as an exothermic process
and endothermic reactions • Draw and label energy level diagrams for
exothermic and endothermic reactions
using data provided
• Calculate the energy of a reaction using
bond energies
6.2 Energy transfer
Core Supplement
• Describe the release of heat energy by burning fuels • Describe the use of hydrogen as a
• State the use of hydrogen as a fuel fuel reacting with oxygen to generate
electricity in a fuel cell (Details of the
• Describe radioactive isotopes, such as 235U, as a
construction and operation of a fuel cell
source of energy
are not required.)
7. Chemical reactions
7.1 Physical and chemical changes
Core
• Identify physical and chemical changes, and
understand the differences between them
7.2 Rate (speed) of reaction
Core Supplement
• Describe and explain the effect of concentration, • Devise and evaluate a suitable method
particle size, catalysts (including enzymes) and for investigating the effect of a given
temperature on the rate of reactions variable on the rate of a reaction
• Describe the application of the above factors to the
danger of explosive combustion with fine powders
(e.g. flour mills) and gases (e.g. methane in mines)
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a • Describe and explain the effects of
practical method for investigating the rate of a reaction temperature and concentration in terms
involving gas evolution of collisions between reacting particles
• Interpret data obtained from experiments concerned (An increase in temperature causes an
with rate of reaction increase in collision rate and more of
the colliding molecules have sufficient
energy (activation energy) to react
Note: Candidates should be encouraged to use the term
whereas an increase in concentration
rate rather than speed.
only causes an increase in collision rate.)

cont.

20 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

7.2 Rate (speed) of reaction continued

• Describe and explain the role of light in

photochemical reactions and the effect
of light on the rate of these reactions
(This should be linked to section 14.4.)
• Describe the use of silver salts
in photography as a process of
reduction of silver ions to silver;
and photosynthesis as the reaction
between carbon dioxide and water in
the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight
(energy) to produce glucose and oxygen
7.3 Reversible reactions
Core Supplement
• Understand that some chemical reactions can be • Predict the effect of changing the
reversed by changing the reaction conditions conditions (concentration, temperature
(Limited to the effects of heat and water on hydrated and pressure) on other reversible
and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) reactions
chloride.) (Concept of equilibrium is not required.) • Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the concept of
equilibrium
7.4 Redox
Core Supplement
• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen • Define redox in terms of electron
loss/gain. (Oxidation state limited to its use to transfer
name ions, e.g. iron(II), iron(III), copper(II), • Identify redox reactions by changes in
manganate(VII).) oxidation state and by the color changes
involved when using acidified potassium
manganate(VII), and potassium iodide.
(Recall of equations involving KMnO4 is
not required.)
• Define oxidizing agent as a substance
which oxidizes another substance during
a redox reaction. Define reducing agent
as a substance which reduces another
substance during a redox reaction.
• Identify oxidizing agents and reducing
agents from simple equations

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 21
Curriculum Content

8. Acids, bases and salts

8.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases
Core Supplement
• Describe the characteristic properties of acids as • Define acids and bases in terms of
reactions with metals, bases, carbonates and effect proton transfer, limited to aqueous
on litmus and methyl orange solutions
• Describe the characteristic properties of bases as • Describe the meaning of weak and
reactions with acids and with ammonium salts and strong acids and bases
effect on litmus and methyl orange
• Describe neutrality and relative acidity and alkalinity in
terms of pH measured using Universal Indicator paper
(whole numbers only)
• Describe and explain the importance of controlling
acidity in soil
8.2 Types of oxides
Core Supplement
• Classify oxides as either acidic or basic, related to • Further classify other oxides as neutral
metallic and nonmetallic character or amphoteric
8.3 Preparation of salts
Core Supplement
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of • Demonstrating knowledge and
preparation, separation and purification of salts understanding of the preparation of
as examples of some of the techniques specified insoluble salts by precipitation
in section 2.2.2 and the reactions specified in • Suggest a method of making a given salt
section 8.1 from a suitable starting material, given
appropriate information

22 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

8.4 Identification of ions and gases

Core
• Describe the following tests to identify:
aqueous cations:
aluminum, ammonium, calcium, chromium(III),
copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and zinc (using aqueous
sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia as
appropriate) (Formulae of complex ions are not
required.)
cations:
use of the flame test to identify lithium, sodium,
potassium and copper(II)
anions:
carbonate (by reaction with dilute acid and then
limewater), chloride, bromide and iodide (by reaction
under acidic conditions with aqueous silver nitrate),
nitrate (by reduction with aluminum), sulfate (by
reaction under acidic conditions with aqueous barium
ions) and sulfite (by reaction with dilute acids and then
aqueous potassium manganate(VII) )
gases:
ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon
dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus
paper), hydrogen (using lighted splint), oxygen (using
a glowing splint), and sulfur dioxide (using aqueous
potassium manganate(VII) )

