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 Soviet
Middlegame · �

Technique
by Peter Romanovs

QUALΙτv CHESS
 Chess Classics

Soviet Middlegame
Technique
By

Peter Romanovsky

Quality Chess
www.qualitychess.co. uk
 First English edition 20 1 3 by Quality Chess UK Ltd

Copyright © 20 1 0, 20 1 3 Peter Romanovsky, Ilya Odessky

Soviet Middlegame Technique

All rights reserved. Νο part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
electrostatic, magnetic tape, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
permission of the publisher.

Paperback ISBN 978-1 -907982-48-4

Hardcover ISBN 978- 1 -907982-49-1

All sales or enquiries should be directed to Quality Chess UK Ltd,

20 Balvie Road, Milngavie, Glasgow G62 7ΤΑ, United Κingdom
Phone +44 1 4 1 333 9588
e-mail: [email protected]
website: www. qualitychess.co.uk

Distributed in North Arnerica by Globe Pequot Press,

Ρ.Ο. Βοχ 480, 246 Goose Lane, Guilford, CT 06437-0480, US
www.globepequot.com

Distributed in Rest of the World by Quality Chess UK Ltd through

Sunrise Handicrafts, ul. Skromna 3, 20-704 Lublin, Poland

Translation from Russian by John Sugden

Typeset by Jacob Aagaard
Proofreading by Andrew Greet & John Shaw
Edited and compiled by Ilya Odessky
Editing of English edition by Colin McNab
Cover design by Carole Dunlop and Vjatseslav Tsekatovski
Printed in Estonia by Tallinna Raamatutrίikikoja LLC
 Foreword by the UK Publisher
Maηy of the classics of Soviet chess literature have struggled to see the light of day, but ηοηe more
so thaη Soviet Middlegame Γechnique by Peter Romaησvsky. Ίhe σrigiηal versiση of this famσus
guide to the middlegame was published iη 1 929 wheη Rσmaηovsky was Sσviet Champioη.
Rσmaησvsky later decided to update aηd improve his work. As he fiηished his wσrk iη 1 942,
Wσrld War Π was uηderway aηd Romaηovsky was trapped iη the ηotoriσus siege of Leηiηgrad.
Ίhe author barely survived aηd his maηuscript was lσst.

Rσmaησvsky was uηdeterred aηd fiηally recreated his improved bσσk iη 1 960. His writiηg was
later traηslated ίηtο Eηglish aηd published ίη twσ titles - οηe ση Plaηηiηg aηd the σther οη
Cσmbiηatiσηs. Ιη this fresh traηslatiση we have iηcluded bσth works to create the ultimate
versioη σf a classic of Sσviet chess literature.

As with our previσus Sσviet classics, the origiηal editiηg ίη Russiaη was doηe by ΙΜ Ilya Odessky,
before Johη Sugdeη skilfully traηslated the wσrk ίηtο Eηglish, theη the editors σf Quality Chess
made our coηtributiση. Mσderη players aηd cσmputers caη σf course improve ση some of the
σrigiηal aηalysis, sσ we have corrected various tactical oversights. Hσwever, the true value σf
Rσmaηovsky was always based οη his iηsightful words aηd that remaiηs the case today.

Peter Rσmaησvsky had to fight hard to get his wσrk published, so we hope the readers will
appreciate this classic text frσm the Sσviet chess schσol.

Jσhη Shaw aηd Jacob Aagaard

Glasgow, Februaty 20 1 3
 Contents
Foreword by the UK Publisher 3
Key to symbols used & Bibliography 6

PART ΟΝΕ: PLANNING 7

lntroduction 7
(Α) General System 8
(i) Basic concepts 8
(ii) Concrete scheme 1Ο
(iii) Dynamics 18
(iv) Harmony 25
(Β) Squares 35
(i) Weak point 35
(ii) The "permanent" knight 37
(iii) Weak squares on the sixth (third) rank 42
(iv) Α few conclusions 49
(C) Open Lines 50

1 Two Wins by Wilhelm Steinitz - Their Creative and Technical Substance 58

2 Stages ίη a Plan - Square and File as Targets of the Plan - The Preparatory
Stage - The Stage of Concrete Action - Exploitation of Gains 66
3 Play ο η the a-File 83
4 The Centre - lts Strategic Significance - Κnights on e5 and d5 (e4 and d4)
The Pawn Centre - Attacking with the Centre Pawns - Hanging Pawns 95
5 More about Active Pawn Play - The Pawn Wedge and How to React to lt
The "Nail" Pawn - The Phalanx of e- and f-ρawns - The Pawn Storm 137
6 Battle of the Major Pieces 169
7 Manoeuvring - The lnitiative 187
8 The Τwo Bishops 209
PART τwο: COMBINATION 221

