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Saint Martin Island 2024 Report

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 Field Work Study Report 2024
(St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh)
Course No:3107
This report is to be submitted to the course teachers to evaluate course no. GeoL 3107 as the
partial fulfillment of 3rd Year 1st Semester final examination.

Submitted to the Course Teachers

Dr. Md. Moniruzzaman (Professor)

Dr. N.M. Refat Nasher (Associate Professor)
Newton Howlader (Assistant Professor)
Sameena Begum (Assistant Professor)

Submitted by
Name: Emran Hossain
ID: B200602071
Session: 2020-21
3 Year, 1st Semester,
rd

Dept. of Geography and Environment

Jagannath university
Dhaka-100
Date of Submission: 10th Jun 2024
 Acknowledgment
The author would like to express our deepest gratitude to the individuals who played a vital role in
the completion of this project. Our sincere appreciation goes to our esteemed teachers and field
team leader, Dr. Md. Moniruzzaman, Professor at the Department of Geography and Environment
at Jagannath University. His leadership during the fieldwork was instrumental in our success. Dr.
Moniruzzaman's meticulous approach ensured a smooth and efficient data collection process.
His in-depth knowledge of the field and his ability to translate that knowledge into actionable
guidance were invaluable. We are particularly grateful for his patience and willingness to answer
our numerous questions, no matter how seemingly trivial. His dedication to our learning and the
project's success is deeply appreciated.
We are also incredibly thankful to Newton Howlader, Assistant Professor in the Department of
Geography and Environment at Jagannath University. Mr. Howlader's contribution began in the
early stages of the research. His valuable advice and a keen eye for detail during the planning
phase were crucial in shaping the direction of our project. His meticulous attention ensured we
had a well-defined research plan and methodology. Furthermore, his support extended beyond
the planning stages. We appreciate his extra care and encouragement throughout the project. His
willingness to discuss ideas and offer suggestions helped us navigate challenges and refine our
approach.
Beyond our immediate academic circle, we would like to acknowledge the support of the entire
field team. Their dedication and hard work during data collection were essential to this project.
Their willingness to brave difficult conditions and work long hours is greatly appreciated.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to our families and friends for their unwavering
support throughout this journey. Their patience and encouragement during periods of intense
work helped us stay focused and motivated.
This project would not have been possible without the contributions of all these individuals. We
are truly grateful for their guidance, support, and encouragement.
 Executive Summary
The 2024 field trip to Saint Martin, organized by the Department of Geography and Environment at
Jagannath University, Dhaka, proved to be an enriching expedition that deepened our
understanding of geography and the environment. This immersive journey provided a plethora of
experiences and knowledge that expanded our horizons.
One of the highlights of the trip was the opportunity to study ocean morphology and
geomorphology firsthand. Exploring the coastline and observing the various landforms gave us
insight into the dynamic processes shaping our planet's surface. Through field studies, we delved
into oceanography, examining the intricate relationships between water currents, tides, and
marine life. Soil profiling and water analysis furthered our understanding of the environmental
dynamics at play in the region.
Beyond academic pursuits, the trip offered encounters with diverse flora and fauna species,
providing a glimpse into the rich biodiversity of Saint Martin. Visits to locations like Dakshin Para,
Golachipa, and Pashchim Para allowed us to witness the natural beauty of the area and
appreciate its ecological significance.
However, the journey was not without its challenges. Some incidents occurred, and issues with
food led to the illness of a few students. Despite these setbacks, the resilience of the group
prevailed, and we continued to immerse ourselves in the learning experience.
Reflecting on the trip, we recognize its limitations, yet the overall impact on our personal and
academic growth was profound. The camaraderie forged during the expedition, coupled with the
knowledge gained, made it a memorable and transformative experience. Each obstacle we faced
became an opportunity for learning and adaptation, reinforcing the importance of resilience in the
face of adversity.
In summary, the 2024 field trip to Saint Martin was a journey of discovery and exploration, leaving
an indelible mark on our lives. It instilled in us a deeper appreciation for the complexities of our
planet's geography and environment, and the importance of experiencing firsthand the wonders of
the natural world.
 Abbreviation
FGD: Focus Group Discussion
LULC: Land Use and Land Cover
USGS - United States Geological Survey
EC - Electrical Conductivity
TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
 Definitions
Focus Group Discussion: A qualitative research method used to gather insights through
structured yet open-ended conversations with a group of participants.
Coral Depletion: The significant reduction in coral populations due to overfishing, pollution, and
climate change.
Maritime Boundary: A conceptual division of the Earth's water surface areas using physiographic
or geopolitical criteria.
United States Geological Survey (USGS): A scientific agency of the United States government
that studies the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that
threaten it.
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC): Refers to the physical characteristics of the earth's surface,
including how land is utilized by humans (land use) and the physical state of the land (land cover).
Electrical Conductivity (EC): A measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current. In
water analysis, it indicates the presence of ions and the overall salinity of the water.
 Table of Content

Chapter-1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Review of Literature
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Importance
1.6 Trip Plan and Management
1.7 Limitations of the study
Chapter-2: Study Area
2.1 Location
2.2 Administrative Information
2.3 Demographic Characteristics
2.3.1 Age, Sex
2.3.2 Education
2.3.3 Religion
2.3.4 Occupation
2.4 Geology and Geomorphology of Saint Martin’s Island
2.5 Vegetation and Soil
2.6 Bedrock and Stone Coral
2.7 Tidal Action and Ecosystem Services
2.8 Tourism and Sustainability of the Island
2.9 Economic Activities
2.10 Disaster, Risk and Vulnerability
2.11 Strategic and Political important of the Island
Chapter 3: Study Methods
3.1 Field Work Planning, group Formation and Zoning
3.2 Primary Sources: Data and information
3.2.1 Used tools
3.2.2 Data sheet
3.2.3 Questionnaire Survey
3.2.4 Water sample collection
3.2.5 Field measurement
3.2.6 Check List
3.2.7 FGDs
3.3 Secondary Sources
3.4 Data Cleaning, Editing and Management
3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation
Chapter 4: Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Analysis
Chapter 5: Spatial Arrangement of Physical and Man-made Features
Chapter 6: Life and Livelihood of the Islands’ Community
Chapter-7: Dynamics of Shoreline, Disaster Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategy
Chapter 8: Environmental Challenges and Issues of the Study Area
Chapter 9: Water Quality Analysis
Chapter 10: Summary, Conclusion and Way Forward
10.1 Summary of the study
10.2 Conclusion
10.3 Way Forward

Reference:
Annexure:
 Chapter One
Introduction

St. Martin's Island, also known locally as Narikel Jinjira (Coconut Island), occupies a
unique geographical position within Bangladesh. Situated in the northeastern portion
of the Bay of Bengal, the island falls under the administrative boundaries of the Cox's
Bazar district in the Chittagong Division. Specific coordinates place it at 20.63° N
latitude and 92.32° E longitude. This dumbbell-shaped landmass boasts the
distinction of being Bangladesh's sole coral island, encompassing a modest land
area of approximately 3 square kilometers. Interestingly, high tides can occasionally
transform the island's landscape, dividing the landmass into separate islands. The
northern partis called Narikel Jinjira or Uttarpara and is 2,134m long and 1,402m
wide. The southern part is known as Dakshin Para, which is 1,929m long, with a
narrow tail of1,890m towards the southeast, and a maximum width of 975m. A
narrow central belt or Maddhyapara connects the two parts. The length and the width
of this belt are about 1,524m and 518mrespectively and the narrowest collar is
known as Golachipa.

A noteworthy geographical feature near St. Martin's Island is Chera Dwip, a smaller
adjoining island. The presence of Chera Dwip further contributes to the island's
distinctive ecological character. Another intriguing aspect of St. Martin's Island's
location is its proximity to Myanmar. The island lies just 8 kilometers west of the
northwestern Myanmar coast, positioned strategically at the mouth of the Naf River.
This close relationship with Myanmar presents potential avenues for future research,
particularly regarding ecological or cultural connections that may exist across this
waterway.
 1.1 Background of the study

The selection of Saint Martin, Bangladesh, as the site for our recent fieldwork
stemmed from a comprehensive evaluation of various factors aligning with our
research objectives. Situated at the confluence of the Bay of Bengal and the
northeastern edge of the Indian Ocean, Saint Martin Island offers a unique ecological
and socio-cultural landscape that warranted exploration for our study. Our primary
focus was to assess the soil and water conditions of Saint Martin Island. Given its
geographical significance and environmental vulnerability, understanding the quality
of soil and water in this region is crucial for informed conservation and management
efforts. Moreover, Saint Martin's physical features, including its topography and
coastline, presented an intriguing subject for further investigation.
To achieve our research goals, we employed a multi-faceted approach, including
focus group discussions (FGDs), shoreline measurements, questionnaire surveys,
and participation in beach cleaning activities. These methodologies allowed us to
gather comprehensive data on various aspects of Saint Martin's environment and
community dynamics. By undertaking this fieldwork, we aimed not only to contribute
valuable insights into the soil and water conditions of Saint Martin but also to engage
with local stakeholders and raise awareness about environmental conservation
practices. Through our efforts, we sought to foster a deeper understanding of the
island's ecological significance and promote sustainable development initiatives for
the benefit of present and future generations.
 1.2 Review of the literature

For the study to be informative and authentic, it is essential to gather knowledge and
information about previous studies related to the same or related subjects. These
help the study meet the objective by providing clear insights into the overall scenario.
Additionally, the study conducted a narrative literature review to identify the
parameters for assessing the ecological state and the validity considering study area.
A wide range of literary sources, such as books, journal articles, newspapers,
government reports, and yearly statistics reports (e.g., BBS), have been used to
collect secondary data. Literature searches were done on Google and other search
engines between 2001 and 2024. to as certain the socio-economic, physiography,
and environmental characteristics of the island. Several search strategies were
employed to locate pertinent data: (a) St. Martin's Island environmental quality; (b)
environment + St. Martin's Island; (c) St. Martin's Island social and economic
situation; and (d) physiographic features + St. Martin's Island, Bangladesh. (e) The
quality of the soil and water in St. Martin's Island; (f) The flora and fauna of St. Martin's
Island and Bangladesh; (g) The coral quality in St. Martin's Island, etc.
 1.3 Objective of the Study
The field research on the physiographic conditions of Cox’s Bazar and Saint Martin
Island encompasses a comprehensive investigation aimed at understanding various
aspects of these geographical entities.
➢ To find water condition measurement of Saint Martin
➢ Determine vulnerability to natural disasters, such as cyclones.
➢ Physical features of Saint Martin Island.
➢ Shoreline measurement
➢ FGD and Questionnaire
➢ Promote beach cleaning awareness among tourists in Cox’s Bazar.
➢ Knowing about geological observations
➢ Learning about the natural coastal processes
➢ Finding physical evidence of Saint Martin Island being an anticline
➢ Observation of biodiversity of Saint Martin’s Island
➢ Observing oceanic features like waves, tides, various zones like splash zone,
wreck lines etc. of the onshore areas
➢ Observing and differentiating between dead corals and concretions
➢ Identifying the environmental condition of Saint Martin’s Island
➢ Observing distinct sedimentary layer
➢ Learning about data collection methods
➢ Observing the change of seacoast between the present and the past around
20 years.
➢ Gaining practical knowledge of instruments and biodiversity
➢ Observing beach morphology
➢ Evaluation of Biodiversity at Chera Dwip
 1.4 Study Scope

The scope of the study on the physiographic conditions of Cox’s Bazar and Saint
Martin Island encompasses various objectives aimed at understanding, conserving,
and managing these coastal regions.
➢ Assessing water conditions of Saint Martin involves evaluating marine quality
and ecological health within defined parameters.
➢ Determining vulnerability to natural disasters, like cyclones, requires analyzing
historical data and environmental factors.
➢ Exploring physical features encompasses studying topography, geology, and
vegetation.
➢ Conducting shoreline measurements involves quantifying parameters like
length and erosion rates in coastal zones.
➢ Employing FGDs and questionnaires targets specific audiences and locations
for raising environmental awareness.
➢ Observing coastal changes entails documenting shifts within specified scales.
➢ Gaining practical knowledge involves hands-on experience with instruments
and biodiversity assessments.
➢ Observing beach morphology entails studying physical characteristics and
processes.
 1.5 Importance

The research topic focusing on the physiographic conditions of Cox’s Bazar and Saint
Martin Island holds significant importance for several reasons.
• Comprehending and preserving the physiographic conditions of these coastal
locales is pivotal to safeguarding their ecological integrity, biodiversity richness, and
natural splendor, which constitute invaluable assets for the tourism industry.
• Examining the physical attributes, such as shoreline morphology and geological
formations, can contribute substantially to disaster preparedness and mitigation
strategies against cyclonic events and other natural calamities, potentially averting
loss of life and minimizing damage.
• Investigating the physiographic conditions of these coastal environments can yield
invaluable insights into broader environmental processes and transformations
occurring in coastal ecosystems, thereby informing efforts to address challenges
such as habitat degradation, coastal erosion, and the impacts of climate change.
• Promoting environmental awareness among tourists and local communities can
cultivate a culture of responsible tourism and environmental stewardship,
consequently mitigating pollution and habitat deterioration.
• Comprehending the physiographic conditions is indispensable for formulating
effective conservation and management strategies to mitigate environmental threats
and ensure the long-term sustainability of Saint Martin Island and Cox's Bazar.
• Assessing the vulnerability of these coastal areas to natural disasters can inform
disaster risk reduction strategies and enhance their resilience.
• Exploring the geological formations and sediment dynamics can aid in identifying
potential sources of valuable mineral resources and contribute to the development
of sustainable extraction practices.
• Investigating the hydrological and oceanographic conditions can facilitate the
understanding and management of coastal water resources, including freshwater
availability and saltwater intrusion.
• Analyzing the physiographic conditions can provide insights into the suitability of
these coastal areas for various tourism and recreational activities, thereby
supporting sustainable tourism planning and development.
• Examining the interconnections between the physiographic conditions and the
livelihoods of local communities can inform strategies for preserving cultural heritage
and promoting sustainable socio-economic development.
• Monitoring temporal changes in the physiographic conditions can aid in detecting
early signs of environmental degradation and inform adaptive management
strategies for the long-term preservation of these coastal ecosystems.
 1.6 Trip Plan & Management

