`LISTENING

Bài 1
STT Đáp án Transcript
1 The host families will

A. Earn a big money

B. Receive no pay
C. Receive stable pay And host families with a steady income from
the comfort of their own homes
2 What is the guest expected to overcome
when suffering from culture shock?

A. loneliness
B. Difficult to make friends Connection’s advice for those suffering from
culture shock, is to go out and make as many
friends as possible, no matter how difficult you
may find it
C. Language barriers At first, it might seem extremely challenging to
overcome the language barrier between you and
your host family; however, you will find that
you quickly overcome this and develop a very
close and almost familial relationship.
3 What can the guests do if they want to
become familiar with host families
A. Talk about personal interests however, you will find that you quickly
overcome this and develop a very close and
almost familial relationship. Many of our
travellers have suggested that they have found
discussing their hobbies and other interests
with their host families is the best way to
overcome any barriers,.
B. Clean their rooms
C. Cook together
4 What’s likely to happen to the guests in
the long run?

A. They will enhance cultural After the first few weeks, you will find your
understanding understanding of the people around you and
their culture deepens by leaps and bounds, and
you will soon become one of the locals.
B. They will gain overseas experience
C. They will know more people from
different countries.
5 Keep in touch with the registration Once you have confirmed your interest in the
office service, we would strongly advise that you
remain in close contact with the registration
office

6 Provide two photos, one for the host Connection will ask you to provide two photos,
family, and the other for recordS one for the host family, and the other for our
own records
7 Send in some documents to confirm Due to the nature of the service Connection
your identity provides, security is an absolute must, and they
will ask you to send in photocopies of your
passport, birth certificate, and a bank statement
as confirmation of your identity
8 Receive acknowledgement within 7 If you haven’t received any acknowledgement
working days confirming receipt (dễ nghe nhầm với
“receive”) of these documents from us within
seven working days, please contact the main
office.
9 Have an interview in London Connection operates a meticulous screening
process, and all applicants will undergo an
interview in our head office in London
10 Receive a written decision Finally, once we have come to a result about
your application, you will receive a decision in
the post

Bài 2
STT Đáp án Transcript
1 According to the speaker, the main
purposes of the park are
A. education and entertainment
B. research and education Our remit is to give educational opportunities to the
wider public as well as to offer research sites for a
wide variety of agriculturists and other scientists.e
C. research and entertainment
2 Then further east…in the largest section of our Park is
the Forest Area.

Forest Area
3 In the middle of the Park…this circular area is our
lake…These two small rectangular shapes here …are
the Fish Farms

Fish farm
4 To the east of those is the marsh, is our Market Garden
area, growing vegetables and flowers
 Market and garden
5 When are the experimental areas
closed to the public?
A. All around the year All these areas can be visited by the general public for
almost all the year
B. almost all the year
C. a short time every year please take note of the large signs at the entrance to
each area which tell…which tell you when certain
areas are being used for particular controlled
experiments and are therefore temporarily out of
bounds
6 How can you move around the [Instead, the company has bought some adjoining land,
park? and this will be used to increase the number of parking
spaces.
A. by tram, walking or bicycle We have bicycles which you can hire behind the
Reception block…here…the healthy ones of you can
go on foot and finally there’s our electric tram
B. by solar car or bicycle
C. by bicycle, walking or bus
7 The rare breed animals kept in the will close at the end of the year. and reopen on a
park include different site
A. hens and horses
B. goats and cows
C. goats and hens A good place to start on your tour is the Rare Breeds
section. We keep goats, sheep and hens and other kinds
of poultry.
We are also thinking of bringing in cows and horse but
 we do not, as yet, have facilities for these bigger
animals
8 What is the main purpose of having and because of fears about safety, it was threatened
the Rare Breeds Section? with demolition. The good news is that it will close for
six weeks to be made safe and redecorated
A. to save unusual animals
B. to keep a variety of breeds the main purpose of having this section, not as such to
preserve rare animals but to maintain the delivery of
breeds to broaden the gene pool for agricultural
development
C. to educate the publi
9 What can you see in the park at the
present time?
A. the arrival of wild birds
B. fruit tree blossom May will be perhaps our most spectacular month with
the arrival of the Canada geese and when our fruit trees
will be in full blossom, but there are interesting events
on all year round
C. a demonstration of fishing for example John Havers, our expert fly fisherman, is
currently giving displays on the lake
10 The shop contains books about
animals Do take time to browse round our shop…there is a
wide selection of books on wildlife
local traditions
the history of the park history of farming, including organic farming,
something which the park will be diversifying into the
coming months.