9 What is a Cσmbiηatiση? 221

10 The Elemeηts σf Cσmbiηatiση - Mσtif aηd Theme 223
11 The Aesthetics σf Cσmbiηatiση: Geηeral Cσηcepts 228
12 Idea aηd Techηique σf aη 'Ίηcarcerated Κίηg" Cσmbiηatiση 232
13 Mσre abσut Aesthetics - Pseudσ-Sacrifice - Queeη Sacrifice 236
14 Ο η the Theσry σf Cσmbiηatiση- Typical ldeas 248
15 Mσderη History σf Cσmbiηatiσηs - The lmmσrtal Game
Masterpieces frσm the Εηd σf the 19th Ceηtury 267
16 Dσuble Attack - Attacks ση Pieces by Pawηs 291
17 Pσsitiσηal Weakηess as a Cσmbiηative Mσtif
Cσmbiηatiσηs lηvited by Weaknesses ίη the Castled Ρσsίtίση
Sacrifice σf Bishσp fσr Pawη ση g3, h3, g6, h6 313
18 Cσmbiηative Attack with Τwσ Bishσps
Harmσηiσus Αctίση σf Rσσks ση the Secoηd aηd Seveηth Raηks
Rσσk Sacrifice ση g7 333
19 Harmσηiσus Αctίση σf Rσσk aηd Bishσp
The Theme σfτrappiηg a Piece 361
20 The lηterfereηce Device ίη Variσus Cσmbiηative Schemes 380
21 Ησw Players Thiηk Duriηg the Game 389

lηdex σf Names 413

 Key to symbols used
White is slightly better
Black is slightly better
± White is better
+ Black is better
+- White has a decisive advantage
-+ Black has a decisive advantage
equality
Ξ with compensation
f! with counterplay
cσ unclear

a weak move
?? a blunder
a good move
!! an excellent move
!? a move worth considering
?! a move of doubtful value
# mate
lntroduction
Ίhe middlegame is the ηame giveη to the ceηtral phase σf a game σf chess. It is characterized by
a relatively large quaηtity σf fσrces ίη actiση ση bσth σρρσsίηg sides. Other characteristics σf this
segmeηt σf the game are the passive situatiση σf the kiηgs aηd the cσηstaηt threats arisiηg ίη the
parts σf the battlefield where the kiηgs are lσcated. Ίhreats that arise ίη successiση aηd are liηked
by a siηgle purpσse coηstitute aη attack, which ίη the middlegame σfteη has the kiηg ρσsίtίση as
its σbjective. Ιη this, the middlegame differs frσm the eηdgame σr coηcludiηg phase σf the play
- where the quaηtity σf fσrces ίη actiση is relatively small, where attacks ση the kiηg are rare, aηd
where, fiηally, the kiηgs assume aη active rσle. Iηdeed this suddeη emplσymeηt σf the kiηgs ίη
cσηtrast to their previσus rσle is the chief sigη σf the distiηctiση betweeη the eηdgame phase aηd
the middlegame.
It gσes withσut sayiηg that the limited amσuηt σf fσrces ίη actiση ίη the eηdgame ησticeably
ηarrσws the circle σf creative ideas - the diversity σf which, coηversely, is a distiηguishiηg feature
σf the middlegame. Ίhe theσry σf maηy eηdgames supplies defiηitive cσηclusiσηs, aηd ίη the
eηdgame the sigηificaηce σf techηique - that is, the applicatiση σf theσretical laws aηd priηciples
to practical play - greatly iηcreases. It is the middlegame struggle that mσst fully aηd dramatically
briηgs out the creative substaηce of the art of chess. Ίhe paramouηt creative factor ίη the chess
struggle - cσmbiηatioη - maηifests itself chiefly ίη the ceηtral phase. Ίhe middlegame gives the
stroηgest stimulus to a chess player's imagiηatioη aηd iηveηtive thought; it teηds to give the mσst
distiηct expressiση both to his purely humaη traits (temperameηt, bσldηess, iηgeηuity aηd sσ
forth) aηd to the peculiarities σf his chess style - the views ση the game, the curreηt of ideas σr
schσol, to which he subscribes. It is ηο accideηt that the materials of the middlegame, if viewed
ίη a historical perspective, eηable us to trace the evolutioη of chess ideas with a high degree of
precisiση.
Apart from the middlegame aηd eηdgame, there is the σρeηίηg - the iηitial stage of the game,
where theory deals with questioηs about the purpσseful develσpmeηt σf the pieces. At the start σf
the σpeηiηg stage, duriηg the first 3-5 moves, the quaηtity offorces ο η the board is at its maximum,
aηd ίη mσst cases it remaiηs very substaηtial up to the very momeηt wheη the middlegame
commeηces. Ιη this respect, the character σf the play ίη the σpeηίηg aηd middlegame stages is
similar. Ίhere is also, however, a crucial differeηce: the ideas of the σρeηίηg are basically ceηtred
οη achieviηg full mobilizatioη, whereas the plaηs ίη the middlegame arise from the pσssibility of
actiσηs with pieces already mσbilized - which immeasurably wideηs the creative hσrizoη σf the
ideas.
Of course, betweeη σpeηiηg aηd middlegame there is bouηd to be a very close liηk. Ιη the
opeηiηg you should ηοt simply be mobiliziηg your pieces but arraηgiηg them ίη such a way that
they caη play the role destiηed for them ίη the iηitial stage σf the middlegame. Ιη σther words,
the middlegame plaηs shσuld lσgically coηtiηue the σρeηίηg liηe σf play, mergiηg with it ίηtο a
siηgle systematic prσject.
8 Peter Romanovsky

