Learning Objective 1

Hazardous Materials for

First Responders
Fifth Edition
Identify states of matter as they
Chapter 4 — Analyzing the Incident: relate to hazardous materials.
Identifying Potential Hazards

4–1

Matter is found in three states. The state of matter can affect how a
material behaves.

4–2 4–3

The ERG establishes initial isolation Temperature strongly influences

distances based on matter state. state of matter and behavior.

Initial
Isolation
Solids 75 ft (25m)
Distance

Liquids 150 ft (50m)

Gases 330 ft (100m)

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1
Gases are potentially the most Gases keep expanding if uncontained.
dangerous for responders.

Gas May have an odor Gas Throughout building

hazards
include may
May be colorless, odorless, and or tasteless spread To other buildings
May be toxic, corrosive, or flammable Through access shafts

May be under high pressure Into the soil

May be extremely cold and/or have a large Into the street

expansion ratio if liquefied

4–6 4–7

Gases may travel in unexpected Incidents involving gases are often

ways. difficult to mitigate.

Large perimeters may be

necessary, even for incidents
involving small containers

4–8 4–9

Gases may require monitoring and

detection devices to detect. NOTE

Research has shown that 1- and 2-ton

quantities of chlorine and anhydrous
ammonia released in an open area both
initially spread in a 360° radius before
being dispersed downwind.

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WARNING Gases may present multiple hazards.

Expanding gases can displace oxygen,

creating an asphyxiating atmosphere.

Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

4–12 4–13

Liquids are usually visible so it is easier Responders may be able to predict the
most likely paths that spilled liquids
to detect their presence and hazards. will follow.

4–14 4–15

Because liquids follow topography, Liquids also present a splash hazard.

they can be contained.

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The vapors from liquids present Vapors from liquids may be much
additional hazards. more difficult to detect.

Vapors from liquids may be

• Contact hazards
• Inhalation hazards
• Flammable
• Corrosive
• Toxic

4–18 4–19

Solids are the least mobile of the

CAUTION three states of matter.

Vapors from liquids behave like gases,

and may be flammable, corrosive, or
toxic.

Courtesy of David Alexander with the Texas

Commission on Fire Protection
4–20 4–21

The particle size of solids may Solids may have multiple hazards.
influence their behavior.

Inhalation or contact hazards

Small, combustible particles,

that, if ignited, may explode
Entrapment hazard

Flammable

Reactive

Radioactive

Corrosive

Toxic

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REVIEW QUESTION Learning Objective 2

What are the different hazards for Explain physical properties that aid
gases, liquids, and solids? in identifying potential hazards and
predicting behavior of hazardous
materials.

4–24 4–25

Physical properties do not involve a Vapor pressure is the pressure

produced or exerted by the vapors of a
change in chemical identity. released liquid.
Materials with a vapor pressure over 760
Materials can be Vapor pressure mmHg will be gases under normal
characterized by conditions
physical Boiling point
properties
Melting point/freezing point/sublimation The higher the temperature of a substance,
the higher its vapor pressure will be
Vapor density
Solubility/miscibility Atmospheric pressure is the baseline
measurement for pressure
Specific gravity
Persistence The lower the boiling point, the higher its
vapor pressure will be
Appearance and odor

4–26 4–27

A liquid’s vapor pressure increases Chlorine’s high vapor pressure means

that if it escapes, it will be mostly as a
as the temperature rises. gas.

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5
 Boiling point is the temperature at
NOTE which a liquid changes to a gas at a
given pressure.

Water requires a lot of heat to boil

(212°F [100°C]), but some substances
boil at room temperature (68°F [20°C]).

4–30 4–31

A BLEVE can cause catastrophic Melting point, freezing point, and

container failure. sublimation affect hazards.

Liquid within a container is heated

Material inside boils or vaporizes

If increasing internal vapor pressure exceeds

vessel’s ability to relieve/retain excess
pressure Dry ice
sublimates
from a solid
Container can fail catastrophically into a gas
without
transitioning
As vapor is released it expands rapidly and
into a liquid
ignites

4–32 4–33

Vapor density affects the weight of Most gases have a vapor density
gases. greater than 1.

