Exponential Expressions

Week 8
Objectives:
• Representing situations using Exponential Functions
• Distinguishing Exponential Functions, Equations and
Inequality
• Solves Exponential Equations
• Solves Exponential Inequalities
Representing Situations using
Exponential Functions

Lesson 1
Exponential Expression
An exponential expression is a mathematical
expression where a number (called the base) is raised to
a power (called the exponent).
25 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
Here, 2 is the base,
and 5 is the exponent.
It means 2 is multiplied by itself 5 times.
Exponential Expression
An exponential function is a function where the variable is in
the exponent.
The general form is:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑥

Where:
𝑎 is a constant (initial value),
𝑏 is the base (growth or decay factor),
𝑥 is the exponent (usually the variable),
𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1.
Examples of Exponential Functions
1. Growth
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
The value of f(x) increases as x increases.

2. Decay
𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
2
The value of f(x) decreases as x increases.
Let’s Try to Evaluate some:
Let’s try to recall evaluating exponential functions with
some values of x.
1. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 ,
Solve for: 𝑓 2 𝑓 2 = 16
𝑓 −2 1
𝑓 −2 =
16
1 1
𝑓 𝑓 =2
2 2
𝑓 𝜋 𝑓 𝜋 = 4𝜋
Let’s Try to Evaluate some:
𝒙
𝟏
Complete the table of 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟑
values for −3
1
27
𝑥 = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 27
1
2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 for the −2
9
9

exponential functions −1
1
3
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟑𝒙 and 0 1 1
𝟏 𝒙 1
𝒇 𝒙 = . 1 3
3
𝟑
1
2 9
9
1
3 27
27
Let’s Try to Evaluate some:
𝒙
𝟏
Complete the table of 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐
values for −3
𝑥 = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, −2
2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 for the
−1
exponential functions 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟐𝒙 and 1
𝟏 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = . 2
𝟐
3
Example 1:
Suppose a culture of 300 bacteria at
MJD Farm is put into a Petri dish and
the culture doubles every 10 hours.
Give an exponential model for the
situation. How many bacteria will there
be after 90 hours?
Example 1:
Let’s summarize the given data:
Let 𝑦 = number of bacteria
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 300, this means that at first generation and at time
at 0 hours, there will be 300 bacteria.

The function formulated:

𝑡
𝑦 = 300 (2)10
Example 1:
Culturing the bacteria after every 10 hours.
• 𝑡 = 10, 𝑦 = 300(2) = 600
2
• 𝑡 = 20, 𝑦 = 300(2) = 1200
• 𝑡 = 30, 𝑦 = 300(2)3 = 2400
• 𝑡 = 40, 𝑦 = 300(2)4 = 4800
Situational Problem:
What will be the number of bacteria after 90 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠?

𝑡 = 90 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Use the formula to find 𝑓(90).

Answer:
𝒇(𝟗𝟎) = 𝟏𝟓𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂
Exponential Model of Growth
Suppose a quantity y doubles every 𝑇 unit of time. If 𝑦0
is the initial amount, then the quantity after 𝑡 units is
𝑡
given by 𝑦 = 𝑦0 (𝑎)𝑇 .

In the previous example, we used:

𝑡
𝑦= 300(2)𝑇
Example 2:
A certain radioactive substance decays half of itself
every 5 days. Initially, there are 50 grams. Determine the
amount of substance left after 30 days, and give an
exponential model for the amount of remaining
substance.
Example 2:
Radioactive Decay /
Radioactive Popcorn