(Α) General System

(i) Basic concepts

It may be said without exaggeration that to

form a plan of action and translate it into
reality constitutes the chief task within the
processes of the chess struggle.
Α skilfully devised and purposefully executed
plan amounts to a sure guarantee of success.
Skilfully devising a plan means, in the first
place, correctly identif)ring the aims which
the player's thoughts should be geared to a b c d e f g h
achieving. The task is far from simple, and It is White to move. His position is better,
many difficulties arise along the way to since he can easily win the pawn on h4. Is
resolving it. But then, correctly identif)ring a this sufficient for victory? It is, but only on
goal is only one half the of matter. Formulating condition that White correctly conceives his
a plan is not enough - you still have to solve scheme and the means to implement it. His
the no-less-serious problem of implementing plan should consist of the following. As the
it. Of course, when envisaging the goal, paths first stage, he wins the h4-pawn. As the second
to achieving it need to be taken into account stage, the king heads for the a6-pawn and
at the same time. More than that - the choice picks up this one too, utilizing the fact that
of the goal itself must in some measure be the enemy king is diverted from the queenside
determined by the feasibility of attaining it. by White's passed pawn on the h-file. Finally,
The feasibility, however, has to be assessed in White queens his a-pawn and checkmates the
a relative sense, because one player's pursuit of opponent's lone king.
his goal comes up against the will and mind Therefore:
of his opponent. It may happen that your
opponent's counteraction forces you to change ι .Φf4
your plan and even go over to defence. Yet in There can be two plans of defence for Black.
spite of the relative constraint that we have One is to head for the a5-pawn, capture it, and
mentioned, you cannot conduct the game try to queen his own passed pawn on the a-file.
without forming a plan and directing your The other is to attack the white pawn on the
actions in accordance with it. kingside at the moment when White's king
sets off for the queenside towards the a6-pawn.
In order to form an impression of a plan from The former plan can be discarded at once, as
very simple examples, let us consider two a simple count indicates that the white pawn
elementary positions from the realm of the reaches h8 much sooner than the black one
endgame. reaches al . (White needs eight moves - Φg4,
Φχh4, <.:Ώg5, h4-h5-h6-h7-h8='1W - while Black
needs ten: Φd5, <.:Ώc4, Φb5, <.:Ώχa5, Φb4 and
five pawn moves.) There remains the second
plan.
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 9

ι ... Φf6 2.Φg4 Φg6 3.Φχh4 Φh6 4.Φg4 l .e5 Φe7 2.Φd5 Φd7 3.e6t Φe8 4.Φe5
Φg6 s.Φf4 Φhs 6.Φe4 Φh4 7.Φds Φχb3 Φe7
s.Φcs Φg4 9.Φb6 Φf5 ι ο.Φχa6 Φe6 Black tries not to let the white king reach f6,
but White has a possible way to achieve this.

s.Φds Φes 6.Φd4 Φds 7.Φe4 Φes s.Φds

Φe7
If 8 ... 'ίt>d8 then 9.'ίt>d6, and the e-pawn
queens.

9.Φe5 Φes ι ο.Φf6

Ίhe first part of the plan - penetration with
the king to f6 - is accomplished

a b c d e f g h
ι ι .Φb7
And the pawn reaches its promotion square
unhindered.

� �� �
7 - �� �� �
s

6
�
ill� � =� f�
45.�. �
� ��-J%11- -%
�� -��.�" f
� -� � �
a b c d e g h

�� ι ο ... Φf8 ι ι .e7t Φes 12.Φg7

� J%11�- ���
It looks as if the second task of the plan is

�
also solved, but . . .

ιm � � - � 12. . .Φχe7 1 3.Φχh7 Φf7 ι4.Φhs Φ f8 ιs.h7

ΦfΊ stalemate
a b c d e f g h White failed to achieve his aim thanks to the
In this example, White's situation looks even astute resistance of his opponent, whose plan
more favourable. He is already a passed pawn featured an interesting drawing resource.
to the good, and his plan seems obvious: at the
cost of this passed pawn, he penetrates with In positions characteristic of the middlegame,
his king to g7 in order to destroy the h7-pawn. where substantial forces are engaged, the
However, endgame theory is familiar with essence of a plan remains the same, but the
positions of this type in which the weaker side play as a whole is of course immeasurably more
gains a draw by stalemating the hostile king. complex. Ίhe defending side has far greater
It turns out that this is just one such position. possibilities available for resistance, and the
attacker himself will be faced with choosing
10 Peter Romanovsky

between several aims and various means of Ίhe process of the struggle according to a
attaining them. Ίhe ability to choose the best plan can be divided into three stages:
and surest of them generally stems from the
accuracy of his assessment of the position. ( 1 ) Preparation for the general battle.
(2) Ίhe fight for an advantage.
Let us ponder the starting position of the (3) Ίhe exploitation of that advantage.
game.
Success in the first stage is decided to a
considerable extent in the opening. Ίhe chief
and most complex stage is undoubtedly the
second. Ίhe third stage is that of reckoning up.