Materials
with vapor
densities Common gases with
less than Vapor Density > 1
one will rise
in air

Hydrogen Sulfur
Materials with Propane Ethane Butane Chlorine
sulfide dioxide
vapor
densities
greater than
one will sink
in air

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Gases and vapors that are heavier than
air may concentrate in low-lying areas. NOTE

All vapors and gases will mix with air,

but the lighter materials (unless
confined) tend to rise and dissipate.

4–36 4–37

Solubility is the degree to which a Hydrocarbons are non-water soluble

material dissolves in water. and do not dissolve in water.

Spill
cleanup
methods

Solubility
information

Extinguishing
Symptom agents
development

4–38 4–39

Miscibility is the ability of two liquids Because oil is immiscible, it will float
to mix together. on water and could ignite and burn.

Liquids that
mix or dissolve
Miscible into each
other

Incapable with
being mixed or
Immiscible blended with
another
substance

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Materials with a specific gravity An important consideration for fire-
suppression activities is that most
greater than one will sink in water. flammable liquids will float on water.

The ratio of
the density of
Specific a material to
gravity the density of
a standard
material

4–42 4–43

Persistent chemicals stick around in

the environment before dispersing. NOTE

Persistence is not often referenced on

an SDS.

4–44 4–45

Viscosity is the measure of the The viscosity of materials will affect

thickness or flowability of a liquid at a
given temperature. decontamination or collection.

Viscous materials

Tend to be May have a

more lower vapor
persistent pressure
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The SDS typically contains a description Odorants may be added to some
of a material’s appearance. hazardous materials to make them
easier to detect.

Change
in the
Change in May
behavior
appearance indicate
of the
material

4–48 4–49

The ability to smell or sense an odor is

WARNING highly dependent on the individual.

If you can smell a chemical, you are

Never use odors to determine
exposed. Move out of the area and safe or unsafe areas
reassess the situation.
Some highly toxic products may cause
significant damage at a concentration below
the odor threshold

Responders spending too much time exposed

to some compounds may become desensitized
to the smell of a chemical and may no longer
be able to determine its presence

4–50 4–51

REVIEW QUESTION Learning Objective 3

List the physical properties of Explain chemical properties that aid

materials and explain how they help in identifying potential hazards and
to determine hazards. predicting behavior of hazardous
materials.

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Chemical properties describe behaviors Most hazardous materials incidents
and interactions that occur at a
molecular level. involve flammable materials.

Flammability
Corrosivity Flammable materials
can damage life and
Use a hazard’s
flammability to help
property when they
determine incident
Reactivity
ignite, burn, or
strategies and tactics
explode

Radioactivity
4–54 4–55

A flammable hazard depends on You must understand flashpoint.

properties.

Flash point

Minimum
temperature at
which a liquid or
volatile solid gives
off sufficient Flash
Flammable
hazard
vapors at its lower
explosive limit point
(LEL) to form an
ignitable mixture
Flammable Autoignition with air
range temperature

4–56 4–57

A material’s fire point is usually only a At its flash point, a material’s vapors will
few degrees higher than its flash point. flash in the presence of an ignition source
but will not continue to burn.

Temperature at
which a liquid or
volatile substance
gives off enough
Fire
vapors to support point
continuous
burning

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Autoignition temperature is the point Inflammable is another word for
at which a fuel spontaneously ignites. flammable in many countries.

Autoignition
or Ignition Minimum temperature to which
temperature the fuel in air must be heated to
initiate self-sustained combustion
without initiation from an
independent ignition source

Considerably higher than the

flash and fire points

4–60 4–61

The flammable range is the percentage A material must fall in the

of vapor concentration in the air that
will burn or explode if ignited. flammability range to burn.

Explosive
Range
Combustible
Flammable Range
Range

Equivalent

4–62 4–63

Within the upper and lower limits, the Atmospheres within the flammable
gas or vapor concentration will burn
rapidly if ignited. range are particularly dangerous.

• Highest concentration that

The upper explosive limit will produce a flash of fire
(UEL) or upper when an ignition source is
flammable limit (UFL)
present

• Lowest concentration that

The lower explosive limit will produce a flash of fire
(LEL) or lower when an ignition source is
flammable limit (LFL)
present

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 Corrosives are materials that destroy pH measures the acidity or alkalinity
living tissue and damage or destroy
metal. of a solution.