Bài 3
Label the map
STT Đáp án Transcript
1

Cafe - D
2

Toilets - C
3

Formal gardens - G
4

Outdoor gyms - H
5

Skateboard ramp - A
6

Wild flowers - E
7,8 What does the speaker say about the
adventure playground? Choose TWO
letters, A-E.

A. Children must be supervised but we do ask adults not to leave them on their
own there
B. It costs more in winter It’s open year-round, though it close early in the
winter months
C. Some activities are only for younger Children can choose whatever activities they
children. want to do, irrespective of their age
D. No payment is required. and entrance is completely free.
E. It was recently expanded.
9,10 What does the speaker say about the
glass houses? Choose TWO letters, A-
E

A. They are closed at weekends. At present the glass houses are open from 10am
to 3pm Mondays to Thursdays, and it’s hoped to
extend this to the weekend soon.
B. Volunteers are needed to work there.
C. They were badly damaged by fire. A huge amount of work has been done on them
to repair the damage following the disastrous
fire that recently destroyed their western side.
D. More money is needed to repair
some of the glass.
E. Visitors can see palm trees from
tropical regions.
Bài 4
STT Đáp án Transcript
1 In Shona’s opinion, why do fewer
people use buses in Barford these days?
A. The buses are old and Even replacing old uncomfortable buses with
uncomfortable. smart new ones has had little impact on
passenger numbers.
B. Fares have gone up too much. It’s sometimes said that bus fares are too high,
but in relation to average incomes, fares are not
much higher
C. There are not so many bus routes. but not now, because the bus companies
concentrate on just the routes that attract most
passengers. So parts of the town are no longer
served by buses

2 What change in the road network is

known to have benefited the town
most?
A. the construction of a bypass although the council’s attempts to have a bypass
constructed have failed,
B. the development of cycle paths The new cycle paths separating bikes from cars
in most main roads, are being used far more than
was expected, reducing traffic and improving air
quality
C. the banning of cars from certain The centre was recently closed to traffic on a
streets trial basis
3 What is the problem affecting shopping
in the town centre?
[Link] of parking spaces despite efforts to attract shoppers, for instance
by opening new car parks.
[Link] of major retailers but many people prefer to use supermarkets and
department stores in nearby large towns, as
there are so few well-known chain stores here.
[Link] of restaurants and cafes Some people combine shopping with visits to
 the town’s restaurants and cafés. Most shops are
small independent stores, which is good
4 What does Shona say about medical
facilities in Barford