The process began with identifying the destination, Saint Martin, a small island
located in the Bay of Bengal known for its pristine beaches and crystal-clear waters.
The trip was planned for two days in Saint Martin, followed by a day in Cox's Bazar,
another popular beach destination in Bangladesh.
First, the students and teachers involved in the planning committee researched
transportation options from Dhaka to Saint Martin. After considering various factors
such as cost, convenience, and safety, they decided to book tickets for a ship ride
from Teknaf to Saint Martin. The group also made arrangements for accommodation
in Saint Martin, ensuring that they had a comfortable place to stay during their visit.
The itinerary for the trip was carefully crafted to include a mix of educational
activities, cultural experiences, and leisure time. The students participated in
guided tours of the island, learning about its history, geography, and local customs.
They also had the opportunity to interact with the residents of the island, gaining
insights into their way of life.
After two days in Saint Martin, the group traveled to Cox's Bazar for a day of
relaxation and exploration. They visited the world's longest natural sea beach,
organized a program of beach cleaning campaign and enjoyed visiting some nearby
destinations including Mini Bandarban, Himchori.. The trip provided the students
with a valuable learning experience outside the classroom, allowing them to
appreciate the natural beauty and cultural diversity of their country
Preparation and Briefing
Before embarking on our field trip to St. Martin's Island and Cox's Bazar, our
supervising teachers provided us with comprehensive guidelines. These briefings
covered various aspects including the trip locations, expenses, duration of stay,
daily activities, transportation methods, and the organization of fieldwork tasks. The
goal was to ensure we made the most out of our trip while maintaining proper
conduct and efficiency throughout the journey.
Group Assignments
To streamline the process and ensure efficient management, our teachers divided
us into specific groups, each with distinct responsibilities:
1. Logistics Group: Responsible for managing all logistical aspects, including
accommodation, food, and supplies.
2. Data Sheet Group: Tasked with preparing and maintaining all necessary data
sheets and ensuring proper documentation of fieldwork.
3. Medical Team: Equipped to handle any medical emergencies and ensure the
health and safety of all participants.
4. Transport Group: In charge of arranging and coordinating all transportation needs
throughout the trip.
Pre-Departure Arrangements
Before departure, each group meticulously checked and confirmed their respective
arrangements. This thorough preparation ensured that all necessary equipment and
materials were in place, and potential issues were addressed beforehand.
Execution
With all preparations completed, we set off on our field trip as planned. The careful
organization and detailed planning allowed us to maximize our learning experience
and maintain smooth operations throughout our stay in St. Martin's Island and Cox's
Bazar.
 1.7 Limitations of the Study
➢ Fieldwork disruptions and potential data limitations arose due to St. Martin's
unpredictable weather.
➢ Communication challenges with local residents, caused by language barriers,
might have introduced misunderstandings and inaccuracies in the data
collection.
➢ Unwillingness to participate from some community members limited the
amount and variety of data collected.
➢ Residents' hesitancy to disclose accurate information, particularly regarding
land ownership, hindered understanding of land-use patterns.
➢ Remote location and logistical challenges restricted access to certain areas,
potentially affecting the representativeness of the data.
➢ The study's short timeframe may not have captured seasonal variations or long-
term trends.
 Chapter Two
Study Area
St. Martin's Island holds a unique position within Bangladesh. geographically, it sits
nestled in the northeast corner of the Bay of Bengal, just south of the Cox's Bazar-
Teknaf peninsula. Interestingly, it's also a mere 8 kilometers west of Myanmar's
coast, marking the point where the Bay of Bengal meets the Naf River. The island
itself is quite small, with a land area of 5.9 square kilometers, although rocky
platforms extend its reach further into the sea. You can pinpoint its location precisely
using the coordinates of latitude 20°34' and 20°39'N, and longitude 92°18' and
92°21'E.
Administratively, St. Martin's Island falls under the Teknaf Upazila, which is part of
the larger Cox's Bazar District. While the island doesn't have the same formal
divisions as a district, it is divided into several neighborhoods for local management
purposes. This unique setup reflects the island's special character and the needs of
its community.
St. Martin's Island boasts a captivating topography unlike any other in Bangladesh.
Unlike the flat, fertile plains that dominate the mainland, this island is a tapestry of
rolling hills and sandy beaches. The rocky platforms that jut out into the sea add a
dramatic touch to the landscape, creating a sense of adventure and exploration. The
island's small size allows for a unique experience – visitors can traverse the entire
island on foot in a single day, soaking in the breathtaking panoramas from every
corner.
The administrative structure of St. Martin's Island reflects its distinct character.
Unlike the formal divisions found in districts across Bangladesh, the island itself isn't
divided into such units. However, for effective local management, the island is
segmented into several distinct neighborhoods. This unique setup acknowledges the
island's special circumstances and the specific needs of its close-knit community.
Falling under the purview of the Teknaf Upazila, which is part of the larger Cox's Bazar
District, St. Martin's Island operates with a degree of autonomy while remaining
connected to the mainland for broader administrative purposes.
St. Martin's Island's geographical position has undoubtedly shaped its cultural
tapestry. Its proximity to Myanmar hints at potential historical and cultural
connections between the two regions. Additionally, its status as the only coral island
in Bangladesh sets it apart, fostering a unique ecosystem and potentially influencing
the traditional practices and livelihoods of the island's inhabitants.
The island's captivating beauty and unique location make it a haven for adventure
seekers and nature enthusiasts. The crystal-clear waters surrounding the island are
ideal for snorkeling and diving, offering glimpses into a vibrant underwater world
teeming with colorful coral reefs and marine life. The sandy beaches beckon visitors
to relax and soak up the sun, while the rolling hills provide opportunities for hiking and
exploring the island's hidden gems.
St. Martin's Island, with its captivating charm and unique character, holds immense
potential for sustainable tourism development. Preserving the island's natural beauty
while catering to the needs of visitors will be crucial in ensuring its long-term
prosperity. Exploring the island's cultural heritage and traditions can further enrich
the visitor experience, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for this
special place.
This exploration provides a glimpse into the captivating world of St. Martin's Island.
Its unique geographical location, administrative framework, and natural beauty
combine to create a destination unlike any other in Bangladesh. As you delve deeper
into the island's story, you'll discover a vibrant community, a rich cultural heritage,
and a place were nature reigns supreme.
 Administrative Information
There are five distinct physiographic areas within the Island: St. Martin's Island isn't
just a single landmass; it's a captivating mosaic of five distinct physiographic areas,
each contributing to the island's charm and character.
• Uttar Para: This region forms the island's crown jewel, stretching majestically
along the north-south axis. With a maximum length of over 2 kilometers and a
width exceeding 1.4 kilometers, Uttar Para offers ample space for exploration
and boasts some of the island's most stunning beaches.
• Golachipa: Imagine a slender land bridge gracefully connecting Uttar Para to
the central zone. This is Golachipa, a vital passage that literally holds the
different areas together. Its narrowness might surprise you, but its role in
shaping the island's layout is undeniable.
• Madhya Para: South of Golachipa lies the heart of the island, Madhya Para.
While smaller than Uttar Para, with a length of around 1.5 kilometers and a
maximum width of just over half a kilometer, Madhya Para likely throbs with
activity, serving as a central hub for the island's community.
• Dakshin Para: As you venture further south, you'll encounter Dakshin Para.
This area stretches for nearly 2 kilometers, boasting an additional tail jutting
southeastward. Dakshin Para's width can reach up to nearly a kilometer at its
maximum, offering a platform for various ecological features to flourish.
• Cheradip: Finally, we reach the island's crown jewel – Cheradip, its
southernmost point. This captivating zone isn't just land; it's a dramatic rocky
reef that transforms during high tide. The reef itself stretches for roughly 1.8
kilometers, with a width varying between 50 and 300 meters. But the true
magic unfolds when the tide rises, separating Cheradip from Dakshin Para and
revealing a chain of three small, vibrantly vegetated islands. Imagine
witnessing this transformation – a testament to the dynamic nature of St.
Martin's Island.
 Demographic Characteristics
The demographic characteristics of St. Martin's Island encompass various aspects
such as age, sex, religion, education, and occupation distributions. These elements
provide a comprehensive overview of the population's socio-economic status and
cultural composition.
Age Distribution
The age distribution on St. Martin's Island reveals a predominantly youthful and
middle-aged population, which is indicative of a dynamic and potentially productive
community. The detailed breakdown is as follows:
• 11-20 years: This age group constitutes 9.6% of the population, with 11
respondents. This segment is significant as it represents the future workforce
and the immediate beneficiaries of educational and skill development
programs.
• 21-30 years: Representing 29.8% of the population, this group has 34
respondents. Individuals in this age bracket are often in their early working
years, contributing actively to the island’s economy.
• 31-40 years: The largest age group, comprising 31.6% with 36 respondents,
signifies a stable and experienced segment of the workforce, likely involved in
various economic activities and family responsibilities.
• 41-50 years: This group makes up 18.4% of the population with 21
respondents. These individuals are often in leadership roles within the
community and are integral to maintaining social and economic stability.
• 51-60 years: With 9 respondents accounting for 7.9%, this age group
represents the senior working demographic, often contributing through
experience and mentorship roles.
• 61-70 years: The smallest age group, with 3 respondents (2.6%), reflects the
aging population, highlighting the need for healthcare and social support
systems for the elderly.
Gender Distribution
The gender distribution shows a significant male majority, reflecting socio-cultural
dynamics and occupational trends.
• Male: 73.7% of the population, with 84 respondents, indicates a
predominance of men, likely due to the nature of primary occupations such
as fishing and agriculture.
• Female: Comprising 26.3% with 30 respondents, the female population is
actively engaged in various supportive and economic roles within the
community, although they may face greater socio-economic challenges
compared to their male counterparts.
Religion Distribution
Religious composition is overwhelmingly homogeneous with a predominant Islamic
faith, which plays a crucial role in the social and cultural fabric of the island.
• Islam: Nearly universal, with 99.1% (113 respondents) adhering to Islam.
This uniformity suggests a strong influence of Islamic traditions and practices
in daily life.
• Hindu: A minority of 0.9% with just 1 respondent, indicating limited religious
diversity but potential for cultural inclusivity.
Education Levels
Educational attainment varies widely, indicating diverse levels of access to
educational opportunities and literacy.
• No Formal Schooling: 22.8% (26 respondents), pointing to barriers in
educational access and the need for adult education programs.
• Primary Education Incomplete: 23.7% (27 respondents), showing a
substantial portion of the population with partial primary education,
highlighting dropout rates.
• Primary Education Complete: 24.6% (28 respondents), representing those
who have completed basic education.
• SSC Pass: 8.8% (10 respondents), indicating secondary school completion
and the potential for further education or skilled employment.
 • HSC Pass: 4.4% (5 respondents), reflecting higher secondary education and
readiness for tertiary education or advanced vocational training.
• Honors: 6.1% (7 respondents), showcasing a segment with undergraduate
education.
• Masters: 6.1% (7 respondents), illustrating a relatively small but significant
educated elite with postgraduate qualifications.
• Madrasa: 3.5% (4 respondents), indicating religious education pathways.
Occupations
Occupational distribution highlights the island's economic reliance on natural
resources and emerging commercial activities.
• Fishing: Engaging approximately 20% of the population, fishing is a traditional
and critical livelihood, leveraging the island’s rich marine resources.
• Agriculture: Nearly 50% of the population is involved in cultivating
vegetables, reflecting the importance of agriculture in sustaining the
community and contributing to local food security.
• Shopkeeping: Involving 30-40% of the population, this occupation indicates
a growing trend towards small business and commerce, driven by tourism
and local demand.
These demographic characteristics provide essential insights into the population
structure of St. Martin's Island, informing development policies, educational
programs, and economic strategies to enhance the well-being and resilience of the
community.
 Geology, Geomorphology of Saint Martin
The regional geological structure of the Saint Martin’s Island is very simple and is
represented by an anticlinal uplift. The island lies on the eastern flank of the
anticline. A little of the axis of the anticline is traceable along the west coast of
Dakshin Para. The exposed portion of the axis runs NNW to SSE, approximately
parallel to the island. There is a fault along the northwestern shoreline with a trend
nearly parallel to the axis. The fault seems to be reverse in nature with the eastern
side as the up thrown block. The anticline is slightly asymmetrical with a
monoclinal swing on the eastern flank.
The bedrock on the eastern flank near the axis dips very gently at an angle of 3° to 5°
towards the east, increasing eastwards to 10° to 12°. The monoclinal swing gives a
high dip of 30° and above at Cheradia. Very little of the western flank is exposed
above the sea which records a dip of 6° towards the west. The monoclinal swing
gives the anticline a box-like shape. The birth of the island is related to the regional
tectonics of Southeast Asia. As a sequel to the most dynamic Himalayan orogeny
during Middle Miocene (around 15 million years before.
Saint Martin’s Island is a dumb-bell shaped sedimentary continental island located
on the Eastern flank of an anticline, which like Chittagong may be part of the Arakan
Yoma-Naga folded system (Warrick et al., 1993). The land of the island is about 8
km2 depending on the tidal level. The island is almost flat with an average height of
2.5 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL), rising to a maximum of 6.5 m high cliffs along
the Eastern coast of Dakshin Para (Kabir, 2006).
Geological Composition: The island's geological composition primarily consists of
alluvial sands mixed with marine calcareous deposits. These deposits, primarily
sourced from molluscan origins, contribute to the formation of various landforms
and coastal features.
Geomorphological Features:
1. Spit Bar Formation: One of the most prominent features of St. Martin's
Island is the development of a spit bar at its southern end. This typical spit
bar landform extends approximately 2 kilometers in length and less than 100
meters wide. It has formed through the deposition and movement of fine to
medium-grained sand materials, including alluvial sand and littoral
carbonates, driven by wave and tidal currents. The spit bar serves as a
connection between Dakshin Para and smaller islands collectively known as
Cheradia.
2. Small Islands: St. Martin's Island is home to several smaller islands,
including Cheradia. These islands, with peaks rising less than 3 meters above
 mean sea level, are composed of relatively coarser sand particles with shale
fragments, broken coral debris, and foraminifera. They are surrounded by
stony corals and boulders and have developed from the accumulation of
both alluvial sands and calcareous littoral deposits.
3. Shallow Lagoon: Within the island's interior, there is a significant shallow
lagoon, primarily located in Uttar Para. This lagoon has been largely
converted into agricultural fields and is connected to the sea during high tide
through a narrow tidal channel on the west coast. The remaining flooded
portion of the lagoon covers an approximate area of 0.4 square kilometers,
with depths not exceeding 1 meter.
4. Beach and Dune Environment: The area known as Golachipa, separating
Uttar Para from Madhya Para and Dakshin Para, is characterized by a beach
and dune environment. These dunes contribute to the island's topography
and play a vital role in its coastal dynamics.

Landforms and Features

1. Spit Bar Formation: At the southern end of Saint Martin's Island, there is a
spit bar approximately 2 km long and less than 100 m wide. This landform is
formed through the deposition and movement of fine to medium-grained
sand materials, including alluvial sand and littoral carbonates, by wave and
tidal currents. It connects Dakshin Para with three smaller islands
collectively known as Cheradia.
2. Cheradia Islands: Cheradia consists of three small islands, with the middle
one being the largest. These islands are composed of relatively coarser sand
particles with shale fragments, broken coral debris, and foraminifera. They
are classified as "vegetated sand islands" due to their development from the
accumulation of both alluvial sands and calcareous littoral deposits.
3. Rocky Inter-tidal Zone: Almost the entire coastline of Saint Martin's Island
is fringed by a rocky inter-tidal zone, which is unique in Bangladesh. This zone
is formed by small and large boulders, some of which have a close affinity
with the bedrocks of the island. Calcareous concretions and coral boulders
are also present in this zone.
4. Recent Uplift and Sea Level Changes: The presence of relatively well-
preserved dead coral colonies in the upper and middle inter-tidal zones
 suggests recent uplift of the island. Large Porites micro-atolls found in the
lower inter-tidal zone indicate a drop in relative sea level by about 15 cm
during the last 150 years. This contradicts recent global trends for rising
mean sea levels and suggests ongoing geological processes on the island.
5. Sub-tidal Zone: The sedimentary boulders, calcareous concretions,
sandstone, and shale found in the inter-tidal area extend into the sub-tidal
zone. The inshore area around the island comprises a shelf covered by
sedimentary boulders, providing a suitable substrate for coral larvae
settlement. However, these boulders are susceptible to overturning and
shifting by heavy seas generated by cyclonic storms and tidal surges.
Sedimentary Deposits
1. Base Rock: The foundation of the sequence is the Girujan Clay Shale,
which dates back to the Pliocene epoch, roughly 5.3 to 2.6 million years
ago. This shale is grey to bluish-grey in color and is interspersed with
subordinate sandstone layers.
2. Intermediate Layer: Above the Girujan Clay Shale lies the St. Martin
Limestone, belonging to the Pleistocene epoch, spanning from about 2.6
million to 12,000 years ago. This limestone is characterized as coquinoid,
meaning it contains abundant shell fragments, and appears dirty white with
coarse grains. It forms distinct beds and is partially consolidated.
Additionally, it contains cream-colored coral clusters and is host to the
fossil-bearing Dakshin Para formation.
3. Top Layer: The uppermost layer consists of Holocene coquina beds, which
are a continuation of the St. Martin Limestone formation. The Holocene
epoch began around 12,000 years ago and continues to the present day.
Coquina is a type of limestone composed mainly of fragmented shells, and
it likely reflects recent sedimentation processes continuing from the
Pleistocene era.
Tectonic Activity and Uplift
• Seismic Activity: Saint Martin's Island experiences seismic activity due to
its location in a tectonically active zone. The collision of tectonic plates has
contributed to the island's geological evolution and landform development.
• Uplift Processes: Evidence of recent uplift is observed through the
presence of well-preserved coral colonies and micro-atolls. Radiocarbon
dating and geological surveys provide insights into the timing and magnitude
of uplift events.