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 23
Curriculum Content

9. The Periodic Table

9.1 The Periodic Table
Core
• Describe the Periodic Table as a method of classifying
elements and its use to predict properties of elements
9.2 Periodic trends
Core Supplement
• Describe the change from metallic to nonmetallic • Describe and explain the relationship
character across a period between Group number, number of
outer shell electrons and metallic/
nonmetallic character
9.3 Group properties
Core Supplement
• Describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I as • Identify trends in Groups, given
a collection of relatively soft metals showing a trend in information about the elements
melting point, density and reaction with water concerned
• Predict the properties of other elements in Group I,
given data, where appropriate
• Describe the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine
in Group VII, as a collection of diatomic non-metals
showing a trend in color and density and state their
reaction with other halide ions
• Predict the properties of other elements in Group VII,
given data where appropriate
9.4 Transition elements
Core Supplement
• Describe the transition elements as a collection of • Know that transition elements have
metals having high densities, high melting points and variable oxidation states
forming colored compounds, and which, as elements
and compounds, often act as catalysts
9.5 Noble gases
Core
• Describe the noble gases, in Group VIII or 0, as being
unreactive, monoatomic gases and explain this in
terms of electronic structure
• State the uses of the noble gases in providing an
inert atmosphere, i.e. argon in lamps, helium for filling
balloons

24 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

10. Metals
10.1 Properties of metals
Core
• List the general physical properties of metals
• Describe the general chemical properties of metals
e.g. reaction with dilute acids and reaction with
oxygen
• Explain in terms of their properties why alloys are
used instead of pure metals
• Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of
structure
10.2 Reactivity series
Core Supplement
• Place in order of reactivity: potassium, sodium, • Describe the reactivity series as related
calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, (hydrogen) and to the tendency of a metal to form its
copper, by reference to the reactions, if any, of the positive ion, illustrated by its reaction,
metals with: if any, with:
– water or steam – the aqueous ions
– dilute hydrochloric acid – the oxides
and the reduction of their oxides with carbon of the other listed metals
• Describe and explain the action of heat
on the hydroxides, carbonates and
nitrates of the listed metals
• Account for the apparent unreactivity
of aluminum in terms of the oxide layer
which adheres to the metal
• Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of
experimental results
10.3 Extraction of metals
Core Supplement
• Describe the ease in obtaining metals from their ores • Describe in outline, the extraction of zinc
by relating the elements to the reactivity series from zinc blende
• Describe and state the essential reactions in the
extraction of iron from hematite
• Describe the conversion of iron into steel using basic
oxides and oxygen
• Know that aluminum is extracted from the ore bauxite • Describe in outline, the extraction of
by electrolysis aluminum from bauxite including the
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of role of cryolite and the reactions at the
recycling metals, limited to iron/steel and aluminum electrodes

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 25
Curriculum Content

10.4 Uses of metals

Core Supplement
• Name the uses of aluminum: • Explain the uses of zinc for galvanizing
– in the manufacture of aircraft because of its and for making brass
strength and low density
– in food containers because of its resistance to
corrosion
• Name the uses of copper related to its properties
(electrical wiring and in cooking utensils)
• Name the uses of mild steel (car bodies and • Describe the idea of changing the
machinery) and stainless steel (chemical plant and properties of iron by the controlled use
cutlery) of additives to form steel alloys

11. Air and water

11.1 Water
Core Supplement
• Describe chemical tests for water using cobalt(II) • Discuss the implications of an
chloride and copper(II) sulfate inadequate supply of water, limited to
• Describe, in outline, the treatment of the water supply safe water for drinking and water for
in terms of filtration and chlorination irrigating crops
• Name some of the uses of water in industry and in
the home
11.2 Air
Core Supplement
• State the composition of clean, dry air as being • Describe the separation of oxygen and
approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and the nitrogen from liquid air by fractional
remainder as being a mixture of noble gases and distillation
carbon dioxide
• Name the common pollutants in the air as being
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen
and lead compounds
• State the source of each of these pollutants: • Describe and explain the presence of
– carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion oxides of nitrogen in car engines and
of carbon-containing substances their catalytic removal
– sulfur dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels
which contain sulfur compounds (leading to ‘acid
rain’)
– oxides of nitrogen from car engines
– lead compounds from leaded gasoline
• State the adverse effect of these common pollutants
on buildings and on health and discuss why these
pollutants are of global concern
• State the conditions required for the rusting of iron • Describe and explain sacrificial
• Describe and explain methods of rust prevention, protection in terms of the reactivity
specifically paint and other coatings to exclude oxygen series of metals and galvanizing as a
method of rust prevention