(ii) Concrete scheme

Ίhe most purposeful and well-grounded plans,

and therefore the ones with the most chances of
successful execution, are those with a concrete
scheme as their basis.
By a concrete scheme we mean an idea in a
chess player's mind which embraces both a set
f
of aims deduced from the objective positional
a b c d e g h
situation, and the means to attaining them
Many inexperienced amateurs suppose that envisaged in the maximum possible detail.
in the starting position you cannot form a plan If an aim is wrongly chosen or the means
of action that is even comparatively realistic, to its attainment are wrapped in an obscure
given that the position is highly complex haze, then the scheme lacks concreteness and
and that whatever move White makes, Black is almost certainly doomed to failure. It is not
can answer it ίη a whole variety of ways. In without reason that chess literature in such
a certain measure, of course, this view is cases speaks of "chasing after phantoms" .
justified. Nevertheless in our time, when the Concrete strategic schemes must be
creative ideas of the chess art are vigorously distinguished from tactical ones.
flourishing - resulting in the constant Strategy is a plan taken as a whole; the
enrichment of chess theory - we know that the separate operations that lead to its fulfilment
indeterminate quality of the starting position is constitute tactics. If a strategic plan is imagined
only apparent. After the first, second and third figuratively as a chain, tactical schemes are the
moves we are already dealing with variations links that comprise it. Ίhe tactical schemes are
that determine certain aims, not purely for the means to executing the strategic one.
realm of the opening but for the subsequent Α concrete strategic scheme represents
struggle as a whole. In selecting his first move, the principal task at a specific stage of the
whether l .c4, l .d4, I.l2:Jf3 or l .e4, a modern struggle. It is based on the current positional
player is already envisaging some positions he circumstances and develops out of them,
would like to reach in the opening - positions allowing a player to map out a path to the
which in turn, in his view, will be the starting solution of the problem before him.
point for generating an overall strategic plan to Α plan wrongly formulated, or moves that
be executed basically in the middlegame. run counter to the game plan, should be classed
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 11

as strategic errors. Α tactical error is a mistake d5 and e4. If White doesn't offer suitable
in calculation, a failure to see the opponent's resistance, Black will occupy e4 with a knight
reply - anything that makes it more difficult and then fortifY this outpost with . . . f5 . Such a
or wholly impossible to carry out the concrete set-up, which sometimes occurs in the Dutch
strategic design. Defence, promises Black good chances of
In the process of the struggle you sometimes attacking on the kingside.
reach positions where it is hard to identifY a From playing a modest move with a
realistic goal and hence to draw up a concrete queenside pawn in the opening, to mating the
scheme. In these cases you have to be content opponent's king - such is the genuine scope of
with judgements of a general nature; your a specific creative idea!
specific thoughts, on the whole, will be
directed to forestalling your opponent's threats 3.tDc3
- until suitable targets for a plan come to light, White's plan is to organize pressure ofhis own
and the struggle enters the realm of concrete against the e4-square and to prepare the move
projects. Sometimes in positions that are e2-e4. In chess theory, pawns standing side by
closed by the pawn chains, the play necessarily side on e4 and d4 are termed a pawn centre.
takes the form of more or less protracted In due course we shall give special attention
manoeuvres with the pieces. to this important positional factor. For the
In such cases a probing mode of action, moment we should note that the pawn centre
which perhaps can hardly even be called a is one of the most powerful weapons in the
plan at all, comes on the agenda. Its goal fight for the central squares, and in most cases
is very vague or wholly non-existent; the can be regarded as a positional gain. Hence
moves either take on a prevaricating character the threat to set up a pawn centre usually gives
or else have nothing but narrowly tactical rise to appropriate counter-measures from the
motives. other side.
In these conditions, when a player's thought
has no clear-cut objects and consequently 3 ...i.b7 4.i.g5
there can be no concrete schemes, the play
often proceeds in a state of equilibrium and
culminates in a draw. From the creative
viewpoint, games on these lines are of little
interest; in point of ideas, they are colourless.
In the light of these remarks, let us examine
the element of planning and the concrete
schemes in the following games.

Κ. Κlaman V. Smyslov
-

Queen's Pawn Opening

1 5th USSR Championship, Leningrad 1 947

l.d4 tlJf6 2.tlJB b6

This move is the starting point of a broad
game plan which involves exerting strong
pressure with pieces against the central squares
12 Peter Romanovsky

Black is ίη a dilemma as to whether to evidently not sensing the full danger of his
prevent this, and by what means. Α good way of position.
fighting against White's pawn centre would be
to attack his central pawn at once, in this case 10.'�6 tlJ c6? 1 1 .'1Wh3 g6?
by 4 . . . c5. If White answers this by exchanging Finally a tactical oversight too, albeit in a
pawns or playing 5.e3, Black's problem is difficult situation.
solved. However White also has another
possibility available - 5 .d5, or first 5.i.xf6 gxf6 After the correct l l . . . t2Jxe5 1 2.dxe5 t2Je4
(or 5 . . . exf6) and then 6.d5, severely cramping 1 3.i.xe4 dxe4 1 4.E:ad l '1We8 White's advantage
the enemy's queenside pieces. Evidently this is not in doubt, but his victory is still a long
is what led Black to think that the invasion way off.
of e4 by the white king's pawn had to be
mechanically barred.