Geomorphological Process
1. Surface Deposits (Holocene): The surface deposits consist of beach sand,
which is medium to coarse-grained and light grey to grey in color. These
sands contain recent shell fragments, indicating ongoing marine influence
on the island's environment.
2. Formation of Coquina Horizon: With the gradual rise in sea level, dead
shell fragments were transported towards the island's shore by wave action
and formed a narrow ridge known as the coquina horizon along the
southeast border of the island. Coquina, or shelly limestone, is composed
of broken and crushed shells of mollusks, small crustaceans, Foraminifera,
and corals cemented together.
3. Characteristics of Coquina: Coquina is best exposed in a 6.5 m high cliff
along the eastern coast of Dakshin Para. It has a brown color with a grey
weathered surface, is cross-bedded, loose, and friable. Many of the shells
within the rock are similar to those found on the beach.
4. Micro-paleontological Investigation: Examination of coquina samples has
revealed the presence of Foraminifera species such as Elphidium crispum
and Amphistegina radiata.
5. Radiocarbon Dating and Uplift Rate: Radiocarbon dating of a coquina
limestone cliff suggests an age of about 450 years at the base and 292
years at the top. From this data, the present mean rate of uplift of the island
is calculated to be approximately 19 mm/year.
6. Geomorphology: The island's main shoreline features sandy beaches and
dunes, with alluvial sands being the predominant sediment type. The
southern beaches and dunes have a higher carbonate content compared to
the northern beaches. Mollusk shell fragments comprise most of the
carbonates.
 7. Coastal Dunes: Coastal dunes are widespread above the beaches and
along the shorelines, particularly well-developed around the middle part of
the island.

Sedimentology and Rock Types

Concretion:
From the sedimentological perspective the concretion is a hard and compacted
sandstone formed by precipitation of CaCO3 cement. Most of concretions are dark
and black colored with spherical and ovoid shape. The origin of these concretions
distributed randomly can be hypothesized to the gravel and conglomerate bed of
Bokabil Formation. Numerous hollows are observed within the concretionary body.
These hollows were created through settlements of Pelecypods and other marine
invertebrates.
Calcareous Sandstone Bed:
Calcareous sandstones are similar to concretions in origin with a profound distinction
in shape. Most of calcareous sandstone bed found in St. Martin’s Island are
composed of very fine grained, well-sorted sands and brownish grey to brown in
color. Internal structures are rare to be found in this type, though a series of
laminations can be identified through persistent observation.
Geomorphic feature:
Geomorphic Unit Area (sq. km) % of Total Area
Alluvial Plain 2.65 33.17
Lowland 0.27 3.40
Lagoon 0.47 5.82
Coastal Dunes (High) 0.08 1.05
Coastal Dunes (Low) 0.31 3.86
Hillocks 0.06 0.71
Sandy Beach 0.83 10.34
Shale Beach 0.16 2.01
Tidal Plain 0.52 6.53
Saltmarsh 0.04 0.50
Rocky Corals 2.61 32.62
Spit 0.08 0.98

Alluvium Cover (Flat Land): The general topography of the island is almost flat and
is occupied by fine to medium grained alluvial deposits. Overlaying the bedrock,
these alluvial deposits of less than two meters thick, have developed good soil
horizons and an extended alluvial plain has been formed. This plain landform
occupies 33% of total area of the island and mostly been used for crop cultivation.
At the southern part of Dakshin para, the plain land is sub-basin in shape and
become shallow inundation at Spring High Tide.
Sandy Beach (Sand Flat/ Sand Dune): Encircling the island, particularly in
northeast, the zone between the Spring High and Low Tides can be characterized by
an accumulation of marine sands and has developed an extensive sandy beach. This
beach system has also been well developed surrounding the center of the island.
Differential beach sloping clearly indicates micro-scale spatial variation of sand
accumulation along the beach. At the northeast corner, the gentle gradient results a
wide emergence of land at low tide; whereas, on west side, particularly at the middle,
the beach slope is steeper. The sandy beach in the North and North-east stretches
around 400 m into the sea. The Western beach is mainly sandy but the sub-tidal area
consists of a bed of boulders. The beach is the breeding habitat for globally
threatened turtles, and a wintering habitat for shorebirds.
Coastal dunes are developed in widespread immediately above the beach and along
the shoreline. Such dune system has well developed surrounding the middle parts of
the island. Dunes of the St. Martin's are of two types: high and low dunes. High dunes
are up to 6 m in height and are mostly found on the western side of Golachipa. Dunes
along northwest and southwest corners of the island are lower in height, undulating
and are broadly extended. Dune system of the St. Martin’s Island acts as a natural
defense against storm and tidal surges, and save lives and properties.
Shale Beach: Along the west and east sides of Dakshin Para, beach materials have
overwhelmingly been composed ci medium to coarse shale fragments and broken
coral debris. This unique shale beach landform is light grey to light purple in color,
rarely includes any minerogenic composition and is extended up to the lower tidal
limit of the island.

Low Lands (Inland water bodies, Lagoon): At the southern part of Dakshin para, the
plain land is sub-basin in shape and become shallow inundation at Spring High Tide.
This lowland area is mostly been covered by planted mangrove Sotuietaiia spp. There
are three lagoons on the Island. The lagoons on Uttar Para and Dakshin Para have
now become muddy swamps with shallow water. These are only connected to the
sea at high tide through shallow creeks. But the lagoon that lies between the
Southern end of Dakshin Para and the three small islands comprising Cheradia
retains shallow water and is protected by widespread boulders and stone corals. The
lagoons in the North are older in origin and show a longer sequence of evolution,
while the lagoon in the South is much younger and is under active marine influence
(Kabir, 2006). Since 1960s, the two Northern lagoons have gradually been converted
into paddy fields. This conversion has eliminated most of the original wildlife found
in these lagoons.
Spit and Tombolo: A unique geomorphic feature of St. Martin’s Island is the
development of a spit bar in its south. This typical spit bar landform of about 2 kms
long and less than 100 m wide connects the mainland with Cheradia. This bar has
been formed due to deposition and movement of fine to medium grained sand
materials by wave and tidal currents.

Islets: Cheradia in the south consists of three small islets of which the middle one is
the largest and the southernmost one is possibly the oldest. The peaks of these islets
are less than 3 m in height from the MSL and become disconnected from the main
land by nearly 1 m deep water at high tide. These are composed of relatively coarser
sand particles with frequent shale fragments, broken coral debris and foraminifera,
and are overlaid nearly all sides by stony corals and boulders. The middle islet has an
undulating surface feature, has a sub-basin on its top and is under shallow water
depth at extreme high tide. From its southeast corner, a horn like landform is exposed
seaward. All these islets are covered by Keya (Pandanus) plants and some bushes,
although some mangroves are also grown in the middle islet.
Cuspate Foreland: Cuspate forelands are created primarily by longshore drift
formed by accretion and progradation of sand and shingle, they extend outwards
from the shoreline in a triangular shape. This geomorphic feature located in the
northeast side of the island.

Beach Covered with Concretions: A concretion is a hard, compact mass of matter

formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles,
and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. Saint Martin Island beach covered with
concretions.
 Vegetation & Soil
The attractive St. Martin`s Island is grabbed saline water. The main part of the land
has consisted of sandy soils. All plants were included of angiosperms flora and the
total plants were classified in the five groups on the basis of the ecological habitats.
The mangrove forests were found in the south part of the Island and Cheradia
Island. There were two lagoons and Cheradia Island was fully flooded in the tidal
period and high saline water grabs the total area. Some mangrove plant species
were naturally originated and the maximum plants were dwarf and their densities
were also so much less. The total number and the height of mangrove plant species
were less than the main Sundarbans of Bangladesh and these types of species
were available in two lagoons and Cheradia Island.
 Recorded mangrove plants species in St. Martin’s Island

Bengal name Scientific name Family

Horgoza Acanthus ilicifoliusL. Acanthaceae
Nunia Aegialitisrotundifolia Roxb. Combretaceae
Kholsi Aegiceras corniculatum Myrsinaceae
Bina Avecinia officinalis Verbenaceae
Gewa Excoecarica agallocha Euphorbiaceae
Lumnitzera racemosa
Kripa Combretaceae
Willd.
Golpata Nypafruticans Wermb. Arecaceae
Karonja Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae
Keora Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae
Bonjau Tamarixgallica Tamaricaceae
Bhola Turpiniapomifera Roxb Staphyleaceae

The total Island is famous for sand dune environment and Pandanus furcatus
species was the most dominated in the surrounding of the Island and Golachipa
region. The Ipomoea prescaprae was found in sand dune of the shoreline of St.
Martin’s Island. Casuarina equisetifolia and Vitex trifolia were also found as
dominant tree species in the sand dune area. This area was less fertile, due to
environmental factors and plants diversity were less. A total of 7 species were
recorded as sand dune species in St Martin’s Island.
Sand dune vegetation in St. Martin’s

Bengal name Scientific name Family Nature of plants

Jau Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Tree
Kolmishak Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae Herb
Kolmilata Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Herb
Chagolkori Ipomoea pres-caprae Convolvulaceae Herb

Kewakanta Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Shrub

Keya Pandanus furcatus Pandanaceae Shrub
Nilnishinda Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae Tree

There were found some plants in front of every home which help to cover the
resident’s [Link] upon a time, the islanders’ residents lived under the open sky
and they came here for catchingfish only. The permanent people were less in the last
two decades, but their numbers were increased day -by- day now. The maximum
people were the fishermen and they realized that St. Martin`s Island is a natural
calamity prone area and plantation is the most essential for saving their lives and
assets. So, the islanders have planted some plants around in their homes. These
plantations act as a belt during natural calamities.

Homestead plants species in St. Martin’s Island

Bengal name Scientific name Family
Acacia Acacia auriculiformi Fabaceae
Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae
Koroi Albizia procera Fabaceae
Supari Areca catechu Arecaceae
Belemboo Averrhoa bilimbi Oxalidaceae
Kamranga Averrhoa carambola Oxalidaceae
Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae
Borakbansh Bambusa balcooa Poaceae
Nayontara Catharanthusroseus Apocynaceae
Narical Cocos nucifera Arecaceae
Chalta Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae
Mander Erythrina fusca Fabaceae
Gamar Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae
Jarul Lagerstroemia speciosa Lythraceae
Epilepil Leucaenaleucocephala Mimosaceae
Orboroi Phyllanthus acidus Euphorbiaceae
Payara Psidium guava Myrtaceae
Verenda Ricinuscommunis Euphorbiaceae
Raintree Samanea saman Mimosaceae
Tagar Tabernaemontana divericata Apocynaceae
Segun Tectona grandis Verbenaceae
Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae
Tentul Tamarindus indica Fabaceae
Boroi Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae
The present study indicated that a total of 32 species were found as homestead
species and each family contained less species than plane land areas. A total of 36%
(100 ha) land is used for cultivation purposes. The entire land has consisted of sand
and calcium carbonated (CaCO3) which is created unsuitable for arable. Modern
planting materials and new agricultural instruments are insufficient in St. Martin’s
Island. Besides, the environmental parameters show adverse effects on the crops
and cultivation in each season.

Cultivated plants species in St. Martin’s

Bengal name Scientific name Family
Piaj Allium cepa Liliaceae
Kachu Alocasiaa cuminata Araceae
Supari Areca catechu Arecaceae
Sarisa Brassica campestris Brassicaceae
Bandhacopi Brassica capitala Brassicaceae
Fulcopy Brassica oleracea Brassicaceae
Marich Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae
Tormuj Citrulluslanatus Cucurbitaceae
Narical Cocos nucifera Arecaceae
Dhan Oryza sativa Poaceae
Red mula Raphanussativus Brassicaceae
Tomato Solanumlycopersicum Solanacea
Potato Solanumtuberosum Solanaceae
 Bed Rock & Stone Coral

Sedimentary and Rock Type

The base rock sequence of marine sedimentary rock sequence is exposed on the
Island, ranging in age from Late Miocene to Recent, is grey to bluish-grey Bokabil
Shale inter-bedded with subordinate sandstone. Above this is a layer of St. Martin
Limestone which is coquinoidal, dirty white, coarse-grained, bedded and partly
consolidated along with cream-colored coral clusters. Holocene coquina bed
overlays it, which is a continuation of the St. Martin Limestone formation. The mid-
Holocene slow rise of sea level with some sequence of regressions was suitable to
accumulate coral reef within the tidal range of the island. Boulders and
conglomerates of cemented calcium carbonates and fossiliferous materials were
also deposited along with rocky corals. Bedrock exposed along the northwestern,
eastern and southeastern coastlines of the island can be grouped into three
categories:
• Conglomeratic
• Fossiliferous conglomeratic
• Calcareous sandy
Concretion: A concretion is a hard, compact mass of matter formed by the
precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in
sedimentary rock or soil. The original occurrence of the concretion was within the
Bokabil formation of Surma group, which was tilted (easterly dip) due to tectonic
activity. During the time of last marine transgression, the whole area was subjected
to erosion. All the soft materials (sand, silt, clay) were eroded away. However, the
heavy concretions could not be carried away and directly fall on beds that are foreign
to the concretions. Coral mainly builds in hard rock such as concretion and sand
blocks. It is seen on top of Surma and recent deposit in the North western coastline
of St. Martin's Island.
Calcareous Sandstone Band: Calcareous stone is made mainly of calcium
carbonate, a chemical compound commonly found in natural stone, shells, and
pearls. It's sensitive to acidic substances. Calcareous sandstones bands are very
hard and compact, composed of very fine-grained, well-sorted sands, brownish grey
to brown in color and calcareous in nature. Most of these have no internal structure
but occasionally some bedding and lamination present in some bands. It is found in
the Northwestern coastline.
Fossiliferous Conglomerate: Coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock, composed
of rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter typically containing
fine-grained particles in the interstices and fossils. The fossiliferous conglomerate
was seen near the coastguard section.
Coquina Bed: Coquina bed is also known as shelly limestone. It is a sedimentary
rock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded,
and mechanically-sorted fragments of the shells of mollusks, trilobites,
brachiopods, or other invertebrates. A sequence of marine sedimentary rocks
ranging, age ranging from 400-500 years, was seen which is called Coquina Bed, is a
part of St. Martin's Limestone Formation. In coquina bed, tiny shells are often found
unbroken, brown with the grey weathered surface, massive and cross-bedded, loose
and friable. Coquina bed is found in the Southeastern side of the St. Martin's Island.

