HARI OM
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Carbon has the unique property called catenation due to which it forms covalent bonds
with other carbon atoms. It also forms covalent bond with elements like H, O, N, S, P and
halogen. Resulting compound are studied under separate branch of chemistry called organic
chemistry.
First organic compound synthesized in lab was urea (NH2CONH2)
TETRAVALENCY OF CARBON
Shapes of organic compound:
6C 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2p2
2s and 2p will hybridise to form hybrid orbital of same shape and energy. Each hybrid orbital
has one e-, sp3 hybrid orbital will have tetrahedral shape.
C2H4 (ethene). Each carbon in ethene will undergo sp2 hybridisation.
Shape of sp2 orbital is triangular planar. One electron which was not involved in
hybridisation will overlap laterally to form π bond.
C2H2 (ethyne)
Each carbon in ethyne will undergo ‘sp’ hybridisation
3 𝜎bond and 2 𝜋bond
Shape of ‘sp’ hybrid orbital is linear.
Hybridisation influences the bond length and bond enthalpy.
sp3 sp2 sp
22% 33% 50% s character
More ‘s’ character more electronegative carbon. So, among sp3 , sp2 and sp carbon having
sp hybridisation have shorter bond length and stronger bond than sp 2 and sp3 carbon
Molecules having π bonds are more reactive.
The π e- are present above and below the plane of bonding atoms
REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
i. Complete structural formula shows all the bonds and atoms
ii. Condensed formulas
CH3-CH2-CH3
iii. Bond line formula (/)
Carbon and H atoms are not shown only the bond between them are shown
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3
Usually, terminal carbon will be CH3 group.
Three-dimensional representation of organic molecules
Classification of Organic compound
Open chain compounds:
The are also called aliphatic compounds
Saturated Unsaturated
Compounds having single bond Compounds having double and
triple bond
Cyclic or Closed chain:
Carbon atom joined in the form of a ring
Eg: 1. Cyclopropane 2. Cyclohexane 3. Cyclohexene
Aromatic compounds
Cyclic planar compounds having (4n+2) 𝜋 electrons are aromatic “n” [Link] closed chain
n=2 n=2
(4n+2)𝜋
(4n+2) 𝜋 e- (6𝜋e- )
Benzene (4n+2) πe- 10 πe-
Benzenoid aromatic compounds are one which has benzene in its structure
Non- Benzenoid aromatic
Tropolone
Heterocyclic aromatic
Furan Thiopene Pyridine
Homologous series
A group or series of organic compounds containing a functional group forms a homologous
series. Members can be represented by general molecular formulas. Successive members
differ by CH2 group.
Nomenclature of organic compounds
IUPAC nomenclature
Prefix Root word Suffix
Branches [Link] carbon atoms Functional group
Naming of root word
No. of carbon atom Name
1. meth
2. eth
3. pro
4. but
5. pent
6. hex
7. hept
8. oct
9. non
10. dec
Naming of Branches
1. 2. 3.
4.
Rules for nomenclature:
1. The carbon chain which has the maximum number of carbon atom is taken as parent
cain
2. If two or more carbon chains have same number of carbon atoms then the chain
which has the maximum number of branches should be taken as parent chain
3. Numbering should be done in such a way that branch or side chain should get the
least number. Apply least sum rule
4. Branches should be written in alphabetical order e.g.: ethyl will be given preference
over methyl
5. If the branches are repeated, the prefix di, tri, tetra should be used
NOTE: When in alphabetical order the prefix ‘di’ and ‘tri’ are excluded
Rules for nomenclature when functional group is present:
1. When a functional group is present the chain with functional group is considered as
parent chain
2. Numbering should be done in such a way functional group is given least number
NOTE: When “CHO” or “COOH” group is present it will be the 1st carbon.
3. When functional group is present following order of priority is followed
ISOMERISM
Two or more organic compounds having same molecular formula but different properties
are known as isomerism
Chain isomerism:
Groups of organic compounds having same molecular formula but different chain
arrangement. Same molecular formula (C4H10)
Eg: Same molecular formula
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3
n butane – Straight chain CH3
2- methyl propane - Branched chain
Position Isomerism:
Groups of organic compounds having same molecular formula, functional groups butt
position of functional group will change
Eg: C3H8O
Functional isomerism:
Groups of organic compounds having same molecular formula but different functional
groups.
Eg: C2H6O
Metamerism:
Compounds having same molecular formula same functional group but different alkyl
groups attached to functional groups.
Stereo isomerism:
Compounds having same molecular formula but different arrangement of groups in space
Fundamental concepts in organic mechanism:
Eg:
Sequential account of each step describing details of electron movement energetics during
bond clevage and bond formation rate of formation of product from reactant is known as
reaction mechanism.
Fission of covalent bond:
Bond breaks in such a way that bond pair of electrons goes to one of the fragments. During
this we get carbon with positive charge called carbocation.
Order of stability: 3 ° >2°> 1 °
Shape of carbocation
In heterolytic clevage the shared pair of electrons is shifted to carbon forming carbanion
(carbon with negative charge). These carbanions are very reactive and unstable.
Other types of fission:
Bond will break in such a way that each atom gets one electron each. This is called
homolytic fission which results in formation of free radicals (species having odd electron).
Free Radicals
Attacking reagents:
There are two types of attacking reagent namely nucleophiles and electrophile.
Nucleophile: (nucleus loving)
All electron rich species or negatively charged species are called nucleophiles.
Eg: OH-, Cl-, H2O, NH3
Electrophile:
All electron deficient species or positively charged radicals are called electrophiles.
Eg: Cl+, BCl3, AlCl3 .
Electron movement in organic reaction:
The movement of electrons in organic reaction is shown by curved arrow.
Eg:
The half-heated arrow indicates that single electron is shifted to each species resulting in
free radicals.