26 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

11.3 Nitrogen and fertilizers

Core Supplement
• Describe the need for nitrogen-, phosphorus- and • Describe and explain the essential
potassium-containing fertilizers conditions for the manufacture of
• Describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts ammonia by the Haber process including
the sources of the hydrogen and
nitrogen, i.e. hydrocarbons or steam and
air
11.4 Carbon dioxide and methane
Core Supplement
• State that carbon dioxide and methane are
greenhouse gases and explain how they may
contribute to climate change
• State the formation of carbon dioxide: • Describe the carbon cycle, in simple
– as a product of complete combustion of carbon- terms, to include the processes
containing substances of combustion, respiration and
photosynthesis
– as a product of respiration
– as a product of the reaction between an acid and a
carbonate
– from the thermal decomposition of a carbonate
• State the sources of methane, including
decomposition of vegetation and waste gases from
digestion in animals
12. Sulfur
Core Supplement
• Name some sources of sulfur • Describe the manufacture of sulfuric
• Name the use of sulfur in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the Contact process, including
acid essential conditions and reactions
• State the uses of sulfur dioxide as a bleach in the • Describe the properties and uses of
manufacture of wood pulp for paper and as a food dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid
preservative (by killing bacteria)
13. Carbonates
Core
• Describe the manufacture of lime (calcium oxide) from
calcium carbonate (limestone) in terms of thermal
decomposition
• Name some uses of lime and slaked lime such as in
treating acidic soil and neutralizing acidic industrial
waste products, e.g. flue gas desulfurization
• Name the uses of calcium carbonate in the
manufacture of iron and cement

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 27
Curriculum Content

14. Organic chemistry

14.1 Names of compounds
Core Supplement
• Name and draw the structures of methane, ethane, • Name and draw the structures of the
ethene, ethanol, ethanoic acid and the products of the unbranched alkanes, alkenes (not cis-
reactions stated in sections 14.4–14.6 trans), alcohols and acids containing up
• State the type of compound present, given a chemical to four carbon atoms per molecule
name ending in -ane, -ene, -ol, or -oic acid or a • Name and draw the structural formulae
molecular structure of the esters which can be made from
unbranched alcohols and carboxylic
acids, each containing up to four carbon
atoms
14.2 Fuels
Core
• Name the fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum
• Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas
• Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons
and its separation into useful fractions by fractional
distillation
• Describe the properties of molecules within a fraction
• Name the uses of the fractions as:
– refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and
cooking
– gasoline fraction for fuel in cars
– naphtha fraction for making chemicals
– kerosene/paraffin fraction for jet fuel
– diesel oil/gas oil for fuel in diesel engines
– fuel oil fraction for fuel for ships and home heating
systems
– lubricating fraction for lubricants, waxes and
polishes
– bitumen for making roads
14.3 Homologous series
Core Supplement
• Describe the concept of homologous series as a • Describe the general characteristics of
‘family’ of similar compounds with similar chemical an homologous series
properties due to the presence of the same functional • Recall that the compounds in a
group homologous series have the same
general formula
• Describe and identify structural
isomerism
14.4 Alkanes
Core Supplement
• Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by • Describe substitution reactions of
methane) as being generally unreactive, except in alkanes with chlorine
terms of burning
• Describe the bonding in alkanes

28 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Curriculum Content

14.5 Alkenes
Core Supplement
• Describe the manufacture of alkenes and of hydrogen • Describe the properties of alkenes
by cracking in terms of addition reactions with
• Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated bromine, hydrogen and steam
hydrocarbons:
– from molecular structures
– by reaction with aqueous bromine
• Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example
of addition polymerization of monomer units
14.6 Alcohols
Core Supplement
• Describe the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation • Outline the advantages and
and by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene disadvantages of these two methods of
• Describe the properties of ethanol in terms of burning manufacturing ethanol
• Name the uses of ethanol as a solvent and as a fuel
14.7 Carboxylic acids
Core Supplement
• Describe the properties of aqueous ethanoic acid • Describe the formation of ethanoic
acid by the oxidation of ethanol
by fermentation and with acidified
potassium manganate(VII)
• Describe ethanoic acid as a typical weak
acid
• Describe the reaction of a carboxylic
acid with an alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst to give an ester
14.8.1 Polymers
Core Supplement
• Define polymers as large molecules built up from • Understand that different polymers have
small units (monomers) different units and/or different linkages