4... d5?
Although this move prevents the formation
of a pawn centre, it nonetheless constitutes a
serious strategic error. The point is that it goes
against the line of action that Black planned
with his second and third moves. His bishop
on b7, and his queenside forces in general, are
deprived of their activity. Moreover Black is
allowing the enemy knight to invade on e5,
since he is denying himself the option of ... d6
to control that square. a b c d e f g h
White now has a concrete plan at his 12.J.a6!
disposal for an almost irresistible attack against Α sharp-witted and unexpected idea, leading
his opponent's castled position. The next phase to the win of the exchange.
of the game shows how easily he executes this
plan. 12 .. .'�c8
1 2 . . . i.xa6 makes no difference: 1 3 .t2Jxc6
5.e3 e6 6.tlJ e5 J.e7 7.J.b5t c6 s.J.d3 c5 '1We8 1 4.t2Jxe7t '1Wxe7 1 5 .'\Wh4 Φg7 1 6.i.h6t
9.0-0
Black meets 9.i.b5 t with 9 . . . Φf8, when in 13.tlJxc6 fNxc6 14.J.xb7 1!Nxb7 15.11Nh4 Φg7
view of the threatened ... c4 the white bishop 16.J.h6t
will be in danger. It must, however, be emphasized that
White's idea is founded on the weakening of
9 ... 0-0? Black's kingside resulting from . . . g6, so in itself
Straight into White's attack! He should it is perfectly logical. We may say it forms the
have played 9 . . . a6, so as to guard the b5- culmination of White's entire plan.
square and then try to exchange off his That said, in the actual game White didn't go
opponent's centralized knight with . . . t2J bd7 in for the win of the exchange but contented
or . . . t2Jc6. Black has not formed a concrete himself with a draw after 1 6 ... Φg8 1 7.i.g5
plan of defence but is making routine moves, Φg7 etc.
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 13

Μ. Yudovich - Κ. Κlaman the bishop on h5 - have no good prospects

for activity. Nevertheless, if he had based
Queen's Pawn Opening
his subsequent play on a concrete scheme, it
1 5th USSR Championship, Leningrad 1 947
wouldn't have been easy for his opponent to
l .d4 llJf6 2.llJf3 d6 execute his plan of attack.
Ίhe immediate aim of this opening sysrem
lies in the advance . . . e5, supported by Black's
knight on d7, his bishop on g7 and sometimes
also a rook on e8.

3.i.f4 i.g4 4.e3 llJ bd7 5.i.e2

a b c d e f g h
9 ... llJe8?
Ίhis retreat lacks any concrete aim, and
worsens the placing of Black's pieces still
further. Without the advance . . . e5, Black
5 ... e6? cannot solve the problems that face him. His
Black's misfortunes begin with this move. play from here on ought to be devoted to
He unexpectedly refrains from carrying out his preparing this pawn move.
plan, which (afrer for instance 5 . . . �xf3 6.�xf3
e5 7.�g5 c6, followed by �e7 and 0-0) would Black can play 9 . . . 8:e8 (intending . . .�f8 next) .
secure him a perfectly satisfactory position. White may then reply 1 0.'1Wd2, hoping for
Instead he switches to pure "trench warfare" 1 0 . . .�f8 l l .Ξ:ad l e5 1 2.dxe5 dxe5 1 3 .lίJxe5!
and waiting tactics. Meanwhile White of l2Jxe5 1 4.'\WxdS Ξ:axd8 1 5 .8:xd8 Ξ:χd8
course mobilizes his whole army, preparing a 1 6.�xh5 l2Jxh5 1 7.�xe5 with the advantage.
general offensive in rhe centre. However, the white queen being momentarily
undefended allows Black to immediately
6.h3 i.h5 advance 1 0 . . . e5, as l l .dxe5 dxe5 1 2.l2Jxe5 ??
Even now he should have reverted to l2Jxe5 1 3.'1Wxd8 �xd8 would cost White a
the indicared plan. Ίhe bishop's retreat is piece.
completely aimless.
Another continuation is 9 . . .�xf3 1 0.�xf3 e5
7.0-0 �e7 8.c4 0-0 l l .�h2 c6, and only then . . .Ξ:e8 and . . . �f8,
Black has landed in a cramped posιrιon. which would ensure Black good possibilities of
Most of his pieces - both rooks, the queen, resistance.
14 Peter Romanovsky

IO.%Vd2 f6 I U�adl i.f7 18 b5

••.

Black could play l l . . . e5 at this point, when Otherwise after b4-b5 White will open the
White should simply withdraw his bishop, as b-file to his advantage.
the attempt to refute it tactically with 1 2.dxe5
fxe5 1 3.t2Jxe5 ? backfires after 13 . . . i.xe2 19.a4
1 4.'1Wd5t Φh8 1 5 .t2Jxd7 !Ξixf4 1 6.exf4 i.xd l White's plan is clear and specific - to open
1 7.2Ξixd l '1Wxd7. the a-file, occupy it with his major pieces and
break into his opponent's camp.
12.i.h2 c6 13.e4 Φh8?
Both now and ο η the next two moves, . . . e5 19 a6 20.axb5 axb5 2 1 .gal ge8
.•.

was the right course. Ίhe well-fortified pawn

in the centre would enable Black to construct a
plan of defence. lnstead he passively awaits his
opponent's attack; it is not long coming.

14.gfel g6? IS.i.fl lί:Jg7?

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
a b c d e f g h
16.c5!
22 ...'iMc8 23.geal 'iMb7 24.'iMb2 tί:!e6 25.ga3
Ίhe beginning of a concrete plan which has
tί:l c7
a queenside pawn storm as its aim.