Fig: Complete illustration of St. Martin’s Island with its observed structural
framework along E-W
Structure and Tectonics: The structure is simple and is represented by an anticlinal
uplift. The island lies on the eastern flank of the anticline. A little of the axis of the
anticline is traceable along the west coast of Dakshin Para. The exposed portion of
the axis runs from NNW to SSE, approximately parallel to the island. There is a fault
along the northwestern shoreline with a trend nearly parallel to the axis. The fault
seems to be reversed in nature with the eastern side as the upthrown block.
St. Martin's Island exhibits a monocline where rock strata are dipping to the east. The
island is a part of Chittagong-Tripura fold belt. The collision of the Indian and Burmese
plate resulted in the formation of Indo-Burman orogeny. The orogeny had a two-
phase of formation one in Oligocene and another in Mio-Pliocene.
The formation of St. Martin’s Island is due to the upliftment in Mio-Pliocene phase.
The axis was not found on the island. Sedimentary sequence and structure
document the seismo-tectonic and sedimentary evolution of St Martin's Island,
which is an expression of an anticline in the outer part of the accretion forearc. During
late Pleistocene sea-level low stands, the anticline and most of the rest of the shelf
were exposed.
The anticline ridge could then grow, receiving little erosion by local drainages. At
some point during sea level rise, the coast advanced over the ridge and beveled it.
Then sea-level continued to rise and new sediment deposited forming an angular
unconformity. A low-relief unconformity, in fact, separates the folded strata below
from overlying strata of Holocene age. Where now exposed on the island above sea
level, the unconformity is 8000y old.
Depositional Environment
Bokabil formation: The basement rock of the Bokabil formation shows lamination
and heterolithic bedding containing high argillaceous content. The characteristics of
the Bokabil formation shows a marshy, estuarine and probably fluviatile
environment.
Concretions: The concretions which show an angular unconformity throughout the
island rests on east side dipping Bokabil rock strata. It acts as a proof of sea level rise
and fall in the Bay of Bengal. The concretions were might have washed out by fluvial
action during marine regression.
Coquina bed: The coquina bed formed almost entirely of sorted and cemented fossil
debris, most commonly coarse shells and shell fragments, above the concretions
strongly proves the marine transgression during which marine organisms were
thriving. But few Pelecypods shows terrestrial in origin.
Beach Sand: Beach sands are Aeolian in origin. They form dunes along the coastline.
Stone Coral: St. Martin's Island is classified a continental sedimentary island
that is surrounded by a Neogene bedrock formation called the Tipam Sandstone.
This bedrock is made up of soft to moderately hard sandstone, shale, claystone,
sandstone boulders, calcareous concretions, and various conglomerates. A wide
intertidal zone that encircles the island stretches up to 500 meters offshore. Around
the eastern, western, northern, and southern coastlines, large boulder fields are
supported by both the intertidal and the shallow subtidal. Corals of the order
Scleractinia have colonized the lower intertidal and subtidal regions of the rocky
reef, where they occasionally form coral clusters and veneering coral assemblages.
The presence of numerous coral aggregations that have colonized the rocky
sandstone does not imply that St. Martin Island's intertidal and subtidal
environments are coral reefs.
Islands that support coral assemblages that do not form coral reefs should not be
referred to as "coral islands". Coral reefs are intricate ecosystems made up of
massive, wave-resistant, biogenic carbonate structures with positive topographic
relief that were primarily constructed by hermatypic corals and other species that
produce coral reefs. Coral islands are well known to be made of materials taken
from coral reefs themselves and to either rest on or be a part of those coral reef
structures. Sedimentary rock, not carbonate rock generated from corals, makes up
St. Martin's Island assert that St. Martin's Island is surrounded by a sedimentary
rocky reef that bears coral assemblages rather than being a coral reef.
Environmental requirements for Reef Development:
• Temperature seawater temperatures between 20°C and 32°C;
• Salinity-seawater salinity between 32 ppt. and 37 ppt;
• Acidity - seawater pH values are usually between 7.9 and 8.4;
• Water clarity high water clarity, but with a wide range of values. Optimal
conditions at light intensities between 30 to 40% of subsurface irradiance
• Low concentration of suspended sediments of terrigenous origin or
resuspended marine sediments.
• Oxygen - the average concentration of dissolved oxygen > 4.5 mg/l;
• Low concentration of inorganic nutrients;
• Low phytoplankton biomass in the water column;
• Low frequency of freshwater runoff;
• Water free of pollutants, such as agricultural biocides, heavy metals, PCBs,
oil and grease, etc.

Identified Coral Species of Saint Martin

ll defined walls
Bleached Corals of Saint Martin
Dead Corals of Saint Martin
 Tidal Action and Ecosystem Service

Saint Martin's Island, a jewel nestled in the Bay of Bengal, pulsates with the rhythm
of the tides. Twice a day, the gravitational dance between the moon, Earth, and sun
orchestrates a dramatic rise and fall of water, shaping the island's character.
High tide transforms Saint Martin's coastline. Gentle waves surge in, erasing the
sandy stretches and lapping at the shores of coconut groves and fishing villages.
Low-lying areas, usually vibrant with activity, become submerged, forcing life to
adapt to the temporary shift. Boats that bobbed serenely in shallow waters
moments ago now require deeper channels to navigate.
Rhythm:
Semi-diurnal: Two high tides and two low tides occur every lunar day (roughly 24
hours 50 minutes).
Magnitude:
Average Tidal Range: The water level fluctuates between 2 and 3 meters (6.6 to 9.8
feet) on average. However, this figure isn't static. The lunar phase plays a significant
role:
Spring Tides: When the sun and moon align, their combined gravitational pull
amplifies the tidal range. Expect higher high tides (potentially exceeding 3
meters) and lower low tides (dipping below 2 meters).
Neap Tides: When the sun and moon are at right angles, their opposing
gravitational forces result in a less dramatic tidal range. High tides might not
reach as high, and low tides may not recede as far.
Characteristics Shaping the Island's Identity:
• Dynamic Coastline: High tides transform the island's character. Sandy
stretches disappear under surging waves, and water reaches coconut groves
and fishing villages. Low tides unveil a new landscape, exposing hidden
sandbars perfect for exploration and revealing rocky formations teeming with
marine life.
• Currents in Motion: The rising and falling tides create currents that can
affect navigation. Understanding these currents, particularly for strong
currents during spring tides, is crucial for safe boating and swimming.
• Marine Life Revealed: Low tide acts like a curtain rising on a hidden world.
Tide pools, teeming with fascinating creatures like crabs, starfish, and small
fish, become accessible for responsible observation and a glimpse into the
island's biodiversity.
• Local Livelihoods in Sync: The rhythm of the tides dictates the activities of
many islanders. Fishermen strategically cast their nets during high tide when
fish are closer to shore. Low tide allows them to mend nets, repair boats, or
collect catches left behind in receding water.
 • Boating Accessibility: High tides are ideal for boating activities as water
levels offer greater depth. Low tides might expose hazards like reefs or
shallow areas unsuitable for larger vessels.
Marine Life Movement:
• Nutrient Exchange: The rhythmic movement of water caused by tides plays
a crucial role in flushing nutrients into and out of coastal ecosystems. This
nutrient exchange supports a rich variety of marine life.
• Habitat Creation and Disruption: Tide pools, formed during low tide, provide
temporary habitats for various marine animals like crabs, starfish, and small
fish. However, these habitats can be disrupted during high tide, forcing
creatures to find temporary refuge until the water recedes again.
• Plankton Transport: Tidal currents help transport plankton, a vital food
source for many marine animals, throughout the water column, ensuring a
healthy food web in the coastal zone.
Geological Processes:
Sediment Transport: The constant movement of water during tides carries and
deposits sediments, shaping the underwater landscape over time. This process can
contribute to the formation of underwater features like bars, channels, and
estuaries.
Tidal Mixing: The rise and fall of water create turbulence that mixes different water
layers. This mixing process helps distribute nutrients, oxygen, and salinity
throughout the water column, which is crucial for a healthy marine environment.
Impact on Flora and Fauna: Tidal patterns influence the breeding cycles and
feeding habits of many coastal plants and animals. For example, some shorebirds
rely on exposed tidal flats for feeding opportunities.
Coastal Erosion and Protection: Understanding tidal patterns is crucial for coastal
management strategies. Studying erosion patterns caused by tides helps in
designing appropriate measures to protect vulnerable coastlines.
Ecosystem Services Provided by Saint Martin's Island

Saint Martin's Island boasts a rich and diverse ecosystem that provides a multitude
of services that benefit both the environment and the local community. Here's a
breakdown of some key ecosystem services provided by the island:

Provisioning Services:
• Fisheries: The fertile nearshore environment, enriched by tidal movements,
supports a vibrant fish population. Local fishermen rely on these fisheries for their
livelihood and as a source of food for the island community. Sustainable fishing
practices are crucial to ensure the long-term viability of this resource.
• Seaweed Production: The intertidal zones created by the tides provide a habitat
for various seaweed species. Seaweed harvesting is a significant source of
income for some islanders and has potential for further sustainable development.
Research into different seaweed species and their potential uses can add value
to this industry.
Regulating Services:
• Coastal Protection: The healthy coral reefs and mangrove forests surrounding
the island act as natural barriers, absorbing wave energy and mitigating the
impact of storms and cyclones. This helps protect the island's coastline from
erosion and safeguards lives and property. Conservation efforts focused on
protecting and restoring these habitats are vital for the island's resilience in the
face of climate change and extreme weather events.
• Water Filtration: Mangroves and coastal vegetation play a crucial role in filtering
pollutants and sediments from runoff water before it reaches the ocean. This
helps maintain the water quality of the nearshore environment, which is vital for
marine life and human health. Mangrove restoration projects can help ensure the
continued effectiveness of this natural water filtration system.
Supporting Services:
• Biodiversity: The island's diverse habitats, from coral reefs to mangroves and
intertidal zones, support a wide variety of plant and animal life. This biodiversity is
essential for maintaining a healthy ecosystem and underpins all the other
services it provides. Conservation efforts that focus on protecting endangered
species and maintaining habitat connectivity are crucial for safeguarding the
island's biodiversity.
• Nutrient Cycling: The island's ecosystem plays a vital role in nutrient cycling.
Mangroves decompose organic matter and release nutrients back into the
system, while tidal movements further distribute these nutrients, promoting
healthy plant and animal growth. Understanding these natural processes can
inform sustainable practices, such as waste management strategies, that
minimize negative impacts on the ecosystem's nutrient cycling capabilities.
 Tourism & Sustainability of the Island
Saint Martin, a captivating island tucked away in the Bay of Bengal, enchants
travelers with its rich tapestry of cultural heritage, pristine beaches, and turquoise
waters. This alluring destination, also known as the "St. Martin's Island" of
Bangladesh, is rapidly transforming into a tourist haven, attracting visitors from
across the globe. But Saint Martin's charm extends far beyond its picture-perfect
scenery. Beneath the surface lies a burgeoning tourism industry that's weaving a
profound economic tapestry, not just for the island itself, but for the nation of
Bangladesh.
Saint Martin's vibrant culture, a captivating blend of Bengali and indigenous
traditions, is a treasure waiting to be explored. Wander through bustling
marketplaces overflowing with colorful handicrafts, immerse yourself in the
rhythmic beats of traditional music, and savor the island's unique cuisine, a
delightful fusion of Bengali spices and fresh seafood. Beyond the cultural
immersion, Saint Martin boasts breathtaking natural beauty. Indulge in sun-
drenched relaxation on pristine beaches, embark on snorkeling adventures amidst
vibrant coral reefs teeming with marine life, or kayak through serene mangrove
forests. Whether you seek cultural exploration, outdoor adventure, or pure
relaxation, Saint Martin offers an unforgettable experience.
Tourist Influx on the Rise:
• Quantifying the Boom: While estimates suggest Saint Martin welcomes over
80,000 visitors annually, obtaining precise figures from credible sources like
the Bangladesh National Tourism Organization or World Tourism Organization
would solidify the influx. This upward trend is projected to continue, fostering
future economic growth. Tourist arrivals translate into a significant injection
of revenue into the island's economy. Visitor spending on accommodation,
dining, transportation, and recreational activities directly stimulates local
businesses and empowers residents. According to estimates, tourist
expenditure in Saint Martin contributes over $100 million annually to the
island's GDP.
• Seasonal Spikes and Strategic Alignment: Understanding the ebb and flow
of tourist arrivals is essential. Saint Martin experiences a surge in visitors
during Eid vacation periods, typically celebrated throughout the Islamic
world, and the cooler, drier months between November and January.
Identifying these peak seasons allows businesses to pinpoint periods of
maximum economic impact and tailor their strategies accordingly.

National Value and Economic Contribution:

• A thriving tourism sector elevates Saint Martin's profile on the international
stage. The island's growing reputation as a tourist destination attracts further
investment and development opportunities, benefiting the national economy.
This can encompass the construction of new hotels and resorts, the
expansion of transportation infrastructure, and the creation of new tourism-
related businesses. Increased tourism revenue contributes significantly to
the national coffers, enabling the government to allocate resources towards
infrastructure improvements, essential public services, and social programs
that enhance the lives of citizens nationwide. Investments in these areas can
further strengthen Saint Martin's tourism industry, creating a virtuous cycle of
economic growth and development.
Revenue Generation - Beyond Estimates:
▪ Direct Spending: While estimates suggest over $100 million in annual
tourist expenditure, obtaining specific data on average tourist spending per
day or per trip would provide a clearer picture of revenue generation.
▪ Sector-Specific Breakdown: Quantify the revenue distribution across
different tourism sectors. Highlight the contribution of hotels, restaurants,
transportation, and souvenir shops to the overall economic impact.
▪ Tax Revenue: Tourism-related taxes, such as hotel occupancy taxes or sales
taxes, contribute significantly. Data on the amount of tax revenue generated
from tourism would showcase its direct impact on government finances.
Employment and Livelihood Upliftment:
• Job Creation: Quantify the number of jobs directly and indirectly created by
tourism. This could involve figures for hotel staff, tour guides, restaurant
workers, transportation providers, and individuals involved in souvenir
production.
• Wage Comparison: Data on average wages in the tourism industry
compared to traditional island occupations would solidify the claim of
improved livelihoods.
• Skill Development: Highlight the types of skills fostered by tourism jobs,
such as foreign language proficiency, customer service, or hospitality training.
This demonstrates the industry's contribution to workforce development.
National Value - Quantifying the Contribution:
▪ Improved Infrastructure: Investments in infrastructure like improved roads,
ferry services, or airport upgrades should be quantified. Highlight how
tourism revenue facilitates these developments.
▪ Social Program Funding: Data on the allocation of tourism revenue towards
social programs like education or healthcare would solidify the industry's
contribution to national well-being.
▪ Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Tourism's role in attracting FDI for hotel
construction, resort development, or travel agencies should be quantified.
This showcases how tourism stimulates broader economic activity.
Sustainability of the Island
The depletion of biodiversity resources in Bangladesh is an indicator of other larger
underlying problems, two of which are ‘over population’ and ‘poverty’. A population
management strategy is a pre-requisite for any development to be sustainable. The
rapidly increasing population of the Island creates a growing pressure on land and
resources due to the expanding need for housing, food and incomes. While a
degraded environment can cause poverty; poverty can also result in serious
degradation of environment and natural resources. Any initiative in Bangladesh to
conserve biodiversity resources must address both population pressure and
poverty. If these issues are not considered priorities locally as well as nationally, any
initiative to conserve biodiversity resources, however well intentioned, may provide
only partial and temporary results.

1. Policy harmonization and enhancement: Jurisdictional overlaps and

inconsistencies among policies and institutional mandates heighten the challenge
of ensuring wise use of biodiversity. Policies and institutional mandates need to be
updated for effective collaborative management that is pro-environment and pro-
poor. Policy provisions are needed in favour of community rights to participate in the
management of biodiversity resources. This could be done by revising the
Environmental Conservation Act and associated Environmental Conservation rules
in favour of:
(i) mandatory public consultation in the planning phase of any development
initiative;
(ii) community access to information; and
(iii) participatory monitoring and evaluation involving the local community.
Promoting ecologically sound land use would be a key strategy in this regard.
2. Awareness: There is no alternative to raising awareness locally and more widely
about the significance of the biodiversity of St. Martin’s Island and surrounding
areas and how they are being adversely affected.
3. Knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation: Data on biodiversity in
terms both of sites and species is patchy, dispersed, and often out of date in
Bangladesh. A comprehensive inventory on the biodiversity resources in and around
St. Martin’s Island should be created. For this applied research, monitoring and
evaluation of key indicators should be funded as part of the strategy for knowledge
based wise use of the Island’s biodiversity, including designation of marine
protected areas.
4. Natural resources accounting: Full accounting of the values of marine wetland
systems, including habitats and biological diversity, would be a strategic way to
raise awareness and to encourage stakeholders to conserve the biodiversity
resources around the Island.
5. Leveraging national and international partnerships: Synergies between
government and civil society are a vital factor to enable biodiversity conservation.
International networking and collaboration can significantly contribute in this.
Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Bangladesh is a signatory, such as
the Ramsar Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on
Migratory Species, and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species,
provide a framework for accessing international collaboration. Along with
Community-Public-Private partnership, there is great potential to benefit from
South-South and North-South partnerships and networking in conservation efforts,
particularly in the context of the additional challenge posed by climate change.
6. Activating a marine protected area system: Although a number of protected
areas have been declared under the provisions of the Wildlife Act and the
Environmental Conservation Act, an effective management system for these areas
is not yet in place, and wetlands and marine habitats are poorly represented. A
number of project initiatives are attempting to demonstrate viable approaches to
manage protected areas of the country. However, all the country’s protected areas
together cover less than 2% of the total area of Bangladesh, which is much less
than the global target of 10%. Steps should be taken immediately to identify and
declare a marine protected area network for Bangladesh along with effective
management systems for these areas.
7. Enhancing institutional capacity: Development of a strong collaborative
conservation constituency with fully trained and motivated staff is a condition for
facilitating effective implementation of the relevant updated policies. This should
also develop research and monitoring capacity as an input to relevant policy advice
and support to facilitate wise use of wetlands.