The natural process by

which an unstable atomic
nucleus loses energy by
emitting radiation. Over
time, this causes the
nucleus to change into a
different element or a
different isotope of the
same element.
Example 2:
Half-Life
Almost all radioactive
elements when
undergo radioactive
decay halves their
mass over an interval
period of their time.
This is what we call
half-life time (t).
Example 2:
An exponential model for this situation is
𝑡
1 5
𝑦 = 50
2
For 𝑡 = 30 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
30
6
1 5 1
𝑦 = 50 = 𝑦 = 50 = 0.78125 𝑔
2 2
Example 2:
Solution:
Let 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 50𝑔
5
1 5
• 𝑡 = 5, Amount of Substance = 50 = 25 𝑔
2 10
1 5
• 𝑡 = 10, Amount of Substance = 50 = 12.5 𝑔
2 15
1 5
• 𝑡 = 15, Amount of Substance = 50 = 6.25 𝑔
2
Exponential Model of Decay
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it
takes for half of the substance to decay. The exponential
decay formula is
𝑡
1 𝑇
𝑦= 𝑦0 .
2
Example 3:
Aling Dionisia deposits ₱10,000.00 in BDO that pays 3%
compound interest annually.
Define an exponential model for this situation. How
much money will she have after 11 years without
withdrawal?
Example 3:
Solution: Compound Interest means the interest earned
at the end of the period is added to the principal and this
new amount will earn interest in the nesting period.
a. At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ₱10,000
• 𝑡 = 1, ₱10,000 + ₱10,000(0.03) = ₱10,300.00
• 𝑡 = 2, ₱10,300 + ₱10,300(0.03) = ₱10,609.00
• 𝑡 = 3, ₱10,609 + ₱10,609(0.03) = ₱10,927.27
Example 3:
From the above, the principal amount together with the
interest earned as computed is
as follows:
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ₱10,000
• 𝑡 = 1, ₱10, 000(1 + 0.03) = ₱10,000(1.03) = ₱10,300.00
• 𝑡 = 2, ₱10,000(1 + 0.03)2 = ₱10,000(1.03)2 = ₱10,609.00
• 𝑡 = 3, ₱10, 000(1 + 0.03)3 = ₱10,000(1.03)3 = ₱10,927.27
Example 3:
An exponential model for this situation is
𝐴 = 10,000(1.03)𝑡

b. 𝐴 = 10,000(1.03)11
= ₱13,842.34

After 11 years without withdrawal there will be

₱13,842.34 in bank.
Compound Interest
If a principal 𝑃 (𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦) is invested at
an annual rate of 𝑟; compounded annually, then the
amount after 𝑡 years is given by

𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒕

Given that the 𝑟 or the rate of interest should be in

decimal form (usually in calculators without “%
function”).
Example 4:
The Natural Exponential Function
While an exponential function may have various bases,
a frequently used base is the irrational number 𝒆, whose
value is approximately 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟖. Because 𝒆 is a
commonly used base, the natural exponential function
is defined as having 𝒆 as the base.
The predicted population of a certain city is given by
𝑃 = 200,000 𝑒 (0.03𝑦) where y is the number of years
after the year 2020. Predict the population for the year
2030.
Example 4:
Solution:
The number of years from 2020 𝑡𝑜 2030 𝑖𝑠 10,
so 𝑦 = 10.

0.03 10
𝑃 = 200,000 2.71828
𝑃 = 269, 971.70

The predicted population for the year 2030 is 269, 971.

Activity:
National Resilience Month
For the following situation, write the
functions to observe and see their effects
on the problem.
Nuclear Accident
After a nuclear accident,
radiation spreads
exponentially from the
epicenter. If the radiation level
is 100 units at 1 km and halves
every additional kilometer,
model the radiation level as a
function of distance.
Nuclear Accident
The function formed will be:
𝑓 𝑥 = 100 ∙ (0.5)𝑥

This model shows the radiation

levels per kilometer. This
demonstrates the safety of
every nuclear accident ever
occurred like what happened in
Fukushima, Japan 2011.
Flood and Typhoon Strengths
If flood levels double
every 3 hours during a
heavy storm, and the
initial level is 1 foot,
write an exponential
model.
(Typhoon Vamco / Ulysses) –
Nov 2020
Flood and Typhoon Strengths
Function form:
𝑡ൗ
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∙ (2) 3

This model may show the early

warning signs where
evacuation is needed upon
typhoon signals and rain
volumes.
Defining Exponential Functions,
Equations and Inequalities

Lesson 2
Exponential Expression
Expression
A collection of terms (variables, constants and
coefficients) which define a situation or a solution.