16 ... d5
lnstead 16 . . .'1Wc7 is bad in view of 1 7.cxd6
i.xd6 1 8 .e5! winning a piece by force.

17.exd5 exd5 18.b4

White's bishop on h2 is sweeping the whole
board, particularly the key queenside squares
c7 and b8. With this bishop's support, White's
pawn offensive proves extremely menacing,
especially since the enemy pieces are constricted
in their movements as before.
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 15

26.�a5! �xa5 3.e3

White was threatening to win a piece (with Usually one of the tasks White sets himselfin
j,xc7) , so the exchange is forced. the opening is to give his opponent problems
in developing his pieces. In particular, in many
lines of the Queen's Gambit Black has to

8
work quite hard to unravel his forces on the
queenside.

7 In the present game, however, White not only

6
shows no ambition to constrain his opponent,

5
he restricts the actions of his own queenside
pieces. This allows Black to implement a

4 purposeful game plan without any trouble.

3
White's plan is extremely modest: he is going
to play c2-c4, lLJc3, j,e2 (or j,d3), 0-0, b2-b3

2 and j,b2, and afterwards he will see what can

1
be extracted from such a set-up. In this way
he voluntarily relinquishes the initiative in
the opening, which cannot be recommended.
a b c d e f g h Mter either 3.c4 or 3 .j,f4, Black could not feel
The aim is achieved. The next stage - that free from cares as he does in the game.
of exploiting White's advantage - now begins.
3 ...ig4 4.c4 e6 s.lίJc3
30.lίJxb5 Ο η 5."Wb3 Black has 5 . . . "\Wb6, after which it's
This sacrifice is not the only path to victory; hard for White to think up an active concrete
30.1Ξi:c7 "Wd8 3 1 ."Wa7 is also sufficient. plan.

30 ...cxb5 31 .i.xb5 Φg7 32.j,xb8 lίJxb8 5 ... lίJ d7 6.i.d3

33.j,xe8 VNxe8 34.b5 i.f8 35.VNe3 VNc8 36.VNf4 After three more moves, this bishop will be
White threatens lLJe5 as well as 1Ξ!:a8 or "Wc7. withdrawn to e2. If (as appears to be the case)
Planless play has received just retribution. White is not planning e3-e4, his bishop move
1-0 must be viewed as a tactical lapse.

Ι. Bondarevsky - Μ. Botvinnik 6 ... lίJgf6 7.0-0 ie7 8.b3 0-0 9.i.b2

Queen's Gambit, Slav Defence

USSR Absolute Championship,
Leningrad/Moscow 1 94 1

l .d4 d5 2.lίJf3 c6
Already on move 2, we can see the play
starting to be planned. On 3.c4, Black can
capture the pawn and subsequently defend his
gain with . . . b5; while 3 .j,f4 allows him to put
pressure on the weakened b2-point by means
of . . . "Wb6.
16 Peter Romanovsky

Both sides have completed the opening vanatιon 1 0 ... exd4 1 U2Jxd4 brings about aπ
deployment of their forces, according to their exchange of light-squared bishops and hands
respective plans. The middlegame struggle the initiative to White once his knight lands
begins with a move of Black's, which definitely on f5 . But after 1 0 . . . e4 the specific idea of a
counts as an achievement for him. Another dangerous break with f2-f3 becomes feasible.
point that counts against White is that in this
situation his queen's knight would be better This plan is not the only one. White could
placed on d2 than c3. Where does the chief also clear up the position in the centre with
blame lie? For one thing, when drawing up his 1 0.cxd5 exd4 1 1 .exd4 lt.Jxd5 1 2.lt.Jxd5 cxd5,
development plan, White failed to link it to a but in that case any concrete planning would
basic strategic scheme in a sufficiently concrete be hampered by the pin against the knight on
way. Secondly, he didn't pay due attention to f3 and the passive placing of the bishop on b2.
the tactical refinements of the opening. The
moves id3 and lt.Jc3 were played according On the other hand, a livelier option is: 1 Ο .dxe5
to stereotype - because the aim of White's lt.Jxe5 1 1 .lt.Jxd5 (After 1 1 .ie2 lt.Jxf3t 1 2.ixf3
opening plan was too hazy and vague; because ixf3 1 3.Wxf3 dxc4 1 4.Ei:ad 1 Wc8, Black's extra
his project proved lacking in concreteness. pawn on the queenside could imperceptibly
In such circumstances, a player has difficulty turn into a strategic asset with the further
deciding whether his bishop is better on e2 or simplification ofthe game.) 1 1 . . . lt.Jxf3t 1 2.gxf3
d3, or whether his knight belongs on c3 or d2. ih3 1 3.lt.Jxe7t Wxe7 1 4.�h 1 ! (not 1 4.Ei:e 1
lt.Je4 1 5 .f4 Ei:ad8 1 6.We2 Ei:xd3 1 7.Wxd3 We6,
9 ... e5 and Black wins) 14 . . . ixfl 1 5 .Wxfl White
Α plan that leads to pawn exchanges, and evidently had no wish for such a sharp fight,
hence opens up the game - and is bound to entailing as it does a certain risk.
provoke a skirmish with pieces and sometimes
a full-scale battle - can be described as playing 10 ... e4 1 1 .lt.Jd2 i.xe2 12.Wfxe2 i.b4!

