Roll No. .........................

Total Pages : 5 (d) Consider a 1D ferromagnetic solid within the framework

of Heisenberg model Hˆ = –2∑ i , j J ij Sˆi .Sˆ j . Treating
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spins as classical vectors and including only the nearest
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
neighbor interaction calculate energies of the ground
Paper–PHY–303-A state and the state with two consecutive spins reversed.
3
Time Allowed : 3 Hours] [Maximum Marks : 60
UNIT–I
Note : Attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from
each Unit. Question No. 1 is compulsory. All questions 2. (a) Draw suitable ε vs. k diagrams for a direct and an
indirect band gap semicondutor. Why a direct photon
carry equal marks.
absorption at the energy of minimum gap is not possible
Compulsory Question in an indirect band gap semiconductor? 4

1. Answer the following questions : (b) Develop equation of motion for an electron in an energy
band, and use it to obtain the trajectory of electron in
(a) If an electron is excieted from an orbital ke of valence k-space in the presence of an external static homogeneous
band into the conduction band, show that wave vector magnetic field B. Under what condition the trajectory
can be a circle? 6
and energy of hole are, respectively : kh = –ke, εh(kh)
= –εe(ke). Using this information, draw the valence and (c) An electron may have a negative value of effective mass
hole bands. 3 near the top of energy band. What is the physical
interpretation of negative effective mass? 2
(b) Dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves in a medium
3. (a) Consider that a two-dimensional electron gas is subjected
is : ∈ (ω, k)ω2 = c2K2. Deduce conditions for propagation to a strong (static and homogeneous) magnetic field B
and damping of em waves through the medium. 3 at T = 0K. Taking N = 50 and ρ = 0.5, show graphically
the number of electrons in completely and partially
(c) Distinguish between displacive and order-disorder class
occupied Landau levels, electronic energy, and magnetic
of ferroelectrics. Give at least one example for each moment as a function of 100/B. What is the practical
class. 3 utility of these plots? 8

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 (b) State the Integral Quantized Hall Effect (IQHE), along UNIT–III
with the illustrative plots of the potential drop (in the
6. (a) How macroscopic electric field is different from local
direction of curret flow) and the Hall voltage as a function
electric field at the site of an atom in a dielectric substance.
of gate voltage at a fixed transverse magnetic field and
Work out various contributions to the local electric field
low temperature. 4 at a general lattice site. 8
UNIT–II (b) Find the frequency dependence of the electronic
4. (a) What are longitudinal plasma oscillations and plasmons? polarizability of an electron having the resonnace frequency
Determine the plasma oscillation frequency in the long ω0, treating the system as a simple harmonic oscillator.
wavelength limit. Outline the principle involved in 4
experimental measurement of plasmons. 6 7. (a) Explain the origin of spontaneous electric polarization
(b) Let us consider that a (point) positive charge q is held (Ps) in BaTiO3 by drawing its crystal structure below
and above the Curie temperature. Given that the volume
fixed in a sea of conduction electrons. Show that the
of unit cell is 64 × 10–24 cm3 and Ps at room temperature
screened coulomb potential in the Thomas-Fermi
is 8 × 104 esu cm–2, estimate the order of displacement
q
approach is given by : ϕ( r ) = exp( − k s r ) , where k
s
of positive ions with respect to negative ions in BaTiO3.
r
8
is the Thomas-Fermi screening length. 6
(b) What are ferroelectric domains? Explain in brief their
5. (a) Define the terms reflectivity coefficient r(ω) and optical
microscopic origin? 4
reflectance R(ω). Develop the Kramers-Kronig relations
to show how r(ω) can be completely specified from the UNIT–IV
experimental knowledge of R(ω). 6
8. (a) Develop a quantum-mechanical formulation using the
(b) What are excitons? Differentiate between Frenkel and perturbation method to calculate the atomic magnetic
Mott-Wannier excitons. Calculate the ionization energy susceptibilities, and apply it to estimate the magnetic
of Mott-Wannier exciton by treating it like an atom of susceptibility of a solid composed of N ions with all
hydrogen. 6 electronic shells filled. 8

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 (b) Illustrate energy-level splitting for an electron in a magnetic
field B directed along positie z axis, and use it to deduce
and plot the fractional populations N1/N and N2/N as
a function of µBB/kBT for a (two-level paramagnetic
solid. 4

9. (a) Explain what are spin waves and magnons? How can
these be created and detected? Calculate the average
number of magnons in a ferromagnetic substance in
thermal equilibrium and use it to obtain the fractional
change in magnetization with rising temperature. 8

(b) What are ferromagnetic domains? Explain the mechanism

that leads to the formation of domains. How do they
reflect in the technical magnetization curve? 4

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