Exponential Expression
An expression which also states that the variable used
as an exponent.
Example: 3 , 2
𝑥 𝑥+1
Exponential Function
An exponential function uses a dependent variable –
such as 𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 or other function notations and
variable 𝑥 as an exponent which defines a set as a
function.
Examples:
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥+1

ℎ 𝑥 = 102𝑥
Exponential Equation
An exponential equation uses only independent
variable 𝑥 as an exponent and defines an equality of
both expressions. It is a collective of expressions
compared equally.
Examples:
3𝑥 = 2𝑥+1

20𝑥 = 102𝑥
Exponential Inequality
An exponential inequality mainly uses relative
symbols, such as >, <, ≤, 𝑜𝑟 ≥ where both expressions
are compared.
Examples:
𝑥 𝑥+1
3 >2

𝑥 2𝑥
20 ≤ 10
Quiz 1: EF, EE, and EI
Define the following if they are: 𝑥
5. 7 = 49
A. Exponential Function 6. 3𝑥 + 1 ≤ 81
B. Exponential Equation 1 𝑥
C. Exponential Inequality 7. 𝑦 = 2
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 8. 10𝑥 < 1
2. 5𝑥 = 125 9. 𝑦 = 2 ∗ 5𝑥
3. 2𝑥 > 16 𝑥
10. 4 + 3 = 19
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 2
Quiz 2: Defining F, E, and I
Define the following expressions using:
R – Rational and:
E – Exponential F – Function
E – Equation
I – Inequality
Example:
4𝑥 + 3 = 19 Answer: EE – it means Exponential Equation
Quiz 2: Defining F, E, and I
3
2𝑥 + 1 6. 𝑦 =
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
𝑥+1

𝑥 2𝑥
2. 3 + 2 = 11 7. 𝑥−5
= 4
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 8. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 ∗ 3 𝑥

𝑥+4 4
4. 𝑥2− 1
> 0 9. ≥ 2
𝑥

5. 2𝑥 ≤ 16 10. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 1
Solving Exponential Equations

Lesson 3
Law of Exponents
These laws of exponents were essential in solving
exponential expressions.
• Product of Powers Rule
• Quotient of Powers Rule
• Power of a Power Rule
• Power of a Product Rule
• Power of a Quotient Rule
• Zero Exponent Rule
• Negative Exponent Rule
Product of Powers Rule
Rule:
𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛
(Add exponents when multiplying with the same base)

Example:
3 4 3+4 7
2 ∗ 2 = 2 = 2 = 128
Quotient of Powers Rule
Rule:
𝑎𝑚 𝑚−𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑎 ,𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎
(Subtract exponents when dividing with the same base)

Example:
6
5 6−2 4
= 5 = 5 = 625
52
Power of a Power Rule
Rule:
𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑛
(Multiply the exponents)

Example:
2 3 2×3 6
3 = 3 = 3 = 729
Power of a Product Rule
Rule:
𝑎𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑏 𝑚
(Distribute the exponent to each factor, as long as
encased in a grouping component or parentheses)

Example:
2 2 2
2 × 4 = 2 × 4 = 4 × 16 = 64
Power of a Quotient Rule
Rule:
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
= 𝑚 ,𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
(Apply the exponent to both numerator and
denominator)

Example:
3 3
6 6 216
= 3= = 27
2 2 8
Zero Exponent Rule
Rule:
𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0
(Any nonzero number raised to zero is 1)

Example:
0
9 = 1
Negative Exponent Rule
Rule:
1
𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑚 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎
(Negative exponent means reciprocal)

Example:
−2
1 1
4 = 2=
4 16
Example 1:
Simplify:
32 ∗ 3−5

Solution:

Add the exponents:

1 1
32 + −5
= 3−3 = 3=
3 27
Example 2:
Simplify:
23 4

Solution:
Multiply the exponents:

3∗4 12
2 = 2 = 4096
Example 3:
Simplify:
57 ∗ 5−2
53
Solution:
First, multiply the numerator:
57 ∗ 5−2 = 55
Then divide: 5
5 5−3 2
3
= 5 = 5 = 25
5
Example 4:
Simplify:
2 2
3𝑥
𝑥5

Solution:
Simplify inside the parentheses:
3𝑥 2 −3
= 3𝑥
𝑥5
Now square it:
−3 2 2 −6 −6
9
3𝑥 = 3 ∗ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 = 6
𝑥
Activity: