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The University of South Wales Guide to

Harvard Referencing
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Revised Edition October 2023
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This document is available in Welsh. Mae’r ddogfen hon ar gael yn Gymraeg.
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Guide to Harvard referencing
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Content
s
Referencing 2

Short quotation 3

Long quotation 4

Secondary referencing 4

Referencing author with more than one

publication in the same year 4

Books 5

Journals 7

Newspapers 8

The Internet 9

Conferences/theses/public lectures 11

Other sources 12

Visual sources 16

Audio-visual material 17

Live performances 20

Computer games 21

Computer programmes 21

Personal communication 22

Generative AI 22

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Referencing
What is referencing? that you might encounter during the course of your
Referencing is indicating in assignments when you have
studies. Please seek advice from your lecturer, the
used material that has not originated with you. This
Study Skills Service, or your Faculty Advice Centre if
might include factual information, data, images,
you need guidance that does not feature here.
opinion, direct quotation, or when you summarise or
paraphrase the work of other people.
There are several ways of including sources in your
work. You can summarise, paraphrase or directly quote
Why reference? the information. You may also wish to secondary
The majority of academic assignments measure your
reference and/or refer to an author with more than one
ability to understand, analyse and evaluate the work of
publication in a single year. Whichever you use, you let
others. Consequently, referencing is a crucial part of
your reader know by setting out the referencing details
this as it informs the reader of the texts you have
in a subtly different way as below.
consulted during research; you will also be assessed on
the quality and relevancy of these sources. It is Please note that the guide presents information in
important to remember that referencing carries a columns. References in text or in a list should be
percentage of the overall marks if undertaken written across the full page when writing your
appropriately. assignment.

Plagiarism – academic integrity Summarising

Please see this page for more information about If you are summarising the overall argument or
plagiarism and good academic practice:
position of a book or article then you only need to
[Link] insert the author’s name and year of publication, you
regulations/ do not need to put page numbers in the text or in the
academic-misconduct/ reference list.

How to reference
Paraphrasing
There are a number of different referencing styles, all of
If you are paraphrasing a specific point from your source
which are equally valid. Always check with your lecturer
you should include page numbers in the text, as well as
if you are unsure which style you should be using.
the author’s name and year. This makes it easier for
your reader to find the information being referred to.
The example on page 3 shows how to reference (cite)
using the Harvard style of referencing. This is one of the
most widely used systems based on the British
Standard BS5605 (1990). The basic requirements for
incorporating references into your work are to supply
the family name of the author (or authoring body) and
the year of publication in sentences and paragraphs.

Where in your text you do this is the first component of

the referencing system (in-text referencing). The
second component is the full details of all references
you have used given in a list at the end of your
assignment. Both components have to be included in
any submitted piece of work.

How to use this guide

This guide highlights some of the sources that can be
referred to when writing an assignment. The various
referencing requirements for each source are presented
and include an in-text and reference list example.
However, the guide does not include all possible sources

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referencing/quoting 3
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An example of a referenced paragraph and

referencing list

Student Development and Study Skills 2015. Adapted from:

Leeds Metropolitan University (2009) Quote, unquote: A guide to Harvard referencing, p. 6.
Available at: http:// [Link] (Accessed: 11 July 2010).

Short quotation

In-text example:
Note
Chartrand, Millar and Wiltshire (1997, p.1) argue that
Short quotations, up to two or three lines should be
“…they [laws] can be said to be just when they
put in double quotation marks and included in the
create the conditions leading to peace, happiness and
body of the text.
prosperity for all persons”. This view is…

Reference example:
Chartrand, M., Millar, C. and Wiltshire, E. (1997) English
for contract and company law. London: Sweet and
Maxwell.

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Long quotation S

In-text example:
Note
Most people are biased in one way or another. Person
Longer quotations should be indented from the main
bias, sometimes called the fundamental attribution
text as a separate paragraph. Quotation marks are not
error, is claimed to be the most common. required.

So we see a nurse, or a teacher or a policeman or

policewoman going about their business and tend to
judge them as being particular types of people rather
than as people being constrained by the roles that
they are playing in their work (Strongman, 2006, p.
94).

Reference example:
Strongman, K. T. (2006) Applying psychology to
everyday life: a beginner’s guide. Chichester: John Wiley
and Sons Ltd.

Secondary referencing
In-text example: Note
McMahon’s (1994) experience as cited in Parahoo Sometimes authors refer to the work/ideas of others.
(2006, These are known as secondary references. For instance,
p. 246) draws attention to the dilemma surrounding Parahoo in 2006 makes reference to McMahon’s
the issue of persuasion when attempting to recruit experience in 1994. The details of Parahoo’s work
participants. should be included in the reference list since this is the
work you have read. (It is not advisable to use too
Reference example: many of these).
Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing research: principles, process
and issues. 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Author with more than one publication in the same year

In-text example:
Note
Most false-belief tests use children with a mental age of
If you need to cite two (or more) publications by an
3-4 years but all those children with autism tested had
author published in the same year, you will need to
a mental age higher than this (Baron-Cohen, 1989a).
distinguish between them in the text and in the
In a further experiment (Baron-Cohen, 1989b) children
reference list. You do this by allocating lower case
with autism were asked what they thought the brain
letters in alphabetical order after the publication
was for.
date.

Reference example:
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989a) ‘The autistic child’s theory of
mind: A case of specific developmental delay’, Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, pp. 285-298.

Baron-Cohen, S. (1989b) ‘Are autistic children

behaviourists? An examination of their mental-physical
and appearance-reality distinctions’, Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders, 19, pp. 579-600.

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How to reference books S

Book with single author

In-text example:
Reference order:
Thompson (2003) suggests that language helps to
1. Author /editor (surname or family name before initials)
form identity, but can create stereotypes and
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
prejudices.
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
Reference example: not the first edition)
Thompson, N. (2003) Communication and language: A
5. Place of publication: Publisher
handbook of theory and practice. Basingstoke:
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)
Palgrave Macmillan.

Book with two or three authors

In-text example: Reference order:

According to Dexter and Wash (1995, pp. 32-33)
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family
“silence may be as effective as verbal
name before initials)
communication” if used appropriately.
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
Dexter, G. and Wash, M. (1995) Psychiatric nursing not the first edition) (2nd edn.)
skills: A patient centred approach. 2nd edn. London: 5. Place of publication: Publisher
Chapman and Hall. 6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with more than three authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
This was indicated in the study by Huxley et al. (2007).
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family
name before initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Huxley, P., Evans, S., Muroe, M. and Cestari, L. (2007) 3. Title (in italics)
Fair access to care services in integrated mental health 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
and social care teams. London: Department of Health. not the first edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Chapter/section in an edited book

In-text example: Reference order:

Cohen (2009, p.194) describes the subculture of 1. Author(s) of the chapter/section (surname or
the delinquent gang as short-run hedonism. family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of chapter/section (in single
Cohen, A.K. (2009) ‘Delinquent boys: The culture quotation marks)
of the gang’, in Newburn, T. (ed.) Key readings in 4. ‘in’ plus author(s)/editor(s) of book
criminology. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 5. Title of book (in italics)
194-198. 6. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
not the first edition)
7. Place of publication: Publisher
8. Page reference of chapter or section

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Book with editor(s) S

In-text example: Reference order:

Many aspects of school management are discussed in 1. Editor(s) followed by (ed.) or (eds.) (surname or
Spencer (2007). family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Spencer, J. (ed.) (2007) School management and 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
finance opportunities and problems. London: Ford not the first edition)
Publishers. 5. Place of publication: Publisher
Financial Education Series, 23. 6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Lines within a play

In-text example: Reference order:

“I prithee do not mock me fellow student” 1. Author of play (surname or family name before initials)
(Shakespeare, 1980, 1.2:177). 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, not the first edition)
T.J.B. London: Penguin. 1.2:177. 5. Edition information if relevant eg Edited by
(surname followed by initials)
6. Place of publication: Publisher
7. Act. Scene: line

E-book

In-text example: Reference order:

Increasingly complex and refined electrical systems 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family
have had a significant impact on the changing form name before initials)
of telecommunications (Anttalainen, 2003). 2. Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition
Anttalainen, T. (2003) Introduction to number if it is not the first edition)
telecommunication network engineering. NetLibrary. 5. Name of e-book collection (in italics)
Available at: http:// [Link] (Accessed: 20 6. Available at: URL/OR doi
June 2011). 7. (Accessed: date)
DOI –(Digital Object Identifier) is a numbered tag used to identify online
sources including conference papers and journal articles. The DOI (written
as doi in your reference list) is often used in place of the URL.

E-Book via an e-book reader eg Kindle

In-text example:
Reference order:
According to Forsyth (2011, Location 532 of 5144) 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname
“Our word sky comes from the Viking word for cloud, or family name before initials)
but in England there’s simply no difference between 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
the two concepts, and so the word changed its (use the publication date of the version being used)
meaning because of the awful weather.” 3. Title of book (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition
Reference example: number if it is not the first edition)
Forsyth, M. (2011) The etymologicon: A circular stroll 5. E book format (Kindle format, ePub format,
through the hidden connections of the English Adobe ebook format etc)
language. Kindle format [e-book reader]. Available 6. [e-book reader]
at: [Link] (Accessed: 20 January 7. Available at: URL/OR doi
2012). 8. (Accessed: date)

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How to reference journals S

Journal article (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
According to Fritsch and Schroeter (2011, p. 383)
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
“recent empirical research strongly indicates that the
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
effect of new business formation on economic
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
development is of a long-term nature”.
4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title except for linking words such
Reference example: as and, of, the, for)
Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011) ‘Why does the
5. Issue information i.e. volume (unbracketed)
effect of new business formation differ across regions?’,
and where applicable, part number, month or season
Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal,
(all in round brackets)
36(4), pp. 383-400.
6. Page numbers

Journals found online or in databases

In-text example:
Reference order:
Langhammer and Stanghelle (2009, p. 46) found that
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
“Stroke care has changed over the last 20 years”.
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter
Langhammer, B. and Stanghelle, J.K. (2009) ‘Exercise on of each word in title except for linking words such as
a treadmill or walking outdoors’, Clinical Rehabilitation,
and, of, the, for)
24(1), pp. 46-54. Available at: [Link] 5. Volume (unbracketed) issue (in round brackets) page
(Accessed: 15 July 2010). numbers if known
6. Available at: URL of collection (OR doi)
7. (Accessed: date)
Example with doi:

Reference example:
Oberg, C. (2019) ‘The role of business
networks for innovation’, Journal of Innovation
and Knowledge, 4(2), pp.124-128. Available
at: doi:10.11016/[Link].2017 .10.001 (Accessed:
19 June 2019).

Note: Elements such as database or collection title (eg, Cochrane

Library or Sage Publications) or [Online] do not need to be included as
long as your reference allows the reader to locate the article.

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How to reference newspapers

Newspaper article (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
Goldman accepted the largest fine in the commission’s
Where the author of a newspaper article is identified,
history (Treanor, 2010).
use the following citation order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
Reference example:
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Treanor, J. (2010) ‘Goldman Sachs handed record
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
$550m fine over Abacus transaction’, The Guardian, 16 4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first
July, letter of each word in title, except for linking
p. 25. words such as and, of, the, for)
5. Edition if required (in round brackets)
6. Day and month
7. Page reference

Newspaper article from Internet version of a newspaper

In-text example:
Reference order:
Kingsley (2010) suggests that the slow-reading
movement is made up of a disparate bunch of 1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
academics and intellectuals who want us to take our 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
time while reading and re-reading. 3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter
of each word in title, except for linking words such
Reference example:
as and, of, the, for)
Kingsley, P. (2010) ‘The art of slow reading’, G2 section
5. Day and month
of The Guardian, 15 July. Available at:
6. Available at: URL
[Link] 7. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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Newspaper interview S

In-text example: Reference order:

Pullman (2011, p. 30) suggests he was cast in the role 1. Name of person interviewed
“to destabilise viewers”. 2. Year of interview (in round brackets)
3. Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Interview with/Interviewed by
Pullman, B. (2011) ‘Bill Pullman: Torchwood's surprising 5. Interviewer’s name
new villain’. Interview with Bill Pullman and John 6. Title of Newspaper/broadcast (in italics)
7. Day and month of interview
Barrowman. Interviewed by Catherine Gee for The Daily
8. Page reference
Telegraph, 14 July, p. 30.
If published on the Internet add:
9. Available at: URL/OR doi if available
10. (Accessed: date)

How to reference the

Internet
Web pages with individual authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
Semiotics involves studying representations and the
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
processes involved in representational practices
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
(Chandler, 2001).
(in round brackets)
3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
Chandler, D. (2001) Semiotics for beginners. Available
5. (Accessed: date)
at:
[Link]
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

Web pages with organisations as authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
Fair pay in the NHS is firmly on the agenda for trade
1. Organisation as author
unions, such as Unison (2014).
2. Year that the site was published/last
updated (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Unison (2014) NHS workers deserve fair pay. Available
4. Available at: URL
at: [Link]
5. (Accessed: date)
issues/nhs-pay/home/ (Accessed: 17 December 2014).

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Web pages with no authors S

Use title of the site. Reference order:

In-text example: 1. Title of Internet site (in italics)
The story of the Aberbeeg ghost and the death of 2. Year that the site was published/last
P.C. Pope is an intriguing one (Online Abertillery, updated (in round brackets)
2010). 3. Available at: URL
4. (Accessed: date)
Reference example:
Online Abertillery (2010) Available at:
[Link]
(Accessed: 19 July 2010).

Web pages with no date

In-text example:
In order to respond to emergent oppositions in
the future, researchers can access neutron
scattering competences (Neutron Sciences, no
date).

Reference example:
Neutron Sciences (no date) Proton power
upgrade project. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 19
June 2019).

Blogs

In-text example:
Reference order:
Vikas Shah (2011) explored the concept of justice and
1. Author of message (surname or family
the implications for society.
name before initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last
Reference example: updated (in round brackets)
Shah, V. (2011) ‘Thought economics’, Thought
3. Title of message (in single quotation marks
Economics,6 July. Available at: 4. Title of internet site (in italics)
[Link] (Accessed: 13 5. Day/month of posted message
July 2011). 6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Social Networking Sites

In-text example:
Reference order:
One organisation (Fair Trade Wales, 2011) regularly
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
uses their Facebook site to provide information about
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
their most current marketing activities. (in round brackets)
3. Title of page (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of internet site (in italics and square brackets)
Fair Trade Wales (2011) ‘Fair Trade Wales – Cymru 5. Day/month of posted message
Masnach Deg’, [Facebook], 13 July. Available at: 6. Available at: URL
[Link] 7. (Accessed: date)
dewales (Accessed: 13 July 2011).

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Wikis S

In-text example:
Reference order:
A community of fans provide support for fellow owners
1. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
of the T-Mobile Sidekick phone (‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
| Info, Tips, Support’, 2010). (in round brackets)
3. Title of internet site [in italics and square brackets]
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | Info, Tips, Support’ (2010)
5. (Accessed: date)
[Sidekick Wiki]. Available at: [Link]
(Accessed: 13 July 2011).

How to reference conferences/theses/public

lectures
Full conference proceedings (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
The conference (International Conference on Asian
1. Author/editor
Digital Libraries, 2002) …
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Location and date of conference
International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries,
5. Place of publication: Publisher
ICADL (2002) Digital libraries: people, knowledge, and
technology : 5th International Conference on Asian
Digital Libraries. Singapore, 11-14 December. Singapore:
ICADL.

Conference paper published on the Internet

In-text example:
Reference order:
Persensky, Lewis and O’Hara (2005) emphasise the
personnel’s vital contribution in this particular area. 1. Author(s) (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Persensky, J., Lewis, P. and O’Hara, J. (2005) ‘Insights
4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
into the role of the operator in advanced reactors’,
5. Location and date of conference
American Nuclear Society, Winter Meeting, 6. Publisher
Washington D.C, 13-17 November. New York: 7. Available at: URL
Brookhaven National Laboratory. Available at: 8. (Accessed: date)
[Link]
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

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Theses S

In-text example:
Reference order:
Research by Prescott (2006)...
1. Author (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of submission (in round brackets)
Prescott, G. (2006) The noble game is not totally 3. Title of thesis (in italics)
unknown here: Rugby football in nineteenth-century 4. Degree statement — M Phil or PhD
Cardiff. Unpublished M Phil thesis. University of South 5. Degree-awarding body
Wales, formerly the University of Glamorgan. If published on the internet add:
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Public Lecture

In-text example: Reference order:

Rees (2010) believes that man has the future in his 1. Author/speaker (surname
own hands. or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year (in round brackets)
Rees, M. (2010) Lecture 2: Surviving the century, 3. Title of lecture (in italics)
[Reith Lectures 2010: Scientific horizons]. 8 June. 4. [Medium]
5. Day/month

How to reference
other sources
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) pre 1963
In-text example:
Reference order:
The Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2,
1. Short title of Act and Year (in italics)
c.26) interprets ‘animal’ to mean any mammal.
2. Regnal year
3. Name of sovereign
Reference example:
4. Chapter number
Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2,
If found online add:
c.26).
5. Available at:
6. (Accessed: date).

UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) post 1963

In-text example: Dangerous Dogs Act 1991: Elizabeth II. Chapter 65 (1991)
Legislation is in place to protect those London: The Stationery Office.
who lack mental capacity (Mental Capacity
Act 2005).

Reference example:
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at:
https://
[Link]/ukpga/2005/9/co
ntents (Accessed: 13 May 2019).
OR
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2. Date (no brackets)
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3. Available at: URL
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Chapter number (in italics)
Year of
publication (in
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brackets) Place
of publication:
publisher

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When referencing government Publications from the Scottish and Welsh
publications the recognised convention
S
governments should be prefaced with either
is to use Great Britain rather than Scotland or Wales respectively.
United Kingdom.

Government Department publication

In-text example:
Reference order:
The Government’s objective on achieving balanced
1. Name of government department
economic growth is outlined in its ambitious programme
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
(Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011).
3. Title (in italics)
4. Place of publication: Publisher
Reference example: 5. Series (in brackets) – if applicable.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) If referencing an online version replace Place of
Guide to BIS 2011-12 – working together for growth. publication: Publisher with:
Available at: Available at: URL
[Link] (Accessed: date)
p120-guide-to-bis-2011-2012 (Accessed: 1 August
2011).

Legal cases

In-text example: Reference order:

The case of Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal 1. Name of parties involved in the case (in italics)
Practice
i.e. case name
[2011] upheld… 2. Date in square brackets, if a volume number is
used then date is in round brackets
Reference example: 3. Volume number (if used)
Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] 4. Abbreviation of name of report and first page
EWHC 613 (QB). of report
OR if online:
In-text example:
Re. C (1994) is a landmark case relating to mental Case name (in
capacity and refusal of medical treatment. italics) [Year] or
(Year)
Reference example: Court and case number.
Re. C (1994) 1 All E.R. 819. Database or website (in
italics)
OR if online:
Abramove v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] Available at: URL
EWHC 613 (QB). BAILII. Available at: (Accessed: date).
[Link]
cases/EWHC/QB/2011/[Link] (Accessed: 21
June 2019).

British Standards from online databases

In-text example: (Accessed: 21 July 2010).

Standards assist in the evaluation of libraries of all
types (British Standards Institute, 2008)

Reference example:
British Standards Institute (2008) BS ISO 11620:
Information and documentation. Library performance
indicators. British Standards Online. Available at:
https:// [Link]/en/BsolHomepage/
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1. Name of authorising organisation / institution
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2. Year of publication (in round brackets) BLI
3. Number and title of standard (in italics) C/
4. Title of database (in italics) CY
5. Available at: URL HO
6. (Accessed: date) ED
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Market Research/Financial Reports from online databases ED
In-text example: Reference order:
DU
Mintel (2014) noted that the convenience segment S
1. Publishing organisation
will grow sales by 3.7% in 2014.
2. Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
3. Title of extract or section of report (in
Reference example:
single quotation marks)
Mintel (2014) ‘Supermarkets more than just food
4. Database title (in italics)
retailing’, Mintel oxygen reports platform. Available
5. Available at: URL
at: [Link] (Accessed: 8
6. (Accessed: date)
December 2014).

Research Report - found online

In-text example:
In order to develop a government public
health strategy, the Department of Health and
Social Care (1998) commissioned a report into
inequalities in health within UK society.
Reference example:
Department of Health and Social Care (1998)
Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report
[PDF]. Available at: http://
[Link]/government/
uploads/ (Accessed: 8 December 2014).

Statutory Instruments: Health & Safety Regulations

In-text example: Reference order:

The Health and Safety Executive provide guidance for 1. Name/ title including year (in italics)
both employers and employees through their Health 2. SI year and number (in round brackets)
and Safety Regulations (1999). 3. Available at: URL
4. (Accessed: date)
Reference example:
Health and Safety Executive The Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (SI
1999/3242). Available at:
[Link]
m ade (Accessed: 18 December 2014).

How to reference
visual sources
If you include a photograph or diagram for example in your text you
should include a reference underneath the item as well as in your list
of references at the end of your work.

Book illustrations, diagrams or tables

In-text example:
Reference order:
Field’s diagram is useful in its summary of the links
between the main components of the research process 1. Author of book (surname or family
(Field, 2009, p. 3). name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example:
Field, A. (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd 4. Place of publication: Publisher
edn. London: Sage Publications Ltd., p. 3, fig. 5. Page reference of illustration, etc

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Photographs — prints/slides S

In-text example:
Reference order:
The work illustrates the human connection with
1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
the natural world (Magee, 2009).
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Photograph]
Magee, J. (2009) Phishing II [Photograph]. Cardiff:
5. Place of publication: Publisher (if available)
Ffotogallery at Turner House.

Photographs from the Internet

In-text example:
Reference order:
This bold image (Knight, 1986) was commissioned 1. Photographer (surname or family name
by….. before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Knight, N. (1986) Red coat. Available at: http:// 4. Available at: URL
[Link]/item/O128940/photograph-red- 5. (Accessed: date)
coat/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010).

Photographs in online collections (e.g. Flickr)

In-text example:
Reference order:
The power in Algo’s photo (2005) is in its simplicity.
1. Photographer
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Algo (2005) Holding on. Flickr. Available at: http://
4. Title of online collection (in italics)
[Link]/photos/algo/41942696/in/
5. Available at: URL
set-72057594138446566/ (Accessed: 21 July
2010). 6. (Accessed: date)

Paintings/drawings in online collections

In-text example: Reference order:

Ingleby specialised in small watercolour views, for 1. Artist (surname or family name before initials)
example Brombo House (1794). 2. Date (if available)
3. Title of the work (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Medium]
Ingleby, J. (1794) Brombo House [Watercolour]. The 5. Name of collection (in italics)
National Library of Wales. Available at: 6. Available at:
[Link] 7. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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Sculpture S

In-text example:
Reference order:
The horizontal cuts, as seen for example with Crack
1. Sculptor (surname or family name before initials)
and warp column (Nash, 2002) split and bend with
2. Year (in round brackets)
time.
3. Title (in italics)
4. [Sculpture]
Reference example: 5. Name of collection
Nash, D. (2002) Crack and warp column [Sculpture].
University of South Wales Permanent Art Collection.

Art Exhibition Catalogue

In-text example: Reference order:

Thompson (1995, p.8) described Wallinger as a 1. Author(s) of catalogue (surname or family
‘politically committed artist’. name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of exhibition (in italics)
Thompson, J. (1995) Mark Wallinger. Exhibition held at 4. Location and date(s) of exhibition
the Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, 25 February – 1 April 5. [Exhibition catalogue]
1995 and at the Serpentine Gallery, London, 10 May –
11 June 1995 [Exhibition catalogue].

How to reference audio visual material

TV programme

In-text example:
Reference order:
Apparently, a trick of the light can both wake you up
1. Title of programme (in italics -
and keep you asleep (10 Things You Need to Know
all important words in
About Sleep, 2009).
capitals)
2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Name of channel
10 Things You Need to Know About Sleep (2009) BBC
4. Date of transmission (day/month)
One Television, 12 May.

Episode of a TV series

In-text example: Reference order:

Tyrion Lannister perhaps sums up the 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
appeal of Game of Thrones, when in the 2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
final episode he says: “There’s nothing 3. Title of programme (in italics -
more powerful in the world than a good all important words in
story” (‘The iron throne’, 2019). capitals)
4. Series and episode numbers
5. Name of channel
Reference example:
6. Date of transmission (day/month)
‘The iron throne’ (2019) Game of Thrones,
Series 8, episode 6. Sky Atlantic
Television, 19 May.

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Film S

In-text example:
Reference order:
Films are able to draw on events and experiences of
1. Title of film (in italics - important
the past which impact resonantly today (Good
words capitalised)
Night, and Good Luck, 2005).
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
Reference example: 4. [Film]
Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Directed by 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
George Clooney [Film]. United States: Warner
Independent Pictures.

Film on DVD

In-text example: Reference order:

The medium of film has the potential to surpass the 1. Title of film (in italics- important
impact of the written word. Slumdog Millionaire words capitalised)
(2009), for example, … 2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
Reference example: 4. [DVD]
Slumdog Millionaire (2009) Directed by Danny Boyle 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
[DVD]. United States: Foxsearchlight Pictures.

Film on Youtube

In-text example: Reference order:

Matisse considered the chapel to be his greatest 1. Name of person posting video
achievement (Misterulster, 2010). 2. Year video posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of film or programme (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
Misterulster (2010) 20100510 BBC Matisse.m4v. 5. (Accessed: date)
Available at: [Link]
ukWZus (Accessed: 15 July 2010).

Musical score

In-text example:
Reference order:
The composer’s soundtrack to the movie ‘The Piano’
1. Composer (surname or family name before initials)
proved particularly popular (Nyman, 2003)…
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of score (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Notes
Nyman, M. (2003) Pieces from the Piano. Pocket
5. Place of publication: Publisher
Manual and Sheet Music. UK: Music Sales Ltd.

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Music or spoken word recording on audio CDs S

In-text example:
Reference order:
Seminal Welsh indie-rockers, the Super Furry Animals,
1. Artist
released their fifth studio album Rings Around the
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
World in 2001 to both critical and popular acclaim.
3. Title of recording (in italics)
4. [CD]
Reference example: 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
Super Furry Animals (2001) Rings Around the World
[CD]. London: Epic Records.

Vidcasts/vodcasts

Reference where the vidcast/vodcast was displayed

Reference order:
for download
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year that the vidcast/vodcast was
In-text example: posted (in round brackets)
The inaugural lecture was very interesting (Wheeler,
3. Title of vidcast (in single quotation marks)
2009).
4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
5. [Vidcast/vodcast]
Reference example: 6. Day/month of posted vidcast/vodcast
Wheeler, Professor Nick. (2009) ‘Nuclear abolition: 7. Available at: URL
Trust- building’s greatest challenge?’ David Davies 8. (Accessed: date)
Memorial Institute, Aberystwyth University [Vidcast]. 9
March.
Available at:
[Link]
centres-and-institutes/ddmi/publications/audio-
video/ (Accessed: 2 November 2012).

iTunes U collection

In-text example: Reference order:

Roche et al. (2010) highlights... 1. Author/s (surname or family name before initial)
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Roche, P., Griffiths, M., and Richards, B. (2010) Our
4. Publisher
Amazing Universe. University of South Wales. iTunesU
5. Download site (name in italics)
[Download]. Available at:
6. [Download]
[Link]
7. Available at: URL
universe/id527125588?mt=10. (Accessed: 17
8. (Accessed: date)
December 2010).
.

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How to reference streamed audio visual material HO
ED
DU
Streamed radio programme S

In-text example:
Reference order:
So, how are the songs that provide the 1. Title of prog (italics – all important words capitalised)
soundtracks to our lives, valued in the age of 2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
streaming? (The Price of Song, 2021).
3. Name of channel
Reference example: 4. Day and month of original transmission
The Price of Song (2021) BBC 4 Radio, 2 March. 5. Time location.
11.30. Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 6. Streamed from:
May 2021) 7. (Accessed:).

Streamed episode from a radio series

In-text example: Reference order:
The ability of computers to recognise an 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
individual face has created a new set of if known; if not, use title of programme
problems (‘Find', 2020 2. Year of broadcast
3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
Reference example: 4. Series and episode numbers
‘The digital human’ (2021) Find, Series 22, 5. Name of channel
episode 6. BBC Four Radio, 18 March. 6. Streamed from:
Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 7. (Accessed:).
2021).

Streamed single programme

In-text example: Reference order:

"You know, there’s lots of people in the 1. Title of prog (italics)
industry say, ‘I discovered Alexander 2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
McQueen’. But you don’t discover talent. 3. Name of channel
Talent’s there. You open doors for 4. Day and month of original transmission
talent” (McQueen, 2020)..
5. Time location
Reference example: 6. Streamed from:
McQueen (2020) BBC Two Television, 26 7. (Accessed:).
September. 21:45. Streamed from: BoB
(Accessed: 18 May 2021).

Streamed episode from a series

In-text example: Reference order:

To create an image is to create a world. A 1. Title of episode (in single quotation
parallel universe fashioned from light and marks) if known; if not, use title of
colour. Images are seductive”, so says programme
narrator, James Fox ('Seductive dreams', 2. Year of broadcast
2020).
3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
Reference example: 4. Series and episode numbers
'Seductive dreams' (2020) Age of the Image, 5. Name of channel
episode 3, 16 March. BBC Four Television. 6. Streamed from:
Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 7. (Accessed:).
2021).

Streamed film

In-text example: [Film]. Japan: GAGA Pictures. Streamed from: BoB

Koreeda was a deserving winner of the 2018 (Accessed: 18 May 2021).
Palme d'Or for Shoplifters (2018).