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 29
Curriculum Content

14.8.2 Synthetic polymers

Core Supplement
• Name some typical uses of • Explain the differences between condensation and addition
plastics and of man-made polymerization
fibers such as nylon and • Deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given alkene
Terylene and vice versa
• Describe the pollution • Describe the formation of nylon (a polyamide) and Terylene
problems caused by non- (a polyester) by condensation polymerization, the structure of
biodegradable plastics nylon being represented as:
O O O O O

C C N N C C N N C

H H H H

and the structure of Terylene as:

O O O O

C C O O C C O O

(Details of manufacture and mechanisms of these

polymerizations are not required.)
14.8.3 Natural polymers
Core Supplement
• Name proteins and • Describe proteins as possessing the same (amide) linkages as
carbohydrates as constituents nylon but with different units
of food • Describe the structure of proteins as:
H O H O

N C N C N C

H O

• Describe the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids (Structures

and names are not required.)
• Describe complex carbohydrates in terms of
a large number of sugar units, considered as
HO OH, joined together by condensation polymerization,
e.g. O O O O
• Describe the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates (e.g. starch),
by acids or enzymes to give simple sugars
• Describe the fermentation of simple sugars to produce ethanol
(and carbon dioxide) (Candidates will not be expected to give the
molecular formulae of sugars.)
• Describe, in outline, the usefulness of chromatography in
separating and identifying the products of hydrolysis of
carbohydrates and proteins

30 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Practical Assessment

7. Practical Assessment

Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is therefore important that an assessment of
a candidate’s knowledge and understanding of chemistry should contain a practical component (see
assessment objective AO3).

Schools’ circumstances (e.g. the availability of resources) differ greatly, so two alternative ways of examining
the practical component are provided. The alternatives are:
• Paper 5—Practical Test
• Paper 7—Coursework (internal assessment).

Whichever practical assessment route is chosen, the following points should be noted:
• the same assessment objectives apply
• the same practical skills are to be learned and developed
• the same sequence of practical activities is appropriate.

Candidates may not use textbooks in the practical component, nor any of their own records of laboratory
work carried out during their course.

7.1 Teaching Experimental Skills

The best preparation for these papers is for candidates to pursue a course in which practical work is fully
integrated so that it is a normal and natural part of the teaching.

Teachers are expected to identify suitable opportunities to embed practical techniques and investigative
work throughout the course, rather than as an isolated aspect of preparation for examination. This approach
will not only provide opportunities for developing experimental skills but will increase the appeal of the
course, and the enjoyment of the subject. Practical work helps students to acquire a secure understanding
of the syllabus topics and to appreciate how scientific theories are developed and tested. It also promotes
important scientific attitudes such as objectivity, integrity, co-operation, enquiry and inventiveness.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 31
Practical Assessment

7.2 Paper 5: Practical Test

This paper is based on testing experimental skills. The questions do not assess specific syllabus content
from Section 6: Curriculum Content. Any information required to answer these questions is contained within
the question paper or from the experimental context and skills listed below.

Questions are structured to assess across the grade range A*—G.

Experimental Skills Tested in Paper 5: Practical Test

Candidates may be asked questions on the following experimental contexts:
• simple quantitative experiments involving the measurement of volumes and/or masses
• rates (speeds) of reaction
• measurement of temperature based on a thermometer with 1°C graduations
• problems of an investigatory nature, possibly including suitable organic compounds
• filtration
• electrolysis
• identification of ions and gases.
Candidates may be required to do the following:
• take and record readings from apparatus, including:
– reading a scale with appropriate accuracy and precision
– interpolating between scale divisions
– taking repeated measurements, where appropriate
• describe, explain or comment on experimental arrangements and techniques
• complete tables of data, and process data, using a calculator where necessary
• draw an appropriate conclusion, justifying it by reference to the data and using an appropriate
explanation
• interpret and evaluate observations and experimental data
• plot graphs and/or interpret graphical information
• identify sources of error and suggest possible improvements in procedures
• plan an experiment or investigation, including making reasoned predictions of expected results and
suggesting suitable apparatus and techniques.

Apparatus list
The list below details the apparatus expected to be generally available for both teaching and for examination
of Paper 5. The list is not exhaustive: in particular, items that are commonly regarded as standard equipment
in a chemical laboratory (such as Bunsen burners or tripods) are not included. The Confidential Instructions,
provided to Centers prior to the examination of Paper 5, will give the detailed requirements for the
examination.