International cooperation:
Internationally the Indian Ocean South East Asian Marine Turtle Memorandum of
Understanding, to which Bangladesh is a signatory, puts in place a framework
through which States of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia region, as well as
other concerned States, can work together to conserve and replenish depleted
marine turtle populations for which they share responsibility. The Conservation and
Management Plan, containing 24 programmes and 105 specific activities, focuses
on reducing threats, conserving critical habitats, exchanging scientific data,
increasing public awareness and participation, promoting regional cooperation, and
seeking resources for implementation. Bangladesh is also a signatory to the Ramsar
Convention which places an obligation to ensure wise use of all wetlands, including
coastal and marine wetlands. However, only two of our wetlands have so far been
listed as wetlands of international significance. There are other opportunities for
international collaboration in biodiversity conservation relevant to St. Martin’s that
Bangladesh has yet to take up, for example Bangladesh is not yet a member of the
Partnership for the East Asian – Australasian Flyway, which seeks to coordinate
protection of a network of sites used by migratory water birds through east Asia and
Australasia (including Bangladesh).

Government interventions on St. Martin’s Island:

In the past there was little government involvement in development changes on the
Island. In 1995 the Government of Bangladesh declared St. Martin’s Island as an
Ecologically Critical Area (ECA). The management of ECAs falls under the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). Under the jurisdiction
and supervision of the MoEF are the Forest Department, the Department of
Environment (DoE) and several other agencies, with the management of ECAs
mandated to DoE. The MoEF initiated two projects that were expected to make the
ECA effective and facilitate conservation of biodiversity. They are:
 ▪ “Conservation of Biodiversity, Marine Park Establishment and Ecotourism
Development Project at St. Martin’s Island” often abbreviated to St. Martin’s
Biodiversity Conservation Project (SMBCP).
▪ Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project (CWBMP) Moreover,
many NGOs have undertaken turtle conservation programmes on the Island.
In order to conserve the rich fish biodiversity around St. Martin’s Island, the
Department of Fisheries has recently proposed to establish a fish sanctuary
Zoning
A set of conservation zones has been developed by a Protected Areas Specialist
through the CWBMP in direct consultation with local people and respecting both
current land use patterns and conservation needs. The zoning plan was simplified
to the maximum possible level to make it pragmatic for implementation. This zoning
plan is in the process of being endorsed by government. It will then become the
strategy of DoE in management of the Island ECA.
Some common conditions are to be set covering the whole Island ECA:
▪ An Environmental Clearance Certificate based upon an Environmental
Impact Assessment will be required for any development project in the ECA.
 The approval of the ECA authority is mandatory for issuing an Environmental
Clearance Certificate for any project located within the ECA boundaries.
▪ Any activity that could result in deterioration of the natural conditions of any
zone of the ECA is strictly forbidden.
▪ Fishing activity should abide by the environmental rules; for instance, fishing
with poisons or chemicals is strictly forbidden.
Managed Resource Zone: This zone covers the northern part of the Island (ECA)
south to Golachipa and represents almost 25% of the total area of the ECA. It will
function as a multiple-use zone where sustainable development is encouraged to
ensure a sustainable flow of natural products and services for the local community
without impinging upon the overall objective of the ECA. The key rules of this zone
are:
▪ It will be open for sustainable economic activities with particular emphasis
on organic farming, traditional uses, ecotourism, cultural activities and art-
crafts production.
▪ Agricultural production and planting of native species should enjoy priority
over exotic species (such as eucalyptus).

Sustainable Use Zone

▪ No more expansion of human settlements, development or infrastructure is
allowed within this zone unless given special approval by the ECA authorities
after due process through an Environmental Clearance Certificate.
▪ Non-destructive marine sports, such as snorkelling, are allowed in this area.
▪ Only native plants may be planted here as part of carefully planned
ecosystem restoration.
▪ Alteration of natural features and landscape by collection of natural
components is strictly prohibited.
▪ Any activity that could change the natural process of terrestrial or marine life
is prohibited.
▪ Educational and public awareness activities are permitted provided they
meet conditions in the management plan.
▪ Low-profile ecotourism is encouraged in this zone within the carrying
capacity set by an integrated plan.
Restricted Access Zone
▪ Human settlements and associated infrastructure and practices are not
allowed.
▪ Alteration of natural features and landscape is strictly prohibited, including
collection of natural components.
▪ Cutting of mangrove trees is strictly forbidden
▪ Disposal of any pollutants, including solid wastes and oil, onto land, marine
or estuarine water is strictly prohibited.
▪ Any activity that could change the natural process of terrestrial or marine life
is prohibited.
▪ Hunting or disturbing wildlife in any form is strictly prohibited.
▪ A no fishing zone extends for 500 m from the shore.
 Economic Activities
Saint Martin's Island, a picturesque coral island situated in the Bay of Bengal, off the
southeastern coast of Bangladesh, boasts a unique and diverse array of economic
activities that contribute to the livelihood of its inhabitants and the local economy.
Here are some of the key economic activities on the island:
1. Tourism:
Tourism is the primary economic driver for Saint Martin's Island. The island's
pristine beaches, rich coral reef ecosystem, and vibrant marine life attract
thousands of domestic and international tourists annually. The tourism industry
encompasses various sectors, including:
a. Accommodation: Hotels, resorts, and guesthouses cater to visitors seeking
comfortable lodging options.
b. Transportation: Boat services and local transportation providers facilitate tourist
movement within the island.
c. Tour Guides and Activities: Local guides offer guided tours, snorkeling and diving
expeditions, and other recreational activities for tourists.
d. Souvenir and Handicraft Sales: Local artisans and vendors sell handmade
souvenirs, crafts, and other products to tourists.
2. Fishing:
Fishing has been a traditional economic activity on Saint Martin's Island for
generations. The surrounding waters are rich in marine life, providing opportunities
for commercial and artisanal fishing. Locally caught fish, shrimp, and other seafood
are sold in local markets and supplied to mainland markets.

3. Agriculture and Subsistence Farming:

Despite the island's limited land area, small-scale agriculture and subsistence
farming are practiced by some residents. Crops such as coconuts, betel nuts, and
various fruits and vegetables are cultivated for local consumption and sale in local
markets.

4. Salt Production:
The island's unique geographic location and climate make it suitable for salt
production. Traditional salt pans are used to extract salt from seawater through
evaporation, providing a valuable economic resource for the local community.
5. Coconut and Betel Nut Production:
Coconut and betel nut trees are abundant on the island, and their cultivation and
processing contribute to the local economy. Coconut products, including coconut
oil, coconut water, and coconut fiber, are produced and sold, while betel nuts are a
popular cash crop.
6. Handicrafts:
Local artisans on Saint Martin's Island produce a variety of handicrafts, such as
shell jewelry, woven baskets, and other decorative items. These handmade
products are popular among tourists and provide a source of income for the island's
craftspeople.
7. Small-scale Trade and Services:
The island's local economy also includes small-scale trade and service activities,
such as grocery stores, food stalls, and repair services, catering to the needs of
both residents and visitors.
While tourism remains the backbone of the island's economy, the diverse range of
economic activities on Saint Martin's Island contributes to the overall economic
stability and self-sufficiency of the local community. Sustainable management of
these economic resources, coupled with responsible tourism practices, is crucial
for the long-term economic and environmental well-being of the island.
Direct Tourism Jobs:
Saint Martin's tourism industry offers a diverse range of employment opportunities
for its residents. These jobs directly cater to the needs of tourists and contribute
significantly to the island's economy. Here's a breakdown of some key sectors:
• Hospitality: Hotels, resorts, guesthouses, and homestays require staff for
various roles, including:
o Receptionists
o Housekeepers
o Room service personnel
o Chefs and cooks
 o Waiters and waitresses
• Travel and Transportation: Travel agencies, tour operators, transportation
companies, and boat operators employ individuals in positions like:
o Travel agents and tour guides
o Taxi drivers, boat operators, and rickshaw pullers
o Logistics coordinators
• Retail and Services: Restaurants, souvenir shops, and handicraft stalls
create jobs for:
o Cashiers and salespeople
o Artisans and craftspeople
o Restaurant staff
Benefits of Direct Tourism Jobs:
• Improved Standard of Living: Tourism jobs typically offer a steady income
compared to traditional island occupations. This improved financial security
allows residents to afford better housing, healthcare, and education for their
families.
• Career Opportunities: The tourism industry provides career paths for
individuals with various skillsets. Hospitality training equips staff for roles in
hotels and restaurants, while strong communication skills make individuals
suitable for tour guiding or client interaction.
• Skills Development: The tourism sector encourages the development of
new skills. Staff may learn foreign languages to better communicate with
international tourists or receive training in areas like housekeeping and
maintenance to enhance hotel operations.

Indirect Tourism Jobs:

Beyond direct employment, tourism creates a ripple effect of job opportunities in
supporting sectors:
 • Fishing Industry: Increased demand for seafood in restaurants translates to
higher catch prices and income for local fishermen.
• Construction and Maintenance: The development of tourism infrastructure
like hotels and resorts creates jobs in construction, carpentry, electrical
work, and maintenance.
• Agriculture: Tourism can stimulate local agricultural production to meet the
demand for fresh fruits, vegetables, and other food items in restaurants and
hotels.
• Entertainment Industry: Traditional dance performances, music shows, and
cultural exhibitions provide entertainment for tourists and income for local
artists and performers.

Here's a glimpse into some exciting possibilities for locals to capitalize on:

• Unique Accommodation:
o Homestays: Offer tourists a chance to experience local culture by
converting your home into a homestay. Provide comfortable rooms,
authentic meals, and personalized interaction to create a memorable
experience.
o Eco-Lodges: Cater to environmentally conscious travelers by
establishing eco-lodges built with sustainable materials and offering
eco-friendly tours.
o Glamping: Create a unique blend of luxury camping by setting up
glamorous tents amidst the natural beauty of the island.
• Experiential Tourism:
o Culinary Tours: Organize tours that take tourists on a journey through
Saint Martin's culinary heritage. Include visits to local farms, cooking
classes featuring traditional dishes, and meals at family-run
restaurants.
o Adventure Activities: Offer exciting adventures like scuba diving,
snorkeling, kayaking, or boat tours to explore the island's stunning
coral reefs and marine life.
o Cultural Immersions: Organize workshops or demonstrations related
to local crafts like basket weaving or batik dyeing. Partner with artists
and performers to showcase traditional music and dance.
• Sustainable Souvenirs:
 o Handicraft Shops: Establish shops selling locally-made souvenirs like
handwoven textiles, seashell jewelry, or wooden sculptures. Promote
sustainable practices by using eco-friendly materials and packaging.
o Art Galleries: Showcase the work of local artists, photographers, and
painters, providing a platform for them to connect with tourists and
generate income.
o Locally-Sourced Products: Offer tourists a chance to take home a
piece of Saint Martin with locally-produced items like honey, spices, or
coffee beans.
• Specialized Services:
o Wedding Planning: Assist couples in planning their dream destination
wedding on the island's pristine beaches. Utilize local vendors for
catering, photography, and decorations, creating a truly unique
experience.
o Wellness Retreats: Offer yoga retreats, meditation sessions, or
nature walks, catering to tourists seeking relaxation and rejuvenation.
Partner with local wellness practitioners to create holistic packages.
o Transportation Services: Provide private transportation options for
tourists, such as car rentals, scooter rentals, or bicycle tours, allowing
them to explore the island at their own pace.
 Disaster, Risk & Vulnerability

Erosion: Erosion poses a significant threat to Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh,

impacting its coastline, infrastructure, and communities. Situated in the Bay of
Bengal, Saint Martin's Island is vulnerable to erosion due to its exposure to strong
tidal currents, wave action, and cyclonic activity. Here, erosion primarily manifests
as bay bank erosion, a process whereby the land along the island's coastline
gradually recedes, leading to the loss of valuable landmass.
Bay bank erosion is driven by various factors, including:
• Wave Action: The island's location exposes it to the full force of oceanic
waves generated by wind and tidal currents. Over time, these waves erode
the soft sedimentary coastline, leading to the gradual retreat of land.
• Tidal Currents: The Bay of Bengal experiences strong tidal currents, which
contribute to the erosion of coastal landforms. These currents transport
sediment along the coastline, reshaping the shoreline and exacerbating
erosion processes.
• Cyclonic Activity: Saint Martin's Island is prone to cyclones and tropical
storms, which bring intense winds and storm surges. These extreme weather
events can accelerate erosion by causing rapid coastal inundation and
undermining the stability of the shoreline.
• Sea-Level Rise: Rising sea levels, attributed to climate change and global
warming, exacerbate erosion by increasing the frequency and intensity of
coastal flooding and storm surges. As sea levels rise, the erosive power of
waves and tidal currents is amplified, leading to accelerated land loss.
• Data from satellite imagery and coastal monitoring: Bay bank erosion on
Saint Martin's Island leads to the annual loss of approximately 1 to 2 meters
of coastline. This gradual but persistent land retreat directly threatens
residential areas, tourist facilities, and critical infrastructure along the
coastline. The erosion-induced loss of land has displaced numerous
households and businesses, particularly in vulnerable coastal communities,
placing residents at risk of property damage, loss of assets, and disruptions
 to their daily lives as encroaching seawater encroaches upon their homes
and livelihoods.
• Economic repercussions: Estimates suggest millions of dollars in
infrastructure damage and loss of coastal land assets due to erosion.
Properties located along the eroding coastline experience depreciating
values, exacerbating financial losses for property owners and investors. The
erosion-induced loss of land adversely affects agricultural productivity,
compromising local food security and jeopardizing the livelihoods of
communities reliant on agriculture and subsistence farming.
• Impact on infrastructure: Erosion undermines the stability of roads, bridges,
and other critical infrastructure, necessitating costly repairs and
maintenance efforts. Disruptions to transportation networks compromise
access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and emergency
response.

Sea-Level Rise:
• Rising sea levels, attributed to climate change and global warming,
exacerbate erosion by increasing the frequency and intensity of coastal
flooding and storm surges.
• As sea levels rise, the erosive power of waves and tidal currents is amplified,
leading to accelerated land loss.
• Sea-level rise compounds the erosion challenges faced by Saint Martin's
Island, posing a significant threat to coastal communities, infrastructure, and
ecosystems.
• Satellite data and tide gauge measurements indicate a steady rise in sea
levels along the island's coastline, with projections suggesting further
increases in the coming decades.
• The phenomenon of sea-level rise contributes to habitat loss, biodiversity
decline, and ecosystem degradation, amplifying the vulnerability of the
island's coastal areas.
Floods:
• Floods are a recurrent hazard for Saint Martin's Island, often triggered by
heavy rainfall associated with cyclones or monsoon seasons.
• The island's flat terrain and inadequate drainage exacerbate the impact of
flooding, leading to property damage, displacement of residents, and
disruptions to essential services.
• Recent flood events have inundated large swathes of land, affecting
agricultural productivity and posing risks to public health.
Salinity Intrusion:
• Salinity intrusion is a pressing concern for Saint Martin's Island, exacerbated
by sea-level rise and cyclones.
• The infiltration of seawater into groundwater reserves and agricultural lands
compromises freshwater sources and soil fertility, posing challenges for
agricultural productivity and potable water availability.
Cyclone: Cyclones are a recurrent and formidable threat to Saint Martin's Island,
Bangladesh, located in the Bay of Bengal. With an average of 8 strong storms
annually, the island is highly susceptible to the devastating impacts of cyclonic
activity, including fierce winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges. The island's coastal
location exposes it to the full force of cyclones, leading to widespread damage to
infrastructure, displacement of communities, and disruptions to essential services.

Here are some of the major cyclones that have impacted Saint Martin's Island in
Bangladesh from 2005 to 2023, along with their impacts:
1. Cyclone Mocha (2023):
a. Impact: Cyclone Mocha reached wind speeds of up to 194 km/h on
May 14, 2023.
 b. Loss: Significant damage to infrastructure and homes, with around 15
people injured and 400 houses damaged.
c. Additional Effects: The cyclone disrupted communication and power
supply, complicating rescue and relief operations.

2. Cyclone Amphan (2020):

a. Impact: An extremely severe cyclonic storm.
b. Loss: Extensive damage to infrastructure and local livelihoods,
severely affecting the fishing community and tourism industry on Saint
Martin's Island.
c. Additional Effects: Overall, 31 people died and 176,007 hectares of
agricultural land across 17 coastal districts were devastated.
3. Cyclone Bulbul (2019):
a. Impact: Affected the coastal regions of Bangladesh, including Saint
Martin's Island.
 b. Loss: Significant damage to homes, local businesses, and the natural
environment, including coral reefs and mangroves.
c. Additional Effects: Approximately 289,006 hectares of land were
affected and crops on 22,836 hectares were damaged.
4. Cyclone Mora (2017): Cyclone Mora made landfall in Bangladesh in May
2017, with strong winds and heavy rainfall causing extensive damage. On
Saint Martin's Island, the cyclone destroyed numerous houses and fishing
boats, displaced many residents, and disrupted the island's economy. The
cyclone's impact on the local ecosystem was also significant, with damage
to coral reefs and coastal vegetation.
a. Impact: Housing destruction, economic disruption, ecosystem
damage.
b. Loss: Numerous houses and fishing boats destroyed.
c. Additional Effects: The cyclone led to the displacement of over
500,000 people in Bangladesh, causing significant humanitarian
challenges. [Number of deaths: 7]

5. Cyclone Mahasen (2013): Cyclone Mahasen struck in May 2013, affecting

several coastal areas in Bangladesh. On Saint Martin's Island, it caused
moderate damage to homes, infrastructure, and agriculture. The cyclone also
led to temporary displacement of residents and posed challenges to the
local disaster response mechanisms. The island's tourism sector
experienced a brief downturn due to the damage and disruptions caused by
the cyclone.
a. Impact: Moderate damage to homes and infrastructure.
b. Loss: Displacement of residents, tourism sector downturn.
c. Additional Effects: : The cyclone resulted in the deaths of 17 people in
Bangladesh and caused damage to agricultural land and livestock.

6. Cyclone Sidr (2007): Cyclone Sidr was one of the deadliest and most
destructive cyclones to hit Bangladesh in recent history. It made landfall in
November 2007, bringing with it winds of up to 260 km/h. On Saint Martin's
 Island, the cyclone caused catastrophic damage, destroying homes, fishing
boats, and infrastructure. The storm surge led to extensive flooding, and the
local population faced severe food and water shortages. Recovery efforts
took months, and the island's economy, particularly its fishing and tourism
sectors, suffered long-term impacts.
a. Impact: Catastrophic damage, severe shortages, long-term economic
impact.
b. Loss: Homes, fishing boats, and infrastructure destroyed.
c. Additional Effects: The cyclone caused the deaths of about 3,406
people in Bangladesh and affected millions, leading to extensive
humanitarian aid efforts.

7. Cyclone Nargis (2008): Though Cyclone Nargis primarily devastated

Myanmar, its outer bands also affected parts of Bangladesh, including Saint
Martin's Island. The cyclone brought heavy rains and strong winds, causing
damage to homes, infrastructure, and agriculture. The island experienced
flooding and erosion, which impacted the livelihoods of the local population
and caused temporary disruptions to daily life.
a. Impact: Flooding, erosion, daily life disruption.
b. Loss: Damage to homes, infrastructure, and agriculture.
c. Additional Effects: The cyclone indirectly caused the displacement of
thousands of people in Bangladesh due to flooding and damage. The
cyclone indirectly caused the deaths of 138 people in Bangladesh

8. Cyclone Aila (2009): Cyclone Aila struck in May 2009, affecting

Bangladesh's coastal regions. On Saint Martin's Island, the cyclone brought
heavy rainfall and strong winds, leading to flooding and significant damage to
homes, crops, and fishing boats. The storm surge caused erosion and salinity
intrusion, which had lasting effects on agriculture and the local ecosystem.
The recovery process was prolonged, with many residents facing economic
hardships long after the cyclone had passed.
a. Impact: Flooding, erosion, long-term economic hardships.
b. Loss: Significant damage to homes, crops, and fishing boats.
 c. Additional Effects: The cyclone caused 190 fatalities and extensive
salinity intrusion, affecting agriculture and freshwater sources.
Recovery efforts took several years, with long-lasting impacts on the
local communities.

Vulnerability: Saint Martin's Island exhibits various vulnerabilities due to its

geographical location, environmental factors, and socio-economic conditions. Here
are some key vulnerabilities:
• Coastal Location: Situated in the Bay of Bengal, Saint Martin's Island is
highly exposed to coastal hazards such as cyclones, storm surges, and sea-
level rise. Its low-lying topography increases susceptibility to flooding and
erosion, placing infrastructure and communities at risk.
• Climate Sensitivity: The island's climate sensitivity makes it prone to
extreme weather events, including cyclones, heavy rainfall, and temperature
fluctuations. Climate change exacerbates these risks, leading to increased
frequency and intensity of weather-related disasters.
• Environmental Degradation: Deforestation, habitat loss, and degradation of
marine ecosystems contribute to environmental vulnerabilities on Saint
Martin's Island. Loss of natural buffers such as mangroves and coral reefs
diminishes the island's resilience to coastal hazards and ecosystem
services.
• Limited Resources: Saint Martin's Island has limited resources and
infrastructure to cope with and recover from disasters. Inadequate
healthcare facilities, emergency response capabilities, and access to clean
water exacerbate vulnerabilities during crises.
• Economic Dependency: The island's economy relies heavily on tourism,
fisheries, and agriculture, which are susceptible to disruption from natural
disasters and environmental degradation. Dependence on these sectors
increases socio-economic vulnerabilities, particularly for vulnerable
communities reliant on these livelihoods.
 • Social Vulnerability: Socio-economic disparities, inadequate housing, and
limited access to education and healthcare contribute to social
vulnerabilities on Saint Martin's Island. Marginalized populations, including
women, children, and the elderly, are disproportionately affected during
disasters.
Addressing vulnerabilities on Saint Martin's Island requires a holistic approach that
integrates disaster risk reduction, climate adaptation, sustainable development,
and community resilience-building initiatives. By enhancing preparedness,
strengthening infrastructure, and promoting sustainable practices, the island can
reduce vulnerabilities and enhance resilience to current and future challenges.
 Strategic & Political importance of the island
Saint Martin's Island, a small yet significant island in the Bay of Bengal, holds
considerable strategic importance for Bangladesh and the broader region. This
importance spans various domains, including geopolitical, economic,
environmental, and socio-cultural aspects. Below, we delve into the multifaceted
strategic significance of Saint Martin's Island under distinct subheadings,
highlighting its critical role in regional stability and development.
Geopolitical Significance
• Maritime Boundary and Sovereignty: Saint Martin's Island is crucial for
Bangladesh in asserting its maritime boundary and sovereignty in the Bay of
Bengal. The island's location near key maritime routes enhances its strategic
value in maintaining control over territorial waters and ensuring national
security.
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The presence of Saint Martin's
Island strengthens Bangladesh's claims to a larger Exclusive Economic
Zone, which is rich in marine resources and crucial for economic
exploitation.
• International Legal Disputes: The island's position has been central in
international maritime boundary disputes and negotiations, reinforcing
Bangladesh's legal claims in the Bay of Bengal.
• Naval Presence: The island serves as a potential strategic naval base for
Bangladesh, allowing for enhanced maritime surveillance and defense
capabilities. Its proximity to important shipping lanes makes it an ideal
location for monitoring and protecting maritime traffic against piracy and
illegal activities.
• Strategic Military Installations: The development of military
installations on the island can significantly boost Bangladesh's
defense posture in the region.
• Maritime Patrols: The island provides a base for increased frequency
and range of maritime patrols, enhancing the country's ability to secure
its maritime interests. Its strategic location supports anti-piracy
operations, contributing to safer maritime routes in the Bay of Bengal.
 • Regional Security: The island's strategic position helps Bangladesh play a
proactive role in regional security dynamics, particularly in cooperation with
neighboring countries like India and Myanmar. It supports regional stability by
providing a base for joint maritime exercises and security operations.
• Missile Defense Systems: The strategic location allows for the
deployment of advanced missile defense systems, providing a tactical
advantage in regional defense strategies.
• Surveillance and Intelligence: The island can host advanced
surveillance and intelligence-gathering installations, enhancing
Bangladesh's ability to monitor and respond to regional security
threats.
Economic Significance
• Tourism Potential: Saint Martin's Island is a popular tourist destination,
attracting both domestic and international visitors with its pristine beaches,
coral reefs, and unique biodiversity. Tourism generates significant revenue
and employment opportunities, contributing to the local and national
economy.
• Fisheries and Marine Resources: The surrounding waters of Saint Martin's
Island are rich in marine resources, making it a vital hub for the fishing
industry. Sustainable management of these resources is crucial for the
livelihoods of local fishing communities and for ensuring food security.
• Blue Economy: The island plays a key role in Bangladesh's blue economy
initiatives, which focus on sustainable exploitation of marine resources for
economic growth. This includes potential opportunities in aquaculture,
marine biotechnology, and renewable energy from ocean resources.
• Investment and Infrastructure Development: The strategic location of Saint
Martin's Island makes it an attractive site for infrastructure development and
foreign investment. Improvements in transportation, hospitality, and other
infrastructure can spur economic growth and regional integration.
Environmental Significance
• Biodiversity and Conservation: Saint Martin's Island is home to unique
ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves, and diverse marine life. These
ecosystems are not only valuable for their biodiversity but also provide
critical ecosystem services such as coastal protection and carbon
sequestration.
• Climate Change Resilience: The island's ecosystems play a vital role in
mitigating the impacts of climate change. Coral reefs act as natural barriers
against storm surges and erosion, enhancing the island's resilience to
extreme weather events.
• Research and Education: The unique environmental features of Saint
Martin's Island make it an important site for scientific research and
education. Studies on marine biology, climate change, and sustainable
development can provide valuable insights and inform policy decisions.
• Sustainable Development Goals: The island's strategic importance aligns
with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those
related to life below water (SDG 14), climate action (SDG 13), and
sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11). Efforts to protect and
sustainably manage the island's natural resources contribute to achieving
these goals.
Socio-Cultural Significance
• Community Livelihoods: The island supports the livelihoods of its
inhabitants through tourism, fishing, and agriculture. Ensuring sustainable
development and resilience of these livelihoods is crucial for the well-being
and prosperity of the local population.
• Education and Awareness: Saint Martin's Island serves as an important site
for raising awareness about environmental conservation, sustainable
development, and climate change. Educational programs and community
initiatives can empower local residents and visitors to take action towards
protecting the island's natural and cultural resources.
Strategic Development Initiatives
• Infrastructure Improvements: Developing robust infrastructure, including
transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and communication systems,
is essential for enhancing the island's strategic importance. These
improvements can facilitate economic growth, tourism, and emergency
response capabilities.
• Sustainable Tourism: Promoting sustainable tourism practices is crucial for
balancing economic development with environmental conservation.
Initiatives such as eco-tourism, community-based tourism, and responsible
travel can help preserve the island's natural beauty while benefiting local
communities.
• Disaster Risk Reduction: Implementing effective disaster risk reduction
strategies is vital for safeguarding the island's population and infrastructure.
Early warning systems, resilient infrastructure, and community preparedness
programs can mitigate the impacts of natural disasters such as cyclones and
floods.
• Marine and Coastal Management: Sustainable management of marine and
coastal resources is essential for maintaining the island's ecological balance
and supporting economic activities. Integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM) approaches can help address issues such as erosion, salinity
intrusion, and habitat degradation.
• International Cooperation: Saint Martin's Island can benefit from
international cooperation and partnerships in areas such as climate change
adaptation, marine conservation, and sustainable development.
Collaborative efforts with neighboring countries and international
organizations can enhance the island's resilience and strategic importance.
Political Importance of Saint Martin's Island
Saint Martin's Island, a small coral island located in the northeastern part of the Bay
of Bengal, holds significant political importance for Bangladesh. This importance
extends across various domains, including national sovereignty, regional diplomacy,
resource management, and socio-economic development. In this comprehensive
analysis, we explore the multifaceted political significance of Saint Martin's Island,
supported by relevant data and insights.
National Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity
• Maritime Sovereignty: Saint Martin's Island plays a critical role in asserting
Bangladesh's sovereignty over its maritime boundaries in the Bay of Bengal.
The island's strategic location enhances Bangladesh's control over its
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is rich in marine resources.
• EEZ Expansion: The island's presence allows Bangladesh to claim a
larger EEZ, extending up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline, which
includes valuable fishing grounds and potential underwater oil and gas
reserves.
• Legal Precedents: International legal rulings, such as those from the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), have reinforced
Bangladesh's maritime claims, with Saint Martin's Island serving as a
crucial reference point.
• Territorial Integrity: The island symbolizes Bangladesh's territorial integrity,
especially in light of historical and ongoing maritime boundary disputes with
neighboring countries.
• Boundary Demarcation: Saint Martin's Island has been pivotal in
boundary demarcation negotiations with Myanmar and India, ensuring
that Bangladesh's territorial claims are recognized and respected.
• National Security: The island's strategic position enhances
Bangladesh's ability to safeguard its territorial waters from
unauthorized intrusions and activities.
Regional Diplomacy and International Relations
• Bilateral Relations: Saint Martin's Island is a focal point in Bangladesh's
diplomatic relations with its neighbors, particularly India and Myanmar.
• Joint Initiatives: The island's proximity to these countries facilitates
joint maritime exercises, scientific research, and disaster response
initiatives, fostering regional cooperation.
• Diplomatic Negotiations: The island has been central to negotiations
over maritime boundaries, resource sharing, and regional security
arrangements.
• Multilateral Engagements: The island's strategic location enhances
Bangladesh's role in regional and international organizations, such as the
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
• Strategic Dialogues: Participation in these forums allows Bangladesh
to advocate for its maritime interests, leverage regional cooperation for
sustainable development, and enhance its geopolitical influence.
• International Partnerships: Saint Martin's Island enables Bangladesh
to engage with global powers and international organizations on issues
like maritime security, climate change, and sustainable development.
Resource Management and Environmental Stewardship
• Marine Resource Management: The waters surrounding Saint Martin's
Island are rich in marine biodiversity and resources, making the island central
to Bangladesh's efforts in sustainable resource management.
• Fisheries Management: The island's proximity to abundant fishing
grounds necessitates effective fisheries management policies to
prevent overfishing and ensure sustainable livelihoods for local
communities.
• Marine Conservation: Initiatives to protect coral reefs, mangroves,
and other marine ecosystems around the island are crucial for
biodiversity conservation and climate resilience.
 • Climate Change Mitigation: Saint Martin's Island is on the frontline of
climate change impacts, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather events.
• Climate Adaptation Projects: The island serves as a testing ground
for innovative climate adaptation projects, including coastal defense
structures, mangrove restoration, and community-based adaptation
strategies.
• Environmental Diplomacy: The island's vulnerability to climate
change highlights Bangladesh's role in international environmental
diplomacy, advocating for climate justice and increased support for
vulnerable countries.
Socio-Economic Development
• Tourism Development: Saint Martin's Island is a popular tourist destination,
contributing significantly to Bangladesh's tourism sector.
• Economic Impact: Tourism generates substantial revenue, creates
jobs, and stimulates local economies, making it a critical component
of the island's socio-economic development.
• Sustainable Tourism: Efforts to promote sustainable tourism
practices are essential to balance economic growth with
environmental conservation.
• Local Livelihoods: The island supports diverse livelihoods, including fishing,
agriculture, and small-scale businesses.
• Economic Opportunities: Development initiatives focused on
improving infrastructure, market access, and capacity-building can
enhance the economic well-being of local communities.
• Social Development: Investment in healthcare, education, and social
services on the island contributes to improved living standards and
social cohesion.
Strategic Defense and Security
• Naval and Maritime Security: Saint Martin's Island's location is strategically
important for Bangladesh's naval and maritime security.
 • Naval Base Potential: The island serves as a potential site for a naval
base, enhancing Bangladesh's capability to monitor and secure its
maritime borders.
• Maritime Surveillance: The island's strategic position allows for
improved maritime surveillance and patrolling, deterring illegal
activities such as smuggling, human trafficking, and piracy.
• Disaster Preparedness and Response: The island's susceptibility to natural
disasters necessitates robust disaster preparedness and response
mechanisms.
• Early Warning Systems: Establishing and maintaining early warning
systems on the island can help mitigate the impacts of cyclones,
tsunamis, and other natural disasters.
• Emergency Response: The island can serve as a hub for emergency
response operations, providing logistical support for disaster relief
efforts in the region.
Cultural and Heritage Significance
• Cultural Heritage: Saint Martin's Island has a rich cultural heritage, with
unique traditions and lifestyles of the local communities.
• Cultural Preservation: Efforts to preserve and promote the island's
cultural heritage are essential for maintaining its identity and attracting
cultural tourism.
• Community Empowerment: Supporting local cultural initiatives and
community-based tourism can empower residents and enhance social
cohesion.
• Educational and Research Opportunities: The island offers valuable
opportunities for education and research in fields such as marine biology,
environmental science, and sustainable development.
• Research Collaborations: Partnerships with academic institutions
and research organizations can facilitate studies on the island's unique
 ecosystems and contribute to global knowledge on climate resilience
and biodiversity.
• Educational Programs: Implementing educational programs on the
island can raise awareness about environmental conservation,
sustainable development, and disaster preparedness.