8
to sharpen the position. Black's decision
was no doubt prompted by the peculiarities
of Botvinnik's style, and also perhaps by
7
6
considerations relating to the overall contest.

Α different concrete plan in this case would

5
4
be to play for seizure of the e4-square and a

3
consequent gain of space in the centre and
οη the kingside. The initial move of this plan
would be 9 . . . ib4, and if 1 0.a3 then 1 0 . . .ixc3
2
1
l l .ixc3 lt.Je4 1 2.ie 1 f5 .

10.i.e2
White declines the challenge, but the move a b c d e f g h
he makes is not just a retreat - it initiates a The attention of both opponents is fixed
subtle and very specific plan of counterattack. on the e4-point, and a struggle begins for
The point is that Black now has nothing possession of it. With his last move Black is
better than to push his e-pawn to e4. The not only trying to exchange off the knight on
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 17

c3; by clearing the e-file, he enables his major Black could also have chosen 15 . . . exf3,
pieces to make contact with the crucial square. transposing to the previous note.

13.a3?!

�� � � � • m
Losing aπ important tempo in the fight for
e4.

7 �ilf�IB/ ι-;wι
- -% r
s

Admittedly the break with 1 3.f3 would lack % · �-

� � �
λ __

. ,.-,.
strength in view of 1 3 . . . j,xc3 1 4.j,xc3 :!"1e8,

:"
when Black maintains control of the e4-square
and has a good outpost there for his pieces in
�
4 -;: � ��kJ - - % r�
;; ii111
�
the event of 1 5 .fXe4 tΔxe4.
3 -�Δ� � -
w. wtj �/ Δ-� �
- -
2 - - �%� ."'";
""'�mv�� �
� -----Υ-�----
Ίhere was, however, another plan at White's

1 m
disposal - involving a pawn attack on the
kingside, or a breakthrough with pawns in
the centre if Black should exchange off his � · � �
e4-pawn. We are speaking of 1 3.f4, when a b c d e f g h
Black could choose to adopt a defensive stance 17.E:afl?!
with 1 3 . . . :!"1e8 1 4.g4 Φhs 1 5 .g5 tΔg8 1 6.Wg4 Again consistent, but. . . giving too little
tίJ f8 1 7.f5 Wd7, but should prefer to capture consideration to Black's counterplay. Ίhe
with 1 3 . . . exf3 1 4.gxf3 ( 1 4.Wxf3!?) 1 4 . . .j,xc3 goal White is pursuing is unattainable, and
1 5 .j,xc3 :!"1e8 1 6.:!"1ae l tΔh5 1 7.Wg2 :!"1e6, his scheme proves to be without concrete
giving a very sharp position that is difficult to substance.
assess but may be a little in Black's favour.
Ίhe move offering more hope was still 1 7.f4,
13 ... hc3 14.hc3 E:e8 15.f3 for instance: 17 ... Wf5 1 8.h3 h5 1 9 .Φh2 h4
Consistently pursuing the plan that White 20.:!"1g l , followed by opening the g-file.
conceived on move 1 0.
17 ... exf3
At this point 1 5 .f4 would force Black into Finally! White cannot now play 1 8.gxf3
1 5 ... exf3, but this is nothing he should be in view of 1 8 . . . tίJg6, and if 1 9 .Wd3 then
afraid of: 1 9 . . . We6, winning the e3-pawn.
a) On 1 6.gxf3, he continues . . . tίJh5, with
the threats of . . . tίJf4 and . . . Wg5t. Ίhe white 18.E:xf3 E:e6
e3-pawn is very weak. Black's concrete project triumphs. Ίhe e4-
b) White should therefore play 1 6.Wxf3, square is in his hands, while the e3-pawn is
when after 1 6 . . . We7 1 7.:!"1fe l ( 1 7.:!"1ae l Wxa3) weak and easily vulnerable to the attack along
1 7 ... tίJ e4 1 8.tΔxe4 Wxe4 1 9.cxd5 cxd5 the the file. All Black's pieces are taking part in the
position is just slightly better for Black; the offensive, while the enemy bishop and knight
outpost for his pieces on e4 is counter-balanced are largely inactive.
by the open c-file.
19.'Wd3 E:ae8 20.lfJb l lfJg6 21.i.el ?
15 ... ltJf8 Α tactical oversight which, like other similar
18 Peter Romanovsky

mistakes, has resulted from a strategically triumphing against an unrealistic assessment

difficult situation. of the position.
White should have played 2 l .id2, when
Black cannot yet occupy the outpost with his (iii) Dynamics
knight: 2 l . . . lί:Je4? 22.Eixf7 Wfxf7 23.Eixf7 st>xf7
24.cxd5 cxd5 25.lί:Jc3 and White is not worse. Α concrete undertaking, as part of a plan,
presupposes not only a view of the goal but also
21 ... dxc4 a decision as to the ways of attaining it. During

8
certain stages of the game, which may be quite
lengthy ones, the goal remains unobtrusive; it

7 represents, so to speak, the element of statics in

6
the struggle. The paths leading in the direction

5
of the goal are the element of dynamics.
Some games are packed with an abundance