• one buret, 50 cm3

• one volumetric pipet, 25 cm3
• a pipet filler
• two Erlenmeyer flasks, within the range 150 cm3 to 250 cm3
• graduated cylinder, 50 cm3, 25 cm3, 10 cm3
• a filter funnel

32 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Practical Assessment

• beaker, squat form with lip, 250 cm3 and 100 cm3
• a thermometer, –10 °C to +110 °C at 1 °C graduations
• a styrofoam or other plastic beaker of approximate capacity 150 cm3
• clocks (or wall-clock) to measure to an accuracy of 1s (where clocks are specified, candidates may use
their own wristwatch if they prefer)
• wash bottle
• test-tubes (Pyrex or hard glass), approximately 125 mm × 16 mm
• large test tubes, approximately 150 mm × 25 mm
• stirring rod.

7.3 Paper 7: Coursework

The experimental skills and abilities to be assessed are:
AO3.1 Using and organizing techniques, apparatus, and materials
AO3.2 Observing, measuring, and recording
AO3.3 Handling experimental observations and data
AO3.4 Planning and evaluating investigations

The four skills carry equal weighting.

All assessments must be based on experimental work carried out by the candidates.

It is expected that the teaching and assessment of experimental skills and abilities will take place throughout
the course.

Teachers must ensure that they can make available to Cambridge evidence of two assessments of each
skill for each candidate. For skills AO3.1 to AO3.4 inclusive, information about the tasks set and how the
marks were awarded will be required. In addition, for skills AO3.2, AO3.3, and AO3.4, the candidate’s
written work will also be required.

The assessment scores finally recorded for each skill must represent the candidate’s best performances.

For candidates who miss the assessment of a given skill through no fault of their own, for example, because
of illness, and who cannot be assessed on another occasion, Cambridge procedure for special consideration
should be followed. However, candidates who for no good reason absent themselves from an assessment
of a given skill should be given a mark of zero for that assessment.

Criteria for Assessment of Experimental Skills and Abilities

Each skill must be assessed on a six-point scale, level 6 being the highest level of achievement. Each of the
skills is defined in terms of three levels of achievement at scores of 2, 4, and 6.

A score of 0 is available if there is no evidence of positive achievement for a skill.

For candidates who do not meet the criteria for a score of 2, a score of 1 is available if there is some
evidence of positive achievement.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 33
Practical Assessment

A score of 3 is available for candidates who go beyond the level defined for 2, but who do not meet fully the
criteria for 4.

Similarly, a score of 5 is available for those who go beyond the level defined for 4, but do not meet fully the
criteria for 6.

Score Skill AO3.1: Using and Organizing Techniques, Apparatus, and Materials
0 No evidence of positive achievement for this skill.
1 Some evidence of positive achievement, but the criteria for a score of 2 are not met.
2 Follows written, diagrammatic, or oral instructions to perform a single practical operation.
Uses familiar apparatus and materials adequately, needing reminders on points of safety.
3 Is beyond the level defined for 2 but does not meet fully the criteria for 4.
4 Follows written, diagrammatic, or oral instructions to perform an experiment involving a series of
step-by-step practical operations.
Uses familiar apparatus, materials, and techniques adequately and safely.
5 Is beyond the level defined for 4 but does not meet fully the criteria for 6.
6 Follows written, diagrammatic, or oral instructions to perform an experiment involving a series
of practical operations where there may be a need to modify or adjust one step in the light of the
effect of a previous step.
Uses familiar apparatus, materials, and techniques safely, correctly, and methodically.

Score Skill AO3.2: Observing, Measuring, and Recording

0 No evidence of positive achievement for this skill.
1 Some evidence of positive achievement, but the criteria for a score of 2 are not met.
2 Makes observations or readings given detailed instructions.
Records results in an appropriate manner given a detailed format.
3 Is beyond the level defined for 2 but does not meet fully the criteria for 4.
4 Makes relevant observations, measurements, or estimates given an outline format or brief
guidelines.
Records results in an appropriate manner given an outline format.
5 Is beyond the level defined for 4 but does not meet fully the criteria for 6.
6 Makes relevant observations, measurements, or estimates to a degree of accuracy appropriate
to the instruments or techniques used.
Records results in an appropriate manner given no format.

34 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Practical Assessment

Score Skill AO3.3: Handling Experimental Observations and Data

0 No evidence of positive achievement for this skill.
1 Some evidence of positive achievement, but the criteria for a score of 2 are not met.
2 Processes results in an appropriate manner given a detailed format.
Draws an obvious qualitative conclusion from the results of an experiment.
3 Is beyond the level defined for 2 but does not meet fully the criteria for 4.
4 Processes results in an appropriate manner given an outline format.
Recognizes and comments on anomalous results.
Draws qualitative conclusions that are consistent with obtained results and deduces patterns in
data.
5 Is beyond the level defined for 4 but does not meet fully the criteria for 6.
6 Processes results in an appropriate manner given no format.
Deals appropriately with anomalous or inconsistent results.
Recognizes and comments on possible sources of experimental error.
Expresses conclusions as generalizations or patterns where appropriate.