[Link] is no hospital. Our hospital closed 15 years ago. which means

journeys to other towns are unavoidable.
[Link] medical practices are planned. Không đề cập tới
[Link] number of dentists is too low. there are more dentists than there used to be
5 The largest number of people are
employed in
[Link] manufacturing hasn’t seen the decline that has
affected it in other parts of the country.
[Link] Services, such as website design and
accountancy, have grown in importance
[Link] The number of schools and colleges has
increased, making that the main employment
sector.
6 Railway station car park [Instead, the company has bought some
[Link] will be expanded. adjoining land, and this will be used to increase
the number of parking spaces.
7 Cinema will close at the end of the year. and reopen on a
A. It will move to a new location. different site
8 Indoor market and because of fears about safety, it was
C. It will be refurbished threatened with demolition. The good news is
that it will close for six weeks to be made safe
and redecorated
9 Library The council has managed to secure funding to
B. It will have its opening hours keep the library open later into the evening,
extended. twice a week.
10 Nature reserve What will change, though, is that the council
F. It will have new management will no longer be in charge of the area. Instead it
will become the responsibility of a national
body that administers most nature reserves in
the country.
READING
The nature and aims of archaeology
Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the
scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an
excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is
investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also a painstaking task of interpretation, so that
we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of
the world's cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.(Summary paragraph 1)
Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the
study or laboratory. That is part of its great attraction. The rich mixture of danger and detective
work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie
with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones. However far from reality
such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest - the quest
for knowledge about ourselves and our past.(Summary paragraph 2)
But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history, that are also
concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities
of the archaeologist in today's world?(Summary paragraph 3)
Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity - our physical characteristics as animals
and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call culture. Culture in this sense includes
what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarized in 1871 as 'knowledge, belief, art, morals,
custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society'.Anthropologists also use the term 'culture’ in a more restricted sense when they refer to the
‘culture of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society,
which distinguish it from other societies. Anthropology is thus a broad discipline - so broad that it is
generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology
and archaeology.(Summary paragraph 4)
Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of
human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. Cultural anthropology - or
social anthropology - analyses human culture and society. Two of its branches are ethnography (the
study at first hand of individual living cultures) and ethnology (which sets out to compare cultures
using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).(Summary paragraph
5)
 Archaeology is the ‘past tense of cultural anthropology’. Whereas cultural anthropologists will
often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities,
archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains - the buildings, tools,
and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former
societies.(Summary paragraph 6)
Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to
interpret material culture in human terms. How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings
round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography overlap. Archaeologists
in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like ethnographers, they live among
contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use
material culture - how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where
they do, and so on. Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in the field of conservation.
Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage
is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people.(Summary paragraph
7)
If, then, archaeology deals with the past, in what way does it differ from history? In the broadest
sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history - where we mean
the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years ago. Indeed, for more
than ninety-nine per cent of that huge span of time, archaeology - the study of past material culture -
is the only significant source of [Link] historical sources begin only with the
introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts
of the world.(Summary paragraph 8)
A commonly drawn distinction is between prehistory, i.e. the period before written records - and
history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written evidence. To archaeology,
which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between
history and prehistory is a convenient dividing line that recognises the importance of the written
word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.
(Summary paragraph 9)
Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and
since it deals with the human past, it is a historical [Link] it differs from the study of written
history in a fundamental way. The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to
think. Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass judgements. The objects the
archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the
practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts
experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in
conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarize the pattern observed in the data. The
archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view
of the natural world.(Summary paragraph 10)
STT Đáp án Paraphrase
1 Archaeology involves creativity as well as Archaeology is partly the discovery of the
careful investigative work. - YES treasures of the past, partly the careful work
of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise
[ĐOẠN 1] of the creative imagination.
2 Archaeologists must be able to translate
texts from ancient languages. - NG
3 Movies give a realistic picture of the work The rich mixture of danger and detective work
of archaeologists - NO has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction
writers and film-makers, from Agatha
LÀM SAI: YES Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to
Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones.
However far from reality such portrayals
are, they capture the essential truth that
archaeology is an exciting quest - the quest
for knowledge about ourselves and our past
- realistic >< far from reality
4 Anthropologists define culture in more Culture in this sense (the study of
than one way - YES humanity) includes what the anthropologist,
Edward Tylor, summarized in 1871 as
'knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society'. Anthropologists
also use the term 'culture’ in a more
restricted sense when they refer to the
‘culture of a particular society
5 Archaeology is a more demanding field of
study than anthropology - NG
6 The history of Europe has been Conventional historical sources begin only
documented since 3,000 BC. - NO with the introduction of written records
 around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much
later in most other parts of the world.
- Nghĩa là vào năm 3000 BC thì những văn
bản này xuất hiện ở Tây Á, rồi mới xuất hiện
ở quốc gia khác (châu Âu)
7,8 Which TWO statements are mentioned by
the writer of the text
[Link] is important for government planners.
B. It is a continually growing field of
study.
[Link] often involves long periods of
fieldwork.
[Link] is subdivided for study purposes. Anthropology is thus a broad discipline - so
broad that it is generally broken down into
three smaller disciplines: physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology and
archaeology
- subdivided = broken down into
[Link] studies human evolutionary Physical anthropology, or biological
patterns. anthropology as it is also called, concerns the
study of human biological or physical
characteristics and how they evolved
- human evolutionary patterns = the study of
human biological or physical characteristics
- evolved = evolutionary
9,10 Which TWO of these tasks are mentioned
by the writer of the text?
[Link] ancient waste sites to
investigate diet
[Link] cave art to determine its
significance
[Link] reasons for the shape of Why are some dwellings round and others
domestic buildings square? Here the methods of archaeology and
ethnography overlap.
 - dwellings = domestic buildings
[Link] the way different Archaeologists in recent decades have
cultures make and use objects developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like
ethnographers, they live among contemporary
communities, but with the specific purpose of
learning how such societies use material
culture - how they make their tools and
weapons, why they build their settlements
where they do, and so on
[Link] evidence for past climate
changes
11 Much of the work of archaeologists can be To archaeology, which studies all cultures and
done using written records but they find periods, whether with or without writing, the
oral histories equally valuable distinction between history and prehistory is a
convenient dividing line that recognises the
importance of the written word, but in no way
lessens the importance of the useful
information contained in oral histories
12,13 The writer describes archaeology as both a Since the aim of archaeology is the
humanistic study understanding of humankind, it is a
and a historical discipline humanistic study, and since it deals with the
human past, it is a historical discipline
14 However, as archaeologists do not try to The objects the archaeologists discover, on
influence human behavior, the writer the other hand, tell us nothing directly in
compares their style of working to that of themselves. In this respect, the practice of the
a scientist archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist

San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge

A. For several decades in the nineteenth century, there were calls to connect the rapidly growing
metropolis of San Francisco to its neighbours across the mile-wide Golden Gate Strait, where San
Francisco Bay opens onto the Pacific Ocean. Eventually, in 1919, officials asked the city engineer,
Michael O’Shaughnessy, to explore the possibility of building a bridge. He began to consult
engineers across the USA about the feasibility of doing so, and the cost. Most doubted whether a
bridge could be built at all, or estimated that it would cost $100 million. However, a Chicago-based
engineer named Joseph Strauss believed he could complete the project for a modest $25 to $30
million. After his proposal was accepted, Strauss set about convincing the communities on the
northern end of the strait that the bridge would be to their benefit, as well as to that of San
Francisco. With population centres growing fast, there was severe traffic congestion at the ferry
docks, and motor vehicle travel by ferry was fast exceeding capacity. (Summary paragraph A)
B. The bridge could not be constructed without the agreement of the US War Department,
which owned the land on each side of the Strait and had the power to prevent any harbour
construction that might affect shipping traffic. In 1924, San Francisco and Marin counties applied
for a permit to build a bridge, and after hearing overwhelming arguments in favour of the project,
the Secretary of War agreed. Despite the economic benefits promised by its supporters, the project
met fierce resistance from a number of businesses – particularly ferry companies – and civic leaders.
Not only would the bridge be an obstacle to shipping and spoil the bay’s natural beauty, they
argued, it wouldn’t survive the sort of earthquake that had devastated the city in 1906. Eight years
of legal actions followed as opponents tried to prevent it from being built. (Summary paragraph B)
C. Meanwhile, Strauss’s team scrapped their original plans in favour of a suspension span
capable of moving more than two feet to each side: this would withstand strong wind far better than
a rigid structure. They also planned the two towers, and decided on a paint colour they called
‘international orange’. (Summary paragraph C)
D. O’Shaughnessy, Strauss and the Secretary to the Mayor of San Francisco believed a special
district needed to be created, with responsibility for planning, designing and financing construction.
The formation of this district would enable all the counties affected by the bridge to have a say in
the proceedings. This happened in 1928, when the California legislature passed an act to establish
the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, consisting of six counties. In 1930, residents voted
on the question of whether to put up their homes, their farms and their business properties as
security for a $35 million bond issue to finance construction. The outcome was a large majority in
favour.
However, the District struggled to find a financial backer amid the difficulties of the Great
Depression, a problem made worse by years of expensive legal proceedings. Now desperate, Strauss
personally sought help from the President of Bank of America, who provided a crucial boost by
agreeing to buy $6 million in bonds in 1932. (Summary paragraph D)
E. Construction began in January 1933, with the excavation of a vast amount of rock to establish
the bridge’s two anchorages – the structures in the ground that would take the tension from the
suspension cables. The crew consisted of virtually anyone capable of withstanding the physical
rigours of the job, as out-of-work cab drivers, farmers and clerks lined up for the chance to earn
steady wages as ironworkers and cement mixers.
The attempt to build what would be the first bridge support in the open ocean proved an
immense challenge. Working from a long framework built out from the San Francisco side, divers
plunged to depths of 90 feet through strong currents to blast away rock and remove the debris. The
framework was damaged when it was struck by a ship in August 1933 and again during a powerful
storm later in the year, setting construction back five months. (Summary paragraph E)
F. The two towers were completed in June 1935, and a New Jersey-based company was
appointed to handle the on-site construction of the suspension cables. Its engineers had mastered a
technique in which individual steel wires were banded together in spools and carried across the
length of the bridge on spinning wheels. Given a year to complete the task, they instead finished in
just over six months, having spun more than 25,000 individual wires into each massive cable.
The roadway was completed in April 1937, and the bridge officially opened to pedestrians the
following month. The next day, President Roosevelt announced its opening via White House
telegraph. (Summary paragraph F)
[Link] Golden Gate has endured as a marvel of modern engineering; its main span was the
longest in the world for a suspension bridge until 1981, while its towers made it the tallest bridge of
any type until 1993. It withstood a destructive earthquake in 1989 and was closed to traffic only
three times in its first 75 years due to weather conditions. Believed to be the most photographed
bridge in the world, this landmark was named one of the seven civil engineering wonders of the
United States by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1994. (Summary paragraph G)
STT Đáp án Paraphrase
1 Why it was easy to recruit workers to The crew consisted of virtually anyone
build the bridge - E capable of withstanding the physical rigours
of the job, as out-of-work cab drivers,
farmers and clerks lined up for the chance
to earn steady wages as ironworkers and
cement mixers
2 A change in the design of the bridge - C Meanwhile, Strauss’s team scrapped their
LÀM SAI: F original plans in favour of a suspension
span capable of moving more than two
feet to each side: this would withstand
strong wind far better than a rigid structure
3 Opposition to building the bridge - B the project met fierce resistance from a
 number of businesses – particularly ferry
companies – and civic leaders.
4 Why a bridge was desirable - A the bridge would be to their benefit, as well
as to that of San Francisco. With population
LÀM SAI: G centres growing fast, there was severe traffic
congestion at the ferry docks, and motor
vehicle travel by ferry was fast exceeding
capacity.
5 Problems with raising funding for the However, the District struggled to find a
bridge - D financial backer amid the difficulties of the
Great Depression, a problem made worse by
years of expensive legal proceedings. Now
desperate, Strauss personally sought help
from the President of Bank of America, who
provided a crucial boost by agreeing to buy
$6 million in bonds in 1932
6 Permission being given to build the In 1924, San Francisco and Marin counties
bridge - B applied for a permit to build a bridge, and
after hearing overwhelming arguments in
favour of the project, the Secretary of War
agreed
7 Which records the bridge broke - G The Golden Gate has endured as a marvel of
modern engineering; its main span was the
LÀM SAI: E longest in the world for a suspension bridge
until 1981, while its towers made it the
tallest bridge of any type until 1993
8 The idea that building a bridge might be Most doubted whether a bridge could be
impossible - A built at all, or estimated that it would cost
$100 million.
9 Building the bridge required a permit In 1924, San Francisco and Marin counties
issued by the Secretary of War. applied for a permit to build a bridge
10 One objection to building the bridge it wouldn’t survive the sort of earthquake
was that another earthquake would that had devastated the city in 1906.
destroy it
11 Construction was delayed when the The framework was damaged when it was
framework was damaged by a ship and struck by a ship in August 1933 and again
again by a storm during a powerful storm later in the year,
setting construction back five months
12 The last part of the bridge to be The roadway was completed in April
constructed was the roadway 1937, and the bridge officially opened to
pedestrians the following month. The next
day, President Roosevelt announced its
opening via White House telegraph
--> roadway là last part vì ngay sau khi hoàn
thành thì cây cầu được mở cho người dân đi
13 The bridge was first used by The roadway was completed in April 1937,
pedestrians in May 1937 and the bridge officially opened to
pedestrians the following month. The next
day, President Roosevelt announced its
opening via White House telegraph.
Nature or Nurture?