Reference example:
Shoplifters (2018) Directed by Hirokazu Koreeda
Reference order:
PU
1. Title of film (in italics- important words capitalised) BLI
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets) C/
3. Directed by CY
4. [Film] HO
5. Place of distribution: Distribution company ED
6. Streamed from: DU
7. (Accessed).
S
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audio visual material/live performances
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Podcast S

Reference where the podcast was displayed for

Reference order:
download
1. Author/presenter (surname or family
name before initials)
In-text example:
2. Year that the podcast was posted (in round brackets)
O’Sullivan (2007) discussed issues on tourism safety and
3. Title of podcast (in single quotation marks)
security.
4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
5. [Podcast]
Reference example:
6. Day/month of posted podcast
O’Sullivan, D. (2007) ‘Challenges of tourism growth’,
7. Available at: URL
The University of Glamorgan Podcasts [Podcast]. 15
8. (Accessed: date)
August. Available at:
[Link] (Accessed: 18
July 2010).

iBook

In-text example:
Reference order:
Djebarni et al. (2014) provide essential information with
1. Author/s (surname/family name before initial)
regard to research methods.
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Publisher
Djebarni, R., Burnett, S. and Richards, B. (2014)
5. Download site (name in italics)
Research Methods for Business Students, Managers
6. [Download]
and [Link] of South Wales. iTunesU
7. Available at: URL
[Download]. Available at:
8. (Accessed: date)
[Link]
business/id862468951?ls=1&mt=13. (Accessed: 17
December 2014).

How to reference live

performances
Live performance — band concert

In-text example: Reference order:

Bob Dylan’s voice (2000) was barely audible against 1. Name of band
the backdrop of an admittedly accomplished backing 2. Year of performance (in round brackets)
band, a fact not unnoticed by most of the 3. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]
increasingly disgruntled crowd.

Reference example:
Bob Dylan (2000) [Sheffield Arena. 22 September].

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Live performance — play S

In-text example: Reference order:

The performers were singing in very close proximity to 1. Title (in italics)
the audience (The Duchess of Malfi, 2010) 2. By Author
3. Year of performance (in round brackets)
Reference example: 4. Directed by
The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster (2010) Directed 5. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]
by Felix Barrett [Royal Albert Docks, London. 15 July].

How to reference
computer games

Computer Game

In-text example:
Reference order:
Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood (Ubisoft Montreal, 2011) 1. Author(s) (if given)
is an action/adventure game which.....
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of game (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
Reference example: 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
Ubisoft Montreal (2011) Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 5. Platform
(Edition Standard) PC [Computer game]. Ubisoft 6. [Computer game]
Montreal.
7. Availability, that is distributor, address, order
number (if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

How to reference computer programmes

Computer Programme

In-text example:
Reference order:
Camtasia Relay (TechSmith, 2012) allows you to
1. Author(s) (if given)
record live presentations.
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of programme (in italics and capitalise
Reference example: initial letters)
TechSmith Corporation (2012) Camtasia Relay 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
(Version4) [Computer programme]. Available at: 5. [Computer programme]
[Link] 6. Availability, that is distributor, address, order
[Link] (Accessed: 16 March 2012) number (if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

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How to reference personal communication S

Personal Communications

In-text example: ChatGPT (2023) ChatGPT [AI] response to John

Fitzgibbon (2012) was of the view that.... Jones. 2 April
Reference example:
Fitzgibbon, K. (2012) Telephone conversation Reference order:
1. Speaker/sender/author (surname or family
with Amanda Thomas, 16 February.
name before initials)
2. Year of communication (in round brackets)
3. Medium of conversation
4. Receiver of communication
5. Day/month of communication

Generative AI
Text based
In-text example
Reference Order:
When prompted by the author,
ChatGPT responded with a 1. AI tool name
‘definition of academic integrity’ 2. Year of communication (in round brackets)
(ChatGPT, 2023). 3. Medium of communication [AI]
4. Receiver of communication (response to your name)
5. Day/month of communication
A copy of this response is in
Appendix 1.

Reference Example

If the AI’s end product (for example use of ChatGPT in conversation) is only available to you,
cite this as a personal communication and include a description of the AI generated material
in your in-text citation.
Consult your tutor in case they require you to provide a copy of the AI work as an appendix to
your work.

This revised University of South Wales Guide to Harvard Referencing is credited to the collaboration between the
Student Development and Study Skills Service and USW Libraries.
Inspiration for this revised Guide is acknowledged to Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide.12th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

For in-depth guidance on referencing we recommend that you borrow or purchase this textbook.

July 2011 (revised October 2023).

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