Score Skill AO3.4: Planning and Evaluating Investigations

0 No evidence of positive achievement for this skill.
1 Some evidence of positive achievement, but the criteria for a score of 2 are not met.
2 Suggests a simple experimental strategy to investigate a given practical problem.
Attempts “trial and error” modification in the light of the experimental work carried out.
3 Is beyond the level defined for 2 but does not meet fully the criteria for 4.
4 Specifies a sequence of activities to investigate a given practical problem.
In a situation where there are two variables, recognizes the need to keep one of them constant
while the other is being changed.
Comments critically on the original plan and implements appropriate changes in the light of the
experimental work carried out.
5 Is beyond the level defined for 4 but does not meet fully the criteria for 6.
6 Analyzes a practical problem systematically and produces a logical plan for an investigation.
In a given situation, recognizes that there are a number of variables and attempts to control them.
Evaluates chosen procedures, suggests/implements modifications where appropriate, and
shows a systematic approach in dealing with unexpected results.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 35
Practical Assessment

Guidance on Candidate Assessment

The following notes are intended to provide teachers with information to help them make valid and reliable
assessments of the skills and abilities of their candidates.
• The assessments should be based on the principle of positive achievement: candidates should be given
opportunities to demonstrate what they understand and can do.
• It is expected that candidates will have had opportunities to acquire a given skill before assessment
takes place.
• It is not expected that all of the practical work undertaken by a candidate will be assessed.
• Assessments can be carried out at any time during the course. However, at whatever stage
assessments are done, the standards applied must be those expected at the end of the course, as
exemplified in the criteria for the skills.
• Assessments should normally be made by the person responsible for teaching the candidates.
• A given practical task is unlikely to provide opportunities for all aspects of the criteria at a given level
for a particular skill to be satisfied; for example, there may not be any anomalous results (Skill AO3.3).
However, by using a range of practical work, teachers should ensure that opportunities are provided for
all aspects of the criteria to be satisfied during the course.
• Extended experimental investigations are of great educational value. If such investigations are used
for assessment purposes, teachers should make sure that the candidates have ample opportunity for
displaying the skills and abilities required by the scheme of assessment.
• It is not necessary for all candidates within a teaching group, or within a Center, to be assessed on
exactly the same practical work, although teachers can use work that is undertaken by all of their
candidates.
• When assessing group work, teachers must ensure that each candidate’s individual contribution is
assessed.
• Skill AO3.1 might not generate a written product from the candidates; it will often be assessed by
watching the candidates carrying out practical work.
• Skills AO3.2, AO3.3, and AO3.4 will usually generate a written product from the candidates; this will
provide evidence for moderation.
• Raw scores for coursework must be recorded on the Individual Candidate Record Card produced
by Cambridge. These forms, and the instructions for completing them, may be downloaded from
[Link]/samples. The database will ask you for the syllabus code (i.e. 0439) and your Center
number, after which it will take you to the correct forms. Follow the instructions when completing each
form.
• Raw scores for individual practical assessments may be given to candidates as part of the normal
feedback from the teacher. The final, internally moderated, total score should not be given to the
candidate.

36 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Practical Assessment

Moderation
Internal Moderation
When several teachers in a Center are involved in internal assessment, arrangements must be made within
the Center for all candidates to be assessed to the same standard. It is essential that the marks for each skill
assigned within different teaching groups (or classes) are moderated internally for the whole Center entry.
The Center assessments will then be moderated externally by Cambridge.

The internally moderated marks for all candidates must be recorded on the Coursework Assessment
Summary Form. This form, and the instructions for completing it, may be downloaded from
[Link]/samples. The database will ask you for the syllabus code (i.e. 0439) and your Center
number, after which it will take you to the correct form. Follow the instructions when completing the form.

External Moderation
External moderation of internal assessment is carried out by Cambridge. Centers must submit candidates’
internally assessed marks to Cambridge. The deadlines and methods for submitting internally assessed
marks are in the Cambridge Administrative Guide available on our website.

Once it has received the marks, Cambridge will draw up a list of sample candidates whose work will be
moderated (a further sample may also be requested), and will ask the Center to immediately send every
piece of work which has contributed toward these candidates’ final marks. Individual Candidate Record
Cards and Coursework Assessment Summary Forms must also be sent with the coursework. All remaining
coursework and records should be kept by the Center until results are published.

Ideally, Centers should use loose-leaf letter-size filler paper for practical written work, as this is cheaper
to send by mail. Original work is preferred for moderation, but authenticated photocopies can be sent if
absolutely necessary.