4
of tactical ideas. For this very reason, they are

3
characterized by frequent and qualitatively
vital changes in the nature of the position. Such

2 games are particularly dynamic. Conversely,

1
games where the positions succeed one another
without undergoing serious changes to their
type can be described as lacking in dynamism.
a b c d e f g h In these games, the intensity of the struggle
22.Wfxc4 is mollified and the emotional factor in chess
In the event of 22.bxc4 lί:Je5, White loses thought is weakly expressed.
the exchange. This may have been the point he It is true that, strictly speaking, dynamics are
missed when making his previous move. inherent in the process of virtually any game
to some extent or other. If dynamics disappear
22 Eixe3 23.Eixe3 Elxe3
•.•
the struggle becomes static, the creatiνe
The struggle enters its final phase, in which content grows dim and sometimes dies away
the acquired advantage is exploited. Black has altogether. It is no accident that the laws of
an extra pawn and a strong position - this is chess allow for a draw if the position repeats
fully adequate to finish the game quickly. itself for the third time, or if there is no capture
and no change to the pawn position during a
24..tf2 tίJ d5! 25.lί:Jd2 sequence of 50 moves.
Or 25.ixe3 lί:Jxe3 26.Wfd3 lί:Jxfl 27.'l7xfl The dynamics of the game are closely
lί:J f4 28 .Wfe4 lί:J e6, winning a second pawn. associated with concreteness of thought,
just as concreteness of thought is in many
25 tίJgf4 26.h3 Elc3 27.Wfa4 lίJe2t 28.Φh2
•.•
ways defined by its dynamism. Thus it was
�xh3t that an emphatic dynamism distinguished
After 29.gxh3 lί:J df4 White is mated next the play of Chigorin, Lasker, Pillsbury and
move. Alekhine. The same applies to the majority
0-1 of Soviet Grandmasters and masters. On the
This game, like the two preceding ones, other hand, players with a preference for the
is a model illustration of concrete schemes slow unfolding of events, and endowed with
 Soviet Middlegame Technique 19

excessive prudence, are familiar both from before his death, Nimzowitsch lost a match
chess history and in our own day. to Stahlberg even though he undoubtedly
Sometimes the thinking of one and the same surpassed him in strength, knowledge and
chess player undergoes major transformations. experience. We cannot help seeing a cause of
In this connection, the case of Nimzowitsch Nimzowitsch's defeat in the vein of dogmatism
offers an interesting and instructive example. that characterized his thinking in that match.
In the first period ofhis career, Nimzowitsch's Dynamic planning is not temporizing or
fiery temperament, the dynamics of his restraining or blockading, but anticipating and
thinking, and his superb and original preparing the desirable course of events.
imagination brought him deserved renown as Characterizing the play of Staunton, the
a master of the art of chess. As long as he was renowned nineteenth-century English player,
just such an artist, his competitive and creative Morphy saw his chief defect in a lack of ability
path was adorned with a series of brilliant to anticipate the course of events. Interpreting
achievements; he gained the reputation Morphy's thought, we may say that he was
of a great innovator, constantly searching, reproaching Staunton with insufficient
constantly daring. dynamism in his play.
From a certain moment on, however, Striving for dynamism in the execution of
Nimzowitsch conceived grand ideas of himself a plan means seeking the shortest paths and
as a philosopher of chess, a bearer of chess truth, most energetic methods to achieve the aim.
a proclaimer of chess justice. Opposing the The practical material we shall examine in
conservative views of Tarrasch, particularly in the following pages provides good samples of
the matter of the centre, Nimzowitsch himself dynamic, purposeful thought.
imperceptibly slipped into a conservative
attitude. Out of certain devices of the struggle Α. Alekhine Ε. Bogoljubow
-

that were generally accepted among masters, Bogo-Indian Defence

he created a theory of restraint, blockade and Budapest 1 92 1
over-protection which he grandiloquently and
somewhat boastfully named "My System". l .d4 t2J f6 2.c4 e6 3.t2Jf3 J.b4t
Hampering the development of your Apart from this scheme which derives from
opponent's forces; blockading his pawn chain; Black's wish to play a Queen's Gambit without
centralizing your pieces; preparing to replace the dark-squared bishops, he has at least two
a pawn outpost with a piece outpost; 'Όver­ dynamic game plans available. The first is to
protection" - according to Nimzowitsch's begin fighting for control of the e4-square by
system, all these "principles" ought to means of3 . . . b6 followed by . . . ib7. The second
be the guiding threads of a chess player's is to cut the Gordian knot of the opening by
thinking; they are supposed to be a virtually playing ... d5.
unquestionable guarantee of success. Elevating
his "principles" thus to the status of dogmas 4.J.d2 J.xd2t 5.'�xd2 0-0 6.t2Jc3 d5
(which is what had prevented Tarrasch, in his Essential; Black must not allow e2-e4.
day, from maintaining himself on the heights However, the aim of this move is not solely
commensurate with his talent) , Nimzowitsch prophylactic. It forms an important link in the
began to suffer some painful defeats at the hands set-up which allows Black to obtain a wealth of
of opponents distinguished by great dynamism play in the centre after . . . � bd7, . . . b6, . . . ib7
of thought, particularly Alekhine. Shortly and ... c5 .
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