Saint Martin's Island holds immense political importance for Bangladesh,

encompassing national sovereignty, regional diplomacy, resource management,
socio-economic development, and strategic defense. Its unique geographical
location and rich natural resources make it a valuable asset for Bangladesh's
political and economic aspirations. However, the island also faces significant
challenges, including vulnerability to natural disasters, environmental degradation,
and socio-economic disparities. Addressing these challenges through integrated
and sustainable approaches is essential for enhancing the island's resilience and
maximizing its political potential. By prioritizing infrastructure development,
sustainable resource management, disaster preparedness, and community
engagement, Saint Martin's Island can continue to thrive as a vital component of
Bangladesh's strategic landscape.
 Chapter 3: Study Methods
Fieldwork can be an exciting but challenging aspect of research, requiring careful planning and
execution. Here are some study methods specifically tailored for fieldwork:
1. Preliminary Research: Before heading into the field, conduct thorough preliminary
research to understand the context, existing literature, and any previous studies
conducted in the area. This will help you formulate research questions and hypotheses.
2. Developing a Research Plan: Create a detailed research plan outlining your objectives,
methodology, data collection techniques, and timeline. Be flexible, as fieldwork can often
present unexpected challenges.
3. Participant Observation: Immersing yourself in the environment you're studying allows
for a deeper understanding of the context. Take detailed field notes, observing
interactions, behaviors, and cultural nuances.
4. Interviews: Conduct structured or semi-structured interviews with key informants or
participants to gather qualitative data. Prepare interview guides but be open to follow-up
questions based on responses.
5. Surveys and Questionnaires: If applicable, administer surveys or questionnaires to
gather quantitative data. Ensure they are culturally appropriate and pilot-test them before
full implementation.
 3.1 Field Work Planning, group Formation and Zoning
The process began with identifying the destination, Saint Martin, a small island
located in the Bay of Bengal known for its pristine beaches and crystal-clear waters.
The trip was planned for two days in Saint Martin, followed by a day in Cox's Bazar,
another popular beach destination in Bangladesh.
First, the students and teachers involved in the planning committee researched
transportation options from Dhaka to Saint Martin. After considering various factors
such as cost, convenience, and safety, they decided to book tickets for a ship ride
from Teknaf to Saint Martin. The group also made arrangements for accommodation
in Saint Martin, ensuring that they had a comfortable place to stay during their visit.
The itinerary for the trip was carefully crafted to include a mix of educational
activities, cultural experiences, and leisure time. The students participated in
guided tours of the island, learning about its history, geography, and local customs.
They also had the opportunity to interact with the residents of the island, gaining
insights into their way of life.
After two days in Saint Martin, the group traveled to Cox's Bazar for a day of
relaxation and exploration. They visited the world's longest natural sea beach,
organized a program of beach cleaning campaign and enjoyed visiting some nearby
destinations including Mini Bandarban, Himchori. The trip provided the students
with a valuable learning experience outside the classroom, allowing them to
appreciate the natural beauty and cultural diversity of their country
Preparation and Briefing
Before embarking on our field trip to St. Martin's Island and Cox's Bazar, our
supervising teachers provided us with comprehensive guidelines. These briefings
covered various aspects including the trip locations, expenses, duration of stay,
daily activities, transportation methods, and the organization of fieldwork tasks. The
goal was to ensure we made the most out of our trip while maintaining proper
conduct and efficiency throughout the journey.
Group Assignments
To streamline the process and ensure efficient management, our teachers divided
us into specific groups, each with distinct responsibilities:
1. Logistics Group: Responsible for managing all logistical aspects, including
accommodation, food, and supplies.
2. Data Sheet Group: Tasked with preparing and maintaining all necessary data
sheets and ensuring proper documentation of fieldwork.
3. Medical Team: Equipped to handle any medical emergencies and ensure the
health and safety of all participants.
4. Transport Group: In charge of arranging and coordinating all transportation needs
throughout the trip.
Pre-Departure Arrangements
Before departure, each group meticulously checked and confirmed their respective
arrangements. This thorough preparation ensured that all necessary equipment and
materials were in place, and potential issues were addressed beforehand.
Execution
With all preparations completed, we set off on our field trip as planned. The careful
organization and detailed planning allowed us to maximize our learning experience
and maintain smooth operations throughout our stay in St. Martin's Island and Cox's
Bazar.
 3.2 Primary Sources: Data and information
Primary sources are original materials that provide direct evidence or
firsthand accounts of a particular subject.
One common type of primary source at the high school level is data sets.
Data sets provide raw information that can be analyzed and interpreted to
draw meaningful conclusions.
These sources include data sheets, GPS, and questionnaires, which play
a vital role in providing first-hand information directly from a credible
source.
Data sheets are structured documents that contain organized information
on a particular topic. They are commonly used in scientific research to
record observations, measurements, and other relevant information.
This primary source is important for supporting arguments and validating
research findings.
GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is another primary source
that is widely used in various academic disciplines. GPS provides accurate
location data, which is valuable for mapping, navigation, and geospatial
analysis. We used GPS technology to collect geographical data, track
movement patterns, and conduct field studies. This primary source
enhances the accuracy and precision of research outcomes by providing
real-time location information.
Questionnaires are structured survey instruments designed to collect
information from a specific group of individuals. Students can use
questionnaires to gather opinions, perspectives, and feedback on a
particular topic or issue. This primary source helps students to understand
the viewpoints of others, identify trends, and analyze data for research
purposes.
In conclusion, primary sources like data sheets, GPS, and questionnaires
are valuable assets for students at the high school level. These sources
provide authentic, reliable, and relevant information for academic research
and projects. By utilizing primary sources effectively, students can enhance
the quality and credibility of their work while developing essential research
skills for their academic pursuits.
 3.2.1 Used tools
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
• pH Meters
• Water Quality Testing Kits
 3.2.2 Data sheet

Data sheets serve as structured documents essential for scientific research. They systematically
organize data, ensuring accuracy and facilitating analysis. Here's why they're vital:
1. Structured Organization: Data sheets provide a clear framework for recording various
types of information, ensuring that data is collected consistently and systematically.
2. Accuracy and Reliability: By standardizing the format for recording data, data sheets help
minimize errors and ensure the reliability of the recorded information.
3. Supporting Evidence: Data recorded on these sheets serves as primary evidence to
support research findings, making it easier to validate and reproduce results.
4. Analysis and Interpretation: Well-structured data sheets facilitate the analysis of
collected data, enabling researchers to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within
the dataset.
5. Documentation and Transparency: They document the entire research process,
including data collection methods and any modifications made during the study,
promoting transparency and reproducibility.
6. Communication: Data sheets serve as a communication tool, allowing researchers to
share their findings with colleagues, collaborators, and the broader scientific community.
7. Compliance and Regulation: In certain fields, such as clinical research or environmental
monitoring, adherence to specific data recording standards outlined by regulatory bodies
is essential for compliance and maintaining data integrity.
In summary, data sheets play a crucial role in scientific research by providing a structured and
reliable means of recording, analyzing, and communicating research data.
 3.2.3 Questionnaire Survey

Questionnaires are structured survey instruments meticulously crafted to extract insights from
specific groups of individuals. Particularly in academic settings, students wield questionnaires as
potent tools to glean opinions, perspectives, and feedback on targeted topics or issues. These
instruments serve as primary sources, offering students a direct conduit to understanding the
diverse viewpoints of their peers, teachers, or broader communities. Through questionnaire-
based research, students not only gain valuable insights but also hone their analytical skills by
identifying trends and patterns within collected data.
In essence, questionnaires provide students with a gateway to the rich tapestry of perspectives
that surround them, enabling a deeper understanding of societal dynamics, educational
challenges, or community concerns. By systematically collecting and analyzing questionnaire
responses, students can unearth valuable insights that inform their research endeavors and
academic pursuits.
In conclusion, primary sources such as data sheets, GPS technology, and questionnaires stand as
invaluable assets for high school students embarking on academic quests. These sources offer a
treasure trove of authentic, reliable, and pertinent information crucial for shaping well-rounded
research projects and scholarly endeavors. Through adept utilization of primary sources, students
not only enhance the quality and credibility of their work but also cultivate essential research
skills vital for their educational journey and beyond.
 3.2.4 Water sample collection
Water sample collection and testing on Saint Martin Island involve specific steps needed to
address the island's unique challenges and needs. Here’s an overview of the process:
Water Sample Collection:
First of all, we need some materials and instruments to collect water from the source in a
scientific way.
Materials Needed: Sterile sample bottles, gloves, labels, markers, ice chest or cooler,
preservatives (if needed), and a GPS tracker to trace the absolute location of the place.
Identify Sampling Points:
If we want to collect and test water, we should fix the location first. We were divided into small
groups and collected different sources of water from Saint Martin Island. We collected water from
ground water (well, tube well), surface water like canal river bodies, ponds and finally collected
water from different sea beaches of Saint Martin.
Collection Steps:
At first, we rinsed the bottle from which we had collected water. Then filled up with the water
sample. The bottle should not have any free space or bubble. Then put the cap on the bottle. Then
the cap of the bottle with tape so that the collected water would not fall down.
Labeling and Preservation:
The water sample we collected needs to be labeled and preserved as it may be needed for other
research purposes. And data, if labeled there, is no chance to mix with others. Label each bottle
with the date, time, location, and sample ID.
Water Sample Testing:
We define the parameters of the water with a pH meter. Firstly, we wash the meter and then rinse
the meter with collected water. Then put the meter into a sample and define temperature, color,
odor, pH, DO, TDS, and EC.
Data Interpretation:
Compare results against local, national, or international water quality standards to determine if
the water meets the required criteria for its intended use.
Reporting:
Prepare a detailed report including methods, results, and any recommendations for corrective
actions if contaminants are found.
 3.2.5 Field measurement
Field measurements for geography students in Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh, could encompass
a range of parameters to study the island's physical and environmental characteristics. Here's a
suggested list:
1. Shoreline Measurement: Use GPS or total station to measure the length and
configuration of the coastline, noting any changes over time.
2. Elevation and Topography: Utilize surveying equipment or GPS to measure elevation
profiles and create topographic maps of the island, identifying key features such as hills,
valleys, and cliffs.
3. Vegetation Analysis: Conduct transect surveys to assess the distribution and
composition of vegetation types across different parts of the island, including forests,
mangroves, and grasslands.
4. Soil Sampling: Take soil samples from various locations across the island to analyze soil
properties such as texture, pH, and nutrient content, which can provide insights into soil
formation processes and agricultural potential.
5. Water Quality Analysis: Collect water samples from surrounding seas, beaches, and
freshwater sources to measure parameters like pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient
levels, evaluating the island's aquatic ecosystem health.
6. Geomorphological Features: Document and analyze geomorphological features such as
cliffs, caves, and coastal landforms to understand the island's geological history and
processes of erosion and deposition.
7. Human Impact Assessment: Conduct surveys and observations to assess human
impacts on the island, including tourism activities, waste disposal, and infrastructure
development, to understand sustainability challenges and conservation needs.
8. Biodiversity Surveys: Conduct biodiversity surveys to identify and document plant and
animal species inhabiting the island, including endemic and threatened species,
contributing to conservation efforts and ecological management plans.
9. Weather and Climate Data Collection: Install weather stations or use portable weather
monitoring equipment to measure temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall,
providing insights into local climate patterns and variations.
10. Geospatial Mapping: Utilize GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software to integrate
and analyze field data, creating detailed maps and spatial models to visualize and
interpret geographic phenomena on the island.
These field measurements can provide valuable data for geography students to study the natural
and human environments of Saint Martin Island, contributing to research, education, and
conservation efforts in the region.
 3.2.6 Check List
A checklist is a tool used to ensure that all necessary steps or items are included and accounted
for in a task, procedure, or project. It serves as a reminder and helps to organize activities
systematically, ensuring nothing is overlooked. Checklists are widely used in various fields such
as research, project management, event planning, healthcare, and daily personal tasks.
Purpose of a Checklist
1. Organization: Checklists help organize tasks and ensure that each step is performed
correctly.
2. Consistency: They promote consistency by ensuring that each task is completed the
same way every time.
3. Efficiency: Using a checklist can make processes more efficient by providing a clear
pathway of what needs to be done.
4. Accountability: Checklists can serve as a record of completed tasks, providing
accountability.
5. Reduction of Errors: They help to minimize the risk of forgetting important steps or items,
thereby reducing errors.
Components of a Checklist
1. Title: Clearly states what the checklist is for (e.g., "Field Measurement Checklist for
Geography Students").
2. Items: A list of tasks, steps, or items to be completed or checked.
3. Description: A brief explanation or note for each item (optional but can be useful for
clarity).
4. Check Boxes: Boxes or spaces next to each item where a check mark can be placed once
the task is completed.
 3.2.7 FGDs
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) provide a structured yet interactive environment for participants
to express their thoughts, preferences, and experiences. By facilitating open dialogue, researchers
can uncover rich qualitative data that may not emerge through other methods like surveys or
interviews. This depth of understanding can be invaluable for organizations seeking to refine their
offerings or better understand their target audience.
 3.3 Secondary Sources
Secondary sources refer to information that is created based on primary sources, often by
someone who was not directly involved in the events or research being discussed. These sources
interpret, analyze, or comment on primary sources. They can include textbooks, review articles,
encyclopedias, documentaries, and scholarly articles that discuss, summarize, or analyze
primary research findings or historical events.
Secondary sources are important because they provide context, analysis, and interpretation of
primary sources. They allow researchers to build upon existing knowledge, explore different
perspectives, and gain a deeper understanding of a topic without having to access or interpret the
primary sources themselves. However, it's essential to critically evaluate secondary sources to
ensure their reliability, accuracy, and credibility.
 3.4 Data Cleaning, Editing and Management

Data cleaning, editing, and management are all crucial steps in the data analysis lifecycle. They
ensure your data is high quality and ready to be used for meaningful insights. Here's a breakdown
of each:

Data Cleaning
Data cleaning, also called data scrubbing, is the process of fixing or removing
incorrect, corrupted, or inconsistent data points within a dataset.
Imagine it like cleaning a messy room before you can organize it effectively.
Here are some common data-cleaning tasks:
• Identifying and removing duplicates: Duplicate entries can skew your
analysis.
• Fixing formatting errors: Inconsistent capitalization, missing
commas, or incorrect dates all need fixing for uniformity.
• Handling missing data: Decide how to address data points that are
missing entirely.
• Identifying and dealing with outliers: Extreme values that fall way
outside the expected range might require investigation or removal.