Pieces of work for each skill should not be stapled together. Each piece of work should be clearly and
securely labeled with:
• the skill being assessed
• the Center number
• the candidate’s name and number
• the title of the experiment
• a copy of the mark scheme used
• the mark awarded.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 37
Practical Assessment

7.4 Notes For Use in Qualitative Analysis

Tests for anions
anion test test result
carbonate (CO32–) add dilute acid effervescence, carbon dioxide
produced
chloride (Cl –) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide (Br–) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide (I–) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate (NO3 –) add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminum foil; warm carefully
sulfate (SO42–) acidify, then add aqueous barium nitrate white ppt.
[in solution]
sulfite (SO32–) add dilute hydrochloric acid, warm gently sulfur dioxide produced will turn
and test for the presence of sulfur dioxide acidified aqueous potassium
manganate(VII) from purple to
colorless

Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
3+
aluminum (Al ) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colorless solution
ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming —
calcium (Ca2+) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III) (Cr3+) green ppt., soluble in excess gray-green ppt., insoluble in
excess
copper (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
iron(II) (Fe2+) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
iron(III) (Fe3+) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess,
colorless solution giving a colorless solution

38 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Practical Assessment

Tests for gases

gas test and test result
ammonia (NH3) turns damp, red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide (CO2) turns limewater milky
chlorine (Cl 2) bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen (H2) ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide (SO2) turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colorless

Flame tests for metal ions

metal ion flame colour
lithium (Li+) red
+
sodium (Na ) yellow
potassium (K+) lilac
2+
copper(II) (Cu ) blue-green

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 39
40

Appendix
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

8. Appendix

8.1 The Periodic Table

DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1 4
H He
Hydrogen Helium
1 2

7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

226 227
Fr Ra Ac
Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89

140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
*58-71 Lanthanoid series
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90-103 Actinoid series Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
a a = relative atomic mass 232 238
Key X X = atomic symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
b b = proton (atomic) number 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Appendix

8.2 Safety in the Laboratory

Responsibility for safety matters rests with Centers. Further information can be found from the following UK
associations, publications and regulations.

Associations
CLEAPSS is an advisory service providing support in practical science and technology.
[Link]

Publications
CLEAPSS Laboratory Handbook, updated 2009 (available to CLEAPSS members only)
CLEAPSS Hazcards, 2007 update of 1995 edition (available to CLEAPSS members only)

8.3 Glossary of Terms Used in Science Papers

This glossary (which is relevant only to science subjects) will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, but it is
neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief, not only with respect to the
number of terms included, but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that
the meaning of a term must depend, in part, on its context.

1. Define (the term(s) … ) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being
required.
2. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s) … ) normally implies that a definition should
be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned,
especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary
comment intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument (e.g. a numerical answer that can
readily be obtained ‘by inspection’).
4. List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given number
of points is specified this should not be exceeded.
5. (a) Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context. It is another way
of asking candidates to give reasons. The candidate needs to leave the examiner in no doubt why
something happens.
(b) Give a reason/Give reasons is another way of asking candidates to explain why something happens.
6. Describe requires the candidate to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points.
Describe and explain may be coupled, as may state and explain.
7. Discuss requires the candidate to give a critical account of the points involved.
8. Outline implies brevity (i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials).
9. Predict implies that the candidate is expected to make a prediction not by recall but by making a logical
connection between other pieces of information.
10. Deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by
making a logical connection between other pieces of information.
11. Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer (e.g. in
chemistry, two or more substances may satisfy the given conditions describing an ‘unknown’), or to
imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge of the subject to a ‘novel’ situation,
one that may be formally ‘not in the syllabus’—many data response and problem solving questions are
of this type.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 41
Appendix

12. Find is a general term that may variously be interpreted as calculate, measure, determine, etc.
13. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown, especially
where two or more steps are involved.
14. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring
instrument (e.g. length using a rule, or mass using a balance).
15. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained from a
graph or by calculation.
16. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned,
making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle and about the
values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
17. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be
qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative
aspects may be looked for (e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept).
In diagrams, sketch implies that simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless, care should be
taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.

8.4 Mathematical Requirements

Calculators may be used in all parts of the examination.

Candidates should be able to:

• add, subtract, multiply and divide
• use averages, decimals, fractions, percentages, ratios and reciprocals
• use standard notation, including both positive and negative indices
• understand significant figures and use them appropriately
• recognize and use direct and inverse proportion
• use positive, whole number indices in algebraic expressions
• draw charts and graphs from given data
• interpret charts and graphs
• determine the slope and intercept of a graph
• select suitable scales and axes for graphs
• make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions
• understand the meaning of angle, curve, circle, radius, diameter, circumference, square, rectangle and
diagonal
• solve equations of the form x = y + z and x = yz for any one term when the other two are known.

42 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Appendix

8.5 Presentation of Data

The solidus (/) is to be used for separating the quantity and the unit in tables, graphs and charts, e.g. time / s
for time in seconds.
(a) Tables
• Each column of a table should be headed with the physical quantity and the appropriate unit,
e.g. time / s.
• The column headings of the table can then be directly transferred to the axes of a constructed graph.
(b) Graphs
• Unless instructed otherwise, the independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis (horizontal
axis) and the dependent variable plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis).
• Each axis should be labeled with the physical quantity and the appropriate unit, e.g. time / s.
• The scales for the axes should allow more than half of the graph grid to be used in both directions,
and be based on sensible ratios, e.g. 2 cm on the graph grid representing 1, 2 or 5 units of the
variable.
• The graph is the whole diagrammatic presentation, including the best-fit line when appropriate. It
may have one or more sets of data plotted on it.
• Points on the graph should be clearly marked as crosses (x) or encircled dots (☼).
• Large ‘dots’ are penalized. Each data point should be plotted to an accuracy of better than one half
of each of the smallest squares on the grid.
• A best-fit line (trend line) should be a single, thin, smooth straight-line or curve. The line does not
need to coincide exactly with any of the points; where there is scatter evident in the data, Examiners
would expect a roughly even distribution of points either side of the line over its entire length. Points
that are clearly anomalous should be ignored when drawing the best-fit line.
• The slope of a straight line should be taken using a triangle whose hypotenuse extends over at least
half of the length of the best-fit line, and this triangle should be marked on the graph.
(c) Numerical results
• Data should be recorded so as to reflect the precision of the measuring instrument.
• The number of significant figures given for calculated quantities should be appropriate to the least
number of significant figures in the raw data used.
(d) Pie charts
• These should be drawn with the sectors in rank order, largest first, beginning at ‘noon’ and
proceeding clockwise. Pie charts should preferably contain no more than six sectors.
(e) Bar charts
• These should be drawn when one of the variables is not numerical. They should be made up of
narrow blocks of equal width that do not touch.
(f) Histograms
• These are drawn when plotting frequency graphs with continuous data. The blocks should be drawn
in order of increasing or decreasing magnitude and they should touch.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 43
Appendix

8.6 ICT Opportunities

In order to play a full part in modern society, candidates need to be confident and effective users of ICT. This
syllabus provides candidates with a wide range of opportunities to use ICT in their study of chemistry.

Opportunities for ICT include:

• gathering information from the internet, DVDs and CD-ROMs
• gathering data using sensors linked to data-loggers or directly to computers
• using spreadsheets and other software to process data
• using animations and simulations to visualize scientific ideas
• using software to present ideas and information on paper and on screen.

44 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
 Other Information

9. Other Information

Equality and Inclusion

Cambridge International Examinations has taken great care in the preparation of this syllabus and
assessment materials to avoid bias of any kind. To comply with the UK Equality Act (2010), Cambridge has
designed this qualification with the goal of avoiding direct and indirect discrimination.

The standard assessment arrangements may present unnecessary barriers for candidates with disabilities
or learning difficulties. Arrangements can be put in place for these candidates to enable them to access the
assessments and receive recognition of their attainment. Access arrangements will not be agreed to if they
give candidates an unfair advantage over others or if they compromise the standards being assessed.

Candidates who are unable to access the assessment of any component may be eligible to receive an
award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken.

Information on access arrangements is found in the Cambridge Handbook, which can be downloaded from
the website [Link]/examsofficers

Language
This syllabus and the associated assessment materials are available in English only.

Grading and Reporting

Cambridge IGCSE results are shown by one of the grades A*, A, B, C, D, E, F, or G indicating the standard
achieved, A* being the highest and G the lowest. “Ungraded” indicates that the candidate’s performance
fell short of the standard required for grade G. “Ungraded” will be reported on the statement of results but
not on the certificate. The letters Q (result pending), X (no results), and Y (to be issued) may also appear on
the statement of results but not on the certificate.

Entry Codes
To maintain the security of our examinations, we produce question papers for different areas of the world,
known as “administrative zones.” Where the component entry code has two digits, the first digit is the
component number given in the syllabus. The second digit is the location code, specific to an administrative
zone. Information about entry codes can be found in the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (US) 0439. Syllabus for examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018. 45
Cambridge International Examinations
1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558
Email: info@[Link] [Link]
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations

© Cambridge International Examinations September 2015

*3984246921*