Corrosives Commonly Acids

divided into
two broad
categories Bases

Measured or
expressed in
terms of pH

4–66 4–67

An acid dissociates to yield hydrogen A base dissociates to yield hydroxide

ions in water. ions in water.

pH values of 0 to 6.9 pH values of 7.1 to 14

May cause severe chemical burns to flesh

and permanent eye damage
Breaks down fatty skin tissues and can
penetrate deeply into the body
Contact typically causes immediate pain

Examples include caustic soda, potassium

Examples include hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydroxide, and other alkaline materials
sulfuric acid commonly used in drain cleaners

4–68 4–69

Bases can cause severe eye and The chemical reactivity of a substance
describes its relative ability to undergo
tissue damage. a chemical reaction.

• Makes them difficult to

Bases tend to remove Reactive materials commonly
adhere to the • Longer exposure means that react vigorously or violently with
air, water, heat, light, each
tissues in the eye bases often cause more eye
other, or other materials
damage than acids

• A common sign of exposure May result in pressure

Contact with a buildup, temperature
to a base is a greasy or slick
base does not feeling of the skin increase, and/or formation
normally cause • Caused by breakdown of of noxious, toxic, or
immediate pain fatty tissues (saponification) corrosive by-products

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Many reactions need an oxidizing Activation energy is the energy
agent, a reducing agent, and activation
energy to get started. needed to start a reaction.

4–72 4–73

There are nine reactive hazard The oxidizing agent in the reactivity
triangle provides the oxygen necessary
classes. for the chemical reaction.

Highly Strong oxidizers are materials that encourage a

Explosive Polymerizable
flammable strong reaction (by readily accepting electrons) from
reducing agents (fuels)

Strong Strong
Water- In general, the stronger the oxidizer, the stronger the
oxidizing reducing
reactive reaction
agent agent

Many organic materials ignite spontaneously when they

Peroxidizable Radioactive come into contact with a strong oxidizer
Air-reactive
compound material

4–74 4–75

If spilled on asphalt, liquid oxygen

could cause an explosion.

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13
The reducing agent acts as the fuel
source for the reaction. NOTE

Wood is not as prone to undergo rapid

oxidation (it will not burn as easily) as a
Combines
Reducing
with
Energy is highly flammable liquid such as MEK.
agent released
oxygen

Some reducing agents (fuels) are more volatile than others

4–77 4–78

Polymerization is a chemical reaction Uncontrolled polymerization often

that forms long chain molecules. results in a tremendous release of
energy.

Polymerization
• Simple molecules form long chain
molecules Materials that may
• Rate increased by catalyst undergo violent
polymerization if
• Catalyst decreases activation energy subjected to heat or
needed contamination are
designated with a P
• Examples of catalysts include light, in the blue and
heat, water, acids, or other chemicals yellow sections of the
ERG

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Inhibitors are materials that are added

NOTE to products to control an undesired
reaction.

Potential for polymerization may not be Inhibitors

Added to products that easily polymerize in
included on any type of reference order to control or prevent an undesired
reaction
material other than the ERG, and the
ERG may not be fully inclusive of all Increase the needed activation energy
polymerizing materials.
May be exhausted over a period of time or
when exposed to circumstances or
unexpected contamination that causes
them to be consumed more rapidly

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Shipments of polymerizing materials Reactive materials can be extremely
may become unstable. destructive and dangerous.

With advances in modern technology, more

reactive and unstable materials are being used
for various processes, and you must be
prepared to deal with them
Time-
sensitive
inhibitors
are added Keep people and equipment upwind, uphill,
to liquid
styrene and back a safe distance or in protected
before it is locations until pertinent facts are established
shipped and definite plans can be formulated
4–83 4–84

Radiation comes in different forms, There are four types of ionizing

some more energetic than others. radiation.

4–85 4–86

During radioactive decay, alpha Alpha particles do not travel far in

particles are emitted from the nucleus
of an atom. open air.

Alpha Lose energy rapidly when travelling through

particles matter
Do not penetrate deeply

Usually completely blocked by the outer,

dead layer of the human skin
Not a hazard outside the body

Can be very harmful if ingested or inhaled

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Beta particles travel farther and Beta particles penetrate further than
faster than alpha particles. alpha particles, but cause less damage.
Beta Travel appreciable distances in air
Beta Fast-moving, positively charged protons or particles
particles negatively charged electrons Can be reduced or stopped by a layer of
clothing, a thin sheet of metal, or thick
Emitted from the atom’s nucleus during Plexiglass
radioactive decay Detection distances for beta particles vary
based on the activity of the source
Human exposure from manufactured and Compared to alpha radiation, beta radiation
natural sources such as tritium, carbon-14, will travel farther
and strontium-90
Most hazardous when inhaled or ingested Shielding beta emitters with dense metals
can result in the release of X-rays

4–89 4–90

Gamma particles are high energy Gamma exposure sources include

photons. both natural and industrial.

Gamma Often accompany the emission of alpha

rays or beta particles from a nucleus Gamma radiation levels vary depending on the
isotope and activity
Have neither a charge nor a mass but
are penetrating
Materials such as concrete, earth, and lead
may be useful as a shield against radiation
Can easily pass completely through the
human body or be absorbed by tissue
Standard fire fighting protective clothing
Constitutes a radiation hazard for the provides no protection against gamma radiation
entire body

4–91 4–92

Activity refers to the number of Neutron particles have a physical

atoms in a radioactive material that will
decay and emit radiation in a second. mass but no electrical charge.
Neutrons Highly penetrating

Produced in fission reactions

Can be measured in the field using

specialized equipment
Sources include moisture density gauges,
research laboratories, and operating
nuclear power plants
Shielding from neutron radiation requires
materials with high amounts of hydrogen,
such as oil, water, and concrete

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X-rays and gamma rays are high Radioactive materials could be used
energy radiation called photons. in a terrorist attack.

Hazards directly correlated to their activity

Machines such as those found in medical facilities and

airports are almost exclusively the sole source of
terrestrial X-ray radiation

Since machines can only produce X-rays when powered

on, the chances of encountering X-rays at a hazardous
materials incident are remote

4–95 4–96

Radiation exposure occurs when a A first responder will need to know

person near a radiation source is what proximity or level of exposure
exposed to energy from that source. will cause what kinds of harm.

A person may receive a dose of

radiation based upon the length of
exposure, energy, and type of source

Damage is often described in terms of

dosage, indicating the amount of
energy absorbed

4–97 4–98

Radioactive contamination occurs Radioactive contamination can

when radioactive material is deposited
any place where it is not desired. spread.

Exposure to radiation alone does not

contaminate a person
An unprotected person
Contamination only occurs when contaminated with Radiation detectors
the radioactive material remains on radioactive material capable of detecting
receives radiation alpha and beta
a person or the person’s clothing exposure until the contamination can detect
after coming into contact with a source of radiation radioactive
contaminant (radioactive material) is contamination
removed
A person can become contaminated
externally, internally, or both

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 The effects of ionizing radiation
NOTE occur at the cellular level.
Radiation may cause damage to any material by ionizing the
Some contamination, such as alpha atoms in that material
contamination, often requires the
When atoms are ionized, the chemical properties of those
detector to be almost touching the atoms are altered
source. This can result in a change in the chemical behavior of the
atoms and/or molecules in the cell

A sufficiently high dose of radiation can damage many cells

May cause observable health effects, including genetic

mutations and cancer

4–101 4–102

An acute radiation dose is received A chronic radiation dose is received

in a short period of time. over a long period of time.

Acute Received in a short period – Usually a large Chronic Small amounts of radiation received over a long
doses dose Doses period of time
The body is better equipped to handle a chronic
Can produce serious health effects, dose of radiation than an acute dose
including reduced blood count, hair loss,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue The body has enough time to replace dead or
nonfunctioning cells with healthy ones
Chronic doses do not result in the same
Extremely high levels of acute radiation detectable health effects seen with acute doses
exposure can result in death within a few
hours, days, or weeks However, chronic exposure to radiation can
cause cancer

4–103 4–104

It is unlikely that first responders The presence of radiation placards at

will encounter dangerous or lethal an incident should trigger radiation
doses of radiation. detection and monitoring plans.
Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy

Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

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5
Use time, distance, and shielding to Doubling the distance from a radiation
protect yourself from radiation source divides the dose by a factor of
hazards. four.

4–107 4–108

NOTE CAUTION

Using time, distance, and shielding to Limit your time to limit the dose!
limit exposure to radiation is sometimes
referred to as the ALARA (As Low As Maximize your distance to limit the
Reasonably Achievable) method or dose!
principle.

Use shielding to limit your dose!

4–109 4–110

The degree to which a substance Different chemicals affect different

causes harm within the body is called
its toxicity. parts of the body.

Local toxic effect Systemic effects

• A chemical injury at • Toxic materials may

the site of contact be absorbed into
(typically the skin the bloodstream
and mucous and distributed to
membranes of the other parts of the
eyes, nose, mouth, body
or respiratory tract) • Multiple systemic
effects are possible

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Toxic health effects depend on
multiple factors. CAUTION
Toxicity of
chemical or All personnel working at hazardous
biological
substance materials incidents must use
appropriate personal protective
Person’s
equipment, including appropriate
Exposure
susceptibility to
pathway or route respiratory protection equipment.
illness or injury

Nature and
extent of
exposure
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There are many toxic chemical Asphyxiants prevent access to
hazard categories. sufficient volumes of oxygen.

Asphyxiants

Allergens and
Irritants
Sensitizers

Carcinogens Convulsants

4–115 4–116

Irritants cause temporary, Convulsants cause convulsions and

sometimes severe, inflammation. can kill the victim.
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

4–117 4–118

Carcinogens are known, or Individuals exposed to a material may

experience effects after one or multiple
suspected, to cause cancer. exposures.

Allergens cause allergic

reactions

Sensitizers cause a
substantial proportion of
exposed people or animals to
develop an allergic reaction
after one or more exposures

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Biological (etiological) hazards may Viruses are the simplest types of
cause severe, disabling disease or
illness. microorganisms.

Viruses

Courtesy of the CDC Public Health Image Library

Biological
Bacteria
toxins

Rickettsias

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2
Bacteria are microscopic, single- Rickettsias are specialized bacteria
that live and multiply in arthropod
celled organisms. carriers (such as ticks and fleas).

Courtesy of the CDC Public Health Image Library

Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

4–123 4–124

Biological toxins are produced by Many diseases are considered

living organisms. biological hazards.

Malaria

Typhoid Tuberculosis

Influenza Hepatitis B

Ricin, a biological toxin, is made from castor beans Ebola Measles

4–125 4–126

Biological agents may be used as

weapons in terrorist attacks or criminal REVIEW QUESTION
activities.

Smallpox

List the chemical properties of

materials and explain how they help
Potential to determine hazards.
biological
weapons

Botulism Anthrax

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 There are nine transportation hazard
Learning Objective 4 classes.

Class 1—Explosives
Class 2—Gases
Class 3—Flammable liquids (and combustible liquids in the U.S.)
Define the hazard classes. Class 4—Flammable solids, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous
when wet
Class 5—Oxidizers and organic peroxides
Class 6—Poisons, poison inhalation hazards, and infectious substances
Class 7—Radioactive materials
Class 8—Corrosives
Class 9—Miscellaneous hazardous materials
4–129 4–130

Explosives are reactive and may Explosive placards list both a division
number and a compatibility group
release energy. letter.

Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

4–131 4–132

Certain containers and storage Rapidly released gases can create a

areas are specifically designed for
explosives. blast-pressure wave (shock wave).

Travels outward from the center

As the wave increases in distance,

the strength decreases

Primary reason for injuries and

damage

Positive and negative phase, both

can cause damage

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2
The positive pressure wave can be Additional damage can be done
extremely destructive. during the negative pressure phase.

4–135 4–136

There are multiple effects of an Shrapnel and fragmentation may be

explosion that can cause damage. thrown over a wide area.

Small pieces of debris thrown from a

container or structure that ruptures
during an explosion from containment or
restricted blast pressure

May cause personal injury and other

types of damage to surrounding
structures or objects

Can result in bruises, punctures, or

even avulsions (part of the body being
torn away) when they strike a person

4–137 4–138

Explosions can cause a seismic The incendiary thermal effect occurs

when a fireball is formed during and
effect. explosion.

When a blast occurs at or near ground level, the air

blast creates a ground shock or crater Fireballs

As the shock waves move across or underground,

they form a seismic disturbance Result from
interactions among
Present for a limited
burning combustible
time after explosive
gases or flammable
The distance the shock wave travels depends on the event
vapors and ambient air
type and size of the explosion and type of soil at high temperatures

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There are additional hazards DOT divides Class 1 into six divisions.
unrelated to the explosion.

Chemical hazards will probably result from

production of toxic gases and vapors

Explosives may self-contaminate as they

age, which increases their sensitivity and
instability

Explosives may have high sensitivity to shock

and friction

4–141 4–142

Gases are materials that are in a

DOT divides Class 1 into six divisions. gaseous state at normal temperatures
and pressures.

4–143 4–144

Gases are transported or stored in Gas division numbers are assigned

pressure containers or cryogenic according to the type of potential
containers. hazard.

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Gases have other hazards as well. There are multiple Class 2 divisions
and placards.

Heat hazards — Fires, particularly associated with Division 2.1

and oxygen

Asphyxiation hazards — Leaking or released gases displacing

oxygen in a confined space

Cold hazards — Exposure to Division 2.2 cryogens

Mechanical hazards — A BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor

explosion) for containers exposed to heat or flame; a ruptured
cylinder rocketing after exposure to heat or flame

Chemical hazards — Toxic and/or corrosive gases and vapors

4–147 4–148

Flammable and combustible liquids Most hazmat incidents involve Class

ignite and burn with relative ease. 3 materials.

All flammable and

Some flammable
combustible liquids
liquids are also
exhibit varying
corrosive
degrees of toxicity

4–149 4–150

In most conditions, Class 3 materials The primary hazards of flammable and

will give off flammable vapors that combustible liquids are energy,
behave much like gases. corrosivity, and toxicity.

Thermal hazards (heat) — Fires and vapor explosions

Asphyxiation — Heavier-than-air vapors displacing oxygen
in low-lying and/or confined spaces
Chemical hazards — Toxic and/or corrosive gases and
vapors; these may be produced by fires
Mechanical hazards — A BLEVE, for containers exposed to
heat or flame; caused by a vapor explosion
Vapors — Can mix with air and travel great distances to an
ignition source
Environmental hazards (pollution) — Caused by runoff
from fire control

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5
Flammability is the primary hazard There are multiple Class 3 divisions
for Class 3 materials. and placards.

Courtesy of Williams Fire & Hazard Control Inc., Brent Gaspard

4–153 4–154

Class 4 materials are divided into Class 4 materials are often solids that
react violently in unexpected ways and
three divisions. may be difficult to extinguish.

Some flammable solids will react to friction

Spontaneously combustible materials may

ignite after contact with air

Dangerous when wet materials, if involved in a

fire, may burn more intensely if firefighters
attempt to extinguish the fire with water

4–155 4–156

Some Class 4 materials react Incidents involving Class 4 materials

violently when contacted by water. can be difficult to manage.

Even more
experienced
responders may not
fully understand the
hazards

Typical response
may make the
situation worse

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6
There are thermal hazards to Class 4 Other hazards of these materials
materials. include chemical energy, mechanical
energy, corrosivity, and toxicity.
Fires that may
start or reignite Chemical hazards from irritating, corrosive, and/or
spontaneously or highly toxic gases and vapors produced by fire or
upon contact decomposition
with air or water
Severe chemical burns

Mechanical effects from a BLEVE or other unexpected,

violent chemical reactions and explosions
Chemical hazards from production of various chemicals
Molten Fires and vapor
substances explosions Environmental hazards (pollution) caused by runoff
from fire control

4–159 4–160

There are multiple Class 4 divisions Class 5, Oxidizers and Organic

and placards. Peroxides, is divided into two divisions.

4–161 4–162

Oxidizers vigorously support Organic peroxides are oxidizers that

combustion, may be explosive, and,
may burn continuously. are prone to reactivity.

If organic peroxides reach

the self-accelerating
decomposition temperature
(SADT)

They undergo a
chemical change and
may violently release
from their packaging

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7
 The primary hazards of Class 5
WARNING materials are thermal, mechanical, and
chemical.
Thermal hazards (heat) from fires that may explode or burn
Immediately evacuate the area if the hot and fast or materials’/substances’ sensitivity to heat,
friction, shock, and contamination
SADT is reached. If decomposition
Explosive reactions to contact with hydrocarbons (fuels)
occurs, observe it from a safe distance
and take only those measures necessary Mechanical hazards such as violent reactions and explosions
as well as sensitivity to heat, friction, shock, and/or
to preserve life and nearby property. contamination
Chemical hazards from toxic gases, vapors, dust, or from
products of combustion resulting in burns
Thermal hazards from ignition of combustibles
Asphyxiation hazards from accumulation of toxic fumes and
dusts in confined spaces
4–165 4–166

There are multiple Class 5 divisions Class 6 includes Poisons, Poison

Inhalation Hazards, and Infectious
and placards. Substances.

4–167 4–168

Avoid contact with poisonous materials Inhalation hazards are toxic vapors
as they are toxic to humans. that can be lethal if inhaled.

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8
Infectious substances and biohazards Class 6 materials also have
have the potential to cause disease in
humans or animals. secondary hazards.

Toxic hazards

Infectious materials A biohazard label is Chemical hazards

are typically shipped used for large and Thermal hazards
from toxic and/or
(heat) from
in small containers, so small quantities of flammability and
corrosive
there is no placard for regulated medical products of
fires
them, only a label waste combustion

Thermal hazards
(heat) from
substances
transported in
molten form
4–171 4–172

There are multiple Class 6 divisions

WARNING and placards.

Do not inhale or come into contact with

the secondary hazards of Class 6
materials.

4–173 4–174

Class 6 has two unique placards. Class 7 encompasses radioactive

materials.

4–175 4–176

9
Radioactive materials cannot be Small packages of radioactive
materials must be labeled on two
detected with the senses. opposite sides.
Class 7 placards and labels can
indicate that radioactive materials are
present
Unique trefoil symbol
for radiation
Without specialized monitoring and
detection equipment, it is not
possible to determine if a container is
actually emitting radiation
RADIOACTIVE RADIOACTIVE RADIOACTIVE
It is impossible to tell if radiation is WHITE-I YELLOW-II YELLOW-III
involved in an incident, such as a
terrorist attack, where no placards or
labels are evident
4–177 4–178

Class 7 labels must provide the isotope Common industrial and medical
name, activity level, transport index, and isotope names might be seen on
radioactive level. Class 7 labels.

4–179 4–180

Table 4.12 provides Class 7 placards,

NOTE definitions, and examples.

Items placarded as Radioactive II and

III have a maximum allowed TI rating
of 50 mrem/hr at 1 meter.

4–181 4–182

10
Table 4.13 provides Class 7 unique Class 8, Corrosives, are either a liquid
or solid that can damage metal and
labels, definitions, and examples. skin.

4–183 4–184

Corrosives can be toxic, flammable, The primary hazards of Class 8

reactive, and/or explosive and some materials are chemical, toxic, thermal
are oxidizers. and mechanical.

Chemical hazards such as chemical burns

Toxic hazards due to exposure via all routes of

entry into a body
Thermal hazards (heat), including fire, caused
by chemical reactions generating heat
Mechanical hazards caused by BLEVEs and
violent chemical reactions

4–185 4–186

Table 4.14 provides Class 8 placards, Class 9 is composed of miscellaneous

definitions, and examples. hazardous materials.

4–187 4–188

11
Miscellaneous dangerous goods have Miscellaneous dangerous goods will
primarily have thermal and chemical
varied properties. hazards.

Is a hazardous Is an elevated
substance or a temperature Elevated temperature materials may present some
hazardous waste material thermal hazards

Has an
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
anesthetic, Is a marine carcinogenic
noxious, or other pollutant
similar property Miscellaneous
dangerous Hazardous wastes may present any of the hazards
goods associated with the materials in normal use

4–189 4–190

Table 4.15 provides Class 9 placards

and examples. REVIEW QUESTION

List the hazard classes and give

examples of each class that a first
responder might commonly
encounter.

4–191 4–192

Responders should contact additional

Learning Objective 5 resources that can provide additional
technical information.

Describe actions taken to gather

sufficient information to identify the
hazardous material(s)/substance(s)
involved in a hazmat incident.

4–193 4–194

12
Use approved sources to gather
information about a material’s NOTE
properties.
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) Local, state, and governmental
Shippers and shipping papers authorities may also provide assistance.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

Pipeline operators

Computer apps such as CAMEO and Wiser

Placards and labels

Manufacturers
4–195 4–196

Sources may also include additional First responders need to survey

information. surrounding conditions.
Potential site
Potential health hazards hazards

Signs and symptoms of exposure Information Potential

about building ignition
components sources
Responsible party contact information

Precautions for safe handling and control measures

Potential
Topography victims and
PPE and spill cleanup procedures exposures

Weather and
Emergency and first aid procedures time of day
4–197 4–198

Always survey surrounding The locations of hazmat incidents

conditions for hazards. often have their own site hazards.
Courtesy of South Wales Fire Brigades
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

4–199 4–200

13
 Responders must avoid igniting Many potential ignition sources may
exist at the scene of a hazardous
potential ignition sources. materials incident.
Electrical sources
including non-
Open flames Static electricity Pilot lights explosion-proof
electrical
equipment

Internal
combustion Cutting and
engines in Heated surfaces welding Radiant heat
vehicles and operations
generators

Heat caused by
Cigarettes and
friction or Cameras/cellular
other smoking Road flares
chemical phones
materials
reactions

4–201 4–202

Avoid actions that can ignite Responders must quickly identify

flammable/explosive atmospheres. potential victims and exposures.

• Include people, property, and

the environment
Potential exposures • Will determine the need for
rescue and protective actions

• Give clues to the product(s)

involved and hazards present
Nature and extent • Determine the need for
of injuries may decontamination and medical
care

4–203 4–204

Weather can dramatically affect how Time of day can influence chemical
an outdoor incident progresses and is
mitigated. behavior and incident hazards.

• May be impractical or impossible to use

Temperatures below water for decontamination or dilution At night
freezing processes • Winds tend to be lighter
• Gases and vapors will not typically travel as far
• May cause liquids to evaporate more
rapidly, producing more vapors or • Tends to be cooler, so liquids tend not to
Hot temperatures potentially raising a flammable material’s evaporate as rapidly
temperature to its ignition point

• May determine where and how far gases,

Wind direction vapors, or solid particulates travel
Temperature gradients may be significantly different
in an area due to topography and bodies of water

• May cause water-reactive materials to burn

Rain or high humidity or explode

4–205 4–206

14
Topography is a factor in both rural Drainage areas may lead to
environmentally sensitive areas that
and developed environments. require protection.

Streams
and rivers
Topography may
play an important
Topography affects
role in where liquid
the appropriate
and gaseous
isolation distance
hazardous materials
travel Storm and Ponds,
sewer lakes, or
drains wetlands

4–207 4–208

Topography may affect the potential Building information may affect

movement of hazardous vapors and
gases. hazards present an at and incident.
Local thermal
winds Location of floor drains

Mountain or valley
Upslope winds
elevation Air handling ducts, returns, and units

Location and components of fire protection

and detection equipment
Location of gas, electric, and water shut-off
Aspect Downslope winds
locations

Breezes Presence of potential backup generators

4–209 4–210

Many manufacturers and shippers use

Emergency Response Centers CHEMTREC® and CANUTEC® as their
emergency response contact numbers.

The ERG provides contact

information for emergency response
centers in
• U.S.
• Canada
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney

• Mexico
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Colombia

4–211 4–212

15
 Before you contact the emergency
NOTE response center, collect pertinent
information.
Caller’s name, callback telephone number, and fax number
CENACOM has phone numbers Location and nature of problem (such as spill or fire)
dedicated to calls originating in Mexico Name and identification number of material(s) involved
City and its metropolitan area. Do not Shipper/consignee/point of origin
call these numbers if you are not in that Carrier name, railcar reporting marks (letters and numbers), or truck number
area. Container type and size

Quantity of material transported/released

Local conditions

Injuries, exposures, current conditions involving spills, leaks, fires, explosions,

and vapor clouds
Local emergency services that have been notified

4–213 4–214

Know what the emergency response

center will be able to do. REVIEW QUESTION

Confirm that a chemical emergency exists

Record details electronically and in written form

What types of information do you
need to collect at a hazmat incident?
Provide immediate technical assistance to the caller

Contact the shipper of the material or other experts

Provide the shipper/manufacturer with the caller’s name

and callback number

4–215 4–216

16
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