A. A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioral
psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their
willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a
personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each
volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was
designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on
the pupils' ability to learn.(Summary paragraph A)

B. Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty
switches with labels ranging from '15 volts of electricity (slight shock)' to ‘450 volts (danger -
severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave
the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and
increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an
actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams
and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the
experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the
pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for as per the rule governing the
experimental situation of the moment.(Summary paragraph B)

C. As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to
questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the
danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the
higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about
continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject
was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still
reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the
procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, ‘You have no other choice. You
must go on.'What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be
willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of a strong persona and moral
revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.(Summary paragraph C)

D. Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39
psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population
who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 [Link] overwhelming
consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The
psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that
only four per cent would go up to 300 [Link], they thought that only a lunatic fringe of
about one in 1.000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.(Summary paragraph D)

E. What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey
Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage
of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we
possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people
predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative teachers’ actually
do in the laboratory of real life? (Summary paragraph E)

F. One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal
aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teacher- subjects were
just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering
the electrical shock. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this
aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors
in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its
way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.(Summary paragraph F)

G. An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects' actions as

a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself
pointed out, most subjects in the experiment see their behavior in a larger context that is benevolent
and useful to society - the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim
to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as
shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when
placed in this setting'.(Summary paragraph G)

H. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral
code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-
sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.(Summary paragraph H)

I. Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were
willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure.
The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar
explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to
discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases,
the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior. Put another
way sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behavior.(Summary
paragraph I)
STT Đáp án Paraphrase
1 A biological explanation of the teacher- One’s first inclination might be to argue
subjects’ behavior - F that there must be some sort of built-in
“BỎ TRỐNG” animal aggression instinct that was
activated by the experiment, and that
Milgram’s teacher- subjects were just
following a genetic need to discharge this
pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by
administering the electrical shock.
2 The explanation Milgram gave the Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer
 teacher-subjects for the experiment - A 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in
the noble cause of education, and was
designed to test whether or not punishing
pupils for their mistakes would have a
positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn
3 The identity of the pupils - B The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor
hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the
shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans,
screams and writhings together with an
assortment of statements and expletives
denouncing both the experiment and the
experimenter
4 The expected statistical outcome - D Prior to carrying out the experiment,
LÀM SAI: E Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39
psychiatrists and asked them to predict the
average percentage of people in an ordinary
population who would be willing to
administer the highest shock level of 450
volts.
he psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects
would not go beyond 150 volts' and they
further anticipated that only four per cent
would go up to 300 volts
5 The general aim of sociobiological This, in essence, is the problem of modern
study - I sociobiology - to discover the degree to
LÀM SAI: F which hard-wired genetic programming
dictates, or at least strongly biases, the
interaction of animals and humans with
their environment, that is, their behavior.
Put another way sociobiology is concerned
with elucidating the biological basis of all
behavior
6 The way Milgram persuaded the . In these situations, Milgram calmly
teacher-subjects to continue - C explained that the teacher-subject was to
 ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry
on with the experiment. If the subject was
still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that
it was important for the sake of the
experiment that the procedure be followed
through to the end. His final argument was,
‘You have no other choice. You must go on
7 The teacher-subjects were told that they
were testing whether
A.a 450-volt shock was dangerous. NG
[Link] helps learning. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer
'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in
the noble cause of education, and was
designed to test whether or not punishing
pupils for their mistakes would have a
positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn
[Link] pupils were honest. NG
[Link] were suited to teaching NG
8 The teacher-subjects were instructed to
[Link] when a pupil asked them to. NG
[Link] pupils who made mistakes. NG
[Link] the shock level after a correct NG
answer.
[Link] punishment according to a rule. The teacher-subject was told that whenever
the pupil gave the wrong answer to a
question, a shock was to be administered,
beginning at the lowest level and increasing
in severity with each successive wrong
answer
9 Before the experiment took place the
psychiatrists
[Link] that a shock of 150 volts was
too dangerous
[Link] to agree on how the teacher-
 subjects would respond to instructions.
[Link] the teacher-subjects’ he overwhelming consensus was that
willingness to comply with virtually all the teacher-subjects would
experimental procedure refuse to obey the experimenter
… .Furthermore, they thought that only a
lunatic fringe of about one in 1.000 would
give the highest shock of 450 volts
… results: Well, over 60 per cent of the
teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram
up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the
experiment in other countries, the
percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was
even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one
country.
[Link] that many of the teacher-
subjects would administer a shock of
450 volts.
10 Several of the subjects were psychology Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested
students at Yale University. - NG 40 subjects from all walks of life

LÀM SAI: FALSE

11 Some people may believe that the One’s first inclination might be to argue
teacher-subjects’ behavior could be that there must be some sort of built-in
explained as a positive survival animal aggression instinct that was
mechanism. - TRUE activated by the experiment, and that
Milgram’s teacher- subjects were just
LÀM SAI: NG following a genetic need to discharge this
pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by
administering the electrical shock.
12 In a sociological explanation, personal Thus, in this explanation the subject
values are more powerful than authority. merges his unique personality and personal
- FALSE and moral code with that of larger
institutional structures, surrendering
LÀM SAI: NG individual properties like loyalty, self-
 sacrifice and discipline to the service of
malevolent systems of authority.
13 Milgram’s experiment solves an . The problem for biologists, psychologists
important question in sociobiology. - and anthropologists is to sort out which of
FALSE these two polar explanations is more
plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of
LÀM SAI: NG modern sociobiology - to discover the
degree to which hard-wired genetic
programming dictates, or at least strongly
biases, the interaction of animals and
humans with their environment, that is, their
behavior. Put another way sociobiology is
concerned with elucidating the biological
basis of all behavior