Data Editing
Data editing goes beyond just fixing errors. It involves transforming your
data to make it suitable for analysis. This might include:
• Deriving new variables: Combining existing data points to create new
metrics.
• Standardizing data: Ensuring all data points are measured on the
same scale.
• Transforming data: Converting data formats (e.g., changing text
descriptions to numerical codes).
Data Management
Data management is the overarching process of organizing, storing, and
protecting your data throughout its lifecycle. This includes:
• Choosing appropriate storage solutions: Selecting the right software
or databases to store your data securely.
• Implementing data access controls: Deciding who can access and
modify the data.
• Documenting data collection and cleaning processes: Keeping a
record of how the data was obtained and transformed.
• Backing up your data: Ensuring you have copies in case of accidental
loss.
By effectively following these data cleaning, editing, and management
practices, you can ensure your data is high quality, trustworthy, and ready to
be used for accurate analysis and insightful conclusions.
 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation
Data Analysis and Presentation:
Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and
modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data presentation, on the
other hand, is the art of communicating the findings of your data analysis
to an audience in a clear, concise, and engaging way.

Data Analysis
1. Ensure your data is free of errors, inconsistencies, and missing values
(as discussed previously in data cleaning).
2. Get a sense of your data by summarizing its central tendencies
(averages, medians), spread (variance), and visualizing its distribution
through charts and graphs.
3. Depending on your research question and data type, you might
employ statistical methods (hypothesis testing, regression analysis),
machine learning algorithms, or qualitative analysis techniques for
textual data.
4. If applicable, you might build models to identify patterns,
relationships, or make predictions based on your data.
5. Make sense of the findings from your analysis and draw conclusions
about the data.

Data Presentation
1. Arrange your presentation to the level of understanding and interests
of your audience.
2. Use your data visualizations and insights to tell a compelling story
that supports your conclusions.
3. Select charts and graphs that are clear, easy to understand, and
effectively represent your data. Avoid overloading visuals with
complex information.
4. Briefly explain the purpose of your analysis, the methods used, and
the key takeaways from the data.
5. Discuss the implications of your findings and how they relate to your
research question or objective.
 Chapter 4: Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Analysis
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) analysis involves the categorization of the landscape into
various types based on their use and cover. The provided maps illustrate the LULC changes in
Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh, between 2005 and 2021.
LULC Categories and Their Changes from 2005 to 2021:
1. Agricultural Land (Light Green)
o 2005: Predominantly located in the central and southern parts of the island.
o 2021: Reduction in agricultural areas, especially in the southern part.
2. Bare Sand (Yellow)
o 2005: Present along the coastlines.
o 2021: Increased significantly, indicating potential erosion or land use change.
3. Beach (Peach)
o 2005: Scattered along the coastline.
o 2021: Slight reduction, indicating possible erosion or encroachment by other land
uses.
4. Built-up Area (Red)
o 2005: Concentrated in small patches, primarily in the northern part.
o 2021: Increased notably, indicating urban expansion or development activities.
5. Exposed Coral Colonies (Dark Blue)
o 2005: Visible in the northern and southern coastal areas.
o 2021: Significant reduction, which could be due to environmental changes or
human impact.
6. Natural Vegetation (Dark Green)
o 2005: Widespread across the island, particularly in the central and southern
regions.
o 2021: Decreased significantly, suggesting deforestation or conversion to other land
uses.
7. Pond (Light Blue)
o 2005: Scattered in small patches across the island.
 o 2021: Relatively stable, but some areas show a reduction.
8. Tidal Wet Land (Pink)
o 2005: Present along the coastal fringes.
o 2021: Significant reduction, potentially due to land reclamation or other changes.
Observations:
• Urban Expansion: There is a clear increase in built-up areas from 2005 to 2021, indicating
urban growth.
• Environmental Degradation: The reduction in natural vegetation and exposed coral
colonies suggests environmental stress or degradation.
• Land Use Change: The increase in bare sand and reduction in tidal wetlands point to
significant changes in land use, possibly driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors.
Conclusion:
The LULC analysis of Saint Martin's Island from 2005 to 2021 indicates significant changes, with
notable increases in urban areas and bare sand, along with reductions in natural vegetation, coral
colonies, and tidal wetlands. These changes highlight the need for sustainable land management
and environmental conservation efforts to protect the island's ecological integrity.
 Chapter 5: Spatial Arrangement of Physical and Man-made Features
Physiographic Features of Saint Martin
St Martin’s Island, the lone coral island in Bangladesh, is in the north-east Bay of Bengal. The 8 sq-
km island is unconnected from the mainland of Bangladesh.
There are many multi-storey buildings on St Martin’s Island. There are more than 230 hotels,
resorts, cottages and restaurants, either one-storey or multi-storey.
Based on our survey it appears that the area you surveyed is a vibrant and diverse locale. Here’s a
broad summary:
The area boasts 57 resorts, indicating a strong presence of tourism or recreational activities. The
presence of 30 beaches further supports this, providing ample opportunities for relaxation and
water-based activities.
The area is also rich in natural beauty, with 70 vegetation found. This suggests a variety of plant life
and potentially a rich ecosystem. The presence of 6 canals could add to the scenic beauty and
might be used for irrigation or transportation.
In terms of infrastructure, there are 7 roads that facilitate connectivity and transport. The
presence of 25 stores indicates a thriving marketplace catering to the needs of locals and tourists
alike.
The area also has a strong cultural aspect with 7 masjids (mosques), serving as places of worship
for the Muslim community.
Agriculture seems to be a significant part of the local economy, with 25 agricultural lands. This
could imply a variety of crops and produce being cultivated.
Finally, the presence of 19 tea stalls suggests a popular local hangout spot and a love for tea
among the residents.
Overall, the area seems to be a blend of natural beauty, infrastructure, and cultural richness. It
appears to cater to both the local population’s needs and offers various attractions for visitors.
 Chapter 6: Life and Livelihood of the Islands’ Community

Age
40 36
34
35
30
25 21
20
15 11
9
10
3
5
0
11-20 Years 21-30 Years 31-40 Years 41-50 Years 51-60 Years 61-70 Years

This graph shows how many people fall into different age groups. Most people are younger, with
the numbers going up until people are in their 40s or 50s. Then it looks like there might be fewer
people as they get older. Overall, it suggests there are more younger people than older people.

Location
60

50

40
49
30

20
12
10 23
14 10
0 5 1 0 0

The chart shows the distribution of houses across eight neighborhoods in a location, likely in
India. Kona Para has the most houses, with 49 of the total. Paschim Para follows with 23 houses
and Maddham Para has 14 houses .Conversely, Dakshin Para and Deil Para have no houses listed.
 Marital Status
0.9
19.3

Married
Unmarried
Widow/Widower

79.8

The pie chart illustrates the marital status distribution within the population.
The largest portion, comprising 79.8%, represents married individuals, while the remaining
19.3%, represents unmarried individuals. In summary, the data indicates a notably higher
proportion of married individuals compared to unmarried ones.

Religion Hindu
Buddhism 1%
0%

Christianity
0%
Islam
Hindu
Christianity
Buddhism

Islam
99%

This pie chart shows the marital status of a population. The vast majority of the pie chart
represents Islam. The small remaining represents Hinduism. This suggests that a significantly
larger portion of the population adheres to Islam than Hinduism on St. Martin's Island.
 Educational Background
3.5 No Formal Schooling
6.1
6.1 22.8 Primary Education
Incomplete
Primary Education
4.4
Complete
SSC pass
8.8
HSC pass

Honors

23.7 Masters

24.6 Madrasa

This pie chart reveals a population with a significant portion (22.8%) lacking formal schooling.
While 47.5% haven't completed secondary education, a surprising balance emerges between
those with "Honors" (23.7%) and "Masters" degrees (24.6%).

Monthly Income (BDT)

33
35
28
30 26
25
20

15
8 7
10 6 6
5
0
1-10000 10001 – 20001 – 30001 – 40001 – More than No income
20000 30000 40000 50000 50000

The line graph depicts monthly income in Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) over an unspecified period. The
income fluctuates throughout the timeframe, with the highest income being 2,001- 3,000 BDT and
the lowest being is upto 5,000 BDT.
 Respondent Type
14 8.8

Temporary

Permanent

Tourist

77.2

The pie chart displays the distribution of participants based on residency [Link]
residents constitute the largest group at 77.2%, followed by temporary residents at 14%, and
tourists at 8.8%.

Tourist Respondent
120

98
100

80

60

40

20 16

0
Yes No

The column graph shows the number of tourists who responded to a survey question. 98 tourists
responded "Yes" and 16 tourists responded "No" to the question. In total, 114 tourists responded
to the survey.
 Homeland of Tourist
16
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 0
0

Local (Inhabitant of
Bangladesh) Foreigner

The chart shows the homeland of tourists visiting Bangladesh. The vast majority are local
Bangladeshi inhabitants. A small percentage are foreign tourists. This suggests that tourism in
Bangladesh is dominated by domestic visitors.

Tourist’s Occupation

Others 3

Unemployed 0

Business 7

Private Job 3

Govt. Job 3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

This line graph shows the number of tourists working in various employment sectors. "Business"
leads with the highest number of tourists, followed by both "Private Jobs" and "Government Jobs"
having the same number of tourists .The "Others" category has the fewest tourists working in that
sector
The chart shows the purpose for visiting Saint Martin. Most visitors, at 9 tourists, came for
traveling in general. Three tourists came for excursions, while only one tourist each visited for
research and other purposes. Based on this data, traveling is the primary reason tourists visit
Saint Martin.

Duration of Staying period

9
8
8
7
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
1
0
1 - 4 Days 5 - 8 Days More than 12 Days

The chart shows the average length of stay for tourists visiting Saint Martin. The majority of
tourists, at 7, stay for 1-4 days. 5 tourists stay for 5-8 days, and only 2 tourists stay for more than
12 days. Based on this data, most tourists tend to have short stays in Saint Martin.
 Local Respondent
No
14%

Yes
86%

This pie chart shows the results of a survey question about local responsibility. The vast majority,
86%, of respondents indicated that they believe they are locally responsible. The remaining 14%
said no. This suggests a strong sense of community responsibility among those surveyed.

Occupation
Others Fisherman
23% 20%

Tourism related
Unemployed services
4% 7%
Student
Agriculture
2%
2%
Hotel
Management
6%
Shop Keeper Hotel Staff
24% Retail Dealer Restaurant8%
2% 2%

The pie chart illustrates occupation distribution in Saint Martin.

The most common occupation is Shopkeeper, accounting for 24% of the workforce. Unemployed
follows closely at 14%. The remaining working population is divided among various sectors, with
the most notable being Student (12%), Agriculture (8%), and Fisherman (8%). Hospitality jobs are
also present, including Hotel Staff (6%), Restaurant Staff (3%), and Hotel Management (2%). The
remaining category, Others, captures a small portion of the working population at 23%.
The chart suggests a local economy reliant on retail sales (shopkeepers) and facing a significant
unemployment rate. Agriculture and fishery are also important sectors, while tourism contributes
a smaller share through hotel and restaurant jobs.

Origin
80
70
70
60
50
40
27
30
20
10
1
0
Born Inhabitant Local (Inside Bangladesh) Foreign

The column chart shows the origin of people in Bangladesh. The vast majority of people, 70, were
born in Bangladesh. A small number of people were born elsewhere, with 27 born inside
Bangladesh and 1 born in a foreign country. This suggests that the vast majority of the population
in this location are native Bangladeshis.

The above chart shows that most of the local people lived on saint martin island for more than 12
months. Then the second majority of people lived in that area up to 1-3 months. This indicates
that a significant majority of the local population has chosen Saint Martin Island as their long-term
home.
 Experienced Natural Calamities
No
7%

Yes
93%

The pie chart shows that a large majority, 93%, of people have experienced natural calamities.
This suggests that Saint Martin's Island is prone to natural disasters.

Survival Strategy

16

84

Stayed at Home Took Shelter in Cyclone Center

The pie chart shows that most people (84%) chose to stay at home during a cyclone, while a
smaller portion (16%) sought shelter in a cyclone center.
 Economic Condition of Past 5 Years
60 57

50

40
31
30

20
10
10

0
Decreased Increased No change

In the column chart, the most common response is "Increased," mentioned by 57 respondents.
This suggests that over half of the people surveyed believe the economic condition of St. Martin
has improved over the past 5 years. Following this are "Decreased," mentioned by 31
respondents, and "No Change," mentioned by 10 respondents.

Best Time Period for Earning

98

100
80
60
40
0 0
20
0
November – April – July August - October
March

The column chart indicates that the most common response is "November-March," mentioned by
98 respondents. This suggests that a significant majority of people believe this is the best time
period for earning in St. Martin. There are no instances for the remaining categories, "April-July"
and "August-October".

Ownership

Others 1

Residence without ownership 8

Rented 9

Self 80

0 20 40 60 80 100

In the bar chart, the most common category is "Self," mentioned by 80 respondents. This suggests
that a majority of the people surveyed in St. Martin own their homes. Following this are "Rented,"
mentioned by 9 respondents, and "Residence without ownership," mentioned by 8 respondents.
There is one instance of "Others."

Roof
6
4

Tin
Brick
Bamboo

90

based on the pie chart, tin is the most common roofing material used in Saint Martin, Bangladesh,
accounting for 90% of the roofs. bamboo comes in second at 6%, and brick makes up the
remaining 4%.
 Wall

24
33
Tin
Brick
Bamboo

43

Based on the pie chart, bamboo is the primary material used for the wall, making up 43% of its
composition. Tin is the second most common material, at 33%. Brick makes up the remaining
24% of the wall.

Floor

5
40
Katcha

53 Brick
Wood

The pie chart depicts the usage of Katcha, brick, and wood for flooring. It shows thatbrick is the
most popular flooring material, accounting for 53% according to the chart. Katcha comes in
second at 40%, and wood is the least common flooring material, used in only 5% of Saint Martin
area.
 Electricity Source

Wind Mill 0

Battery 8

Generator 25

Solar Panel 92

National Grid 12

0 20 40 60 80 100

In the bar chart, Solar Panels emerge as the most common source of electricity among
respondents, mentioned by 92 individuals. This suggests that solar energy is the primary way that
people obtain electricity in St. Martin. Following this are Generators, mentioned by 25
respondents, and the National Grid, mentioned by 12 respondents.
The remaining sources, Batteries and Wind Mills, are used with much less frequency. There are
zero instances of windmills being used as a source of electricity.
This data suggests that St. Martin relies heavily on renewable energy sources, particularly solar
power. It would be interesting to explore the reasons behind this, such as government incentives,
cost, or reliability of the national grid.

Fuel Source

Petrol 0

Diesel 1

Solar Energy 1

Gas 47

Coal 5

Kerosene 6

Wood 79

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

In the bar chart, wood emerges as the most common fuel source among respondents, mentioned
by 79 individuals. This indicates that wood is the primary fuel source used by a majority of the
people surveyed. Following this is gas, mentioned by 47 respondents.
The remaining fuel sources, including kerosene, coal, diesel, solar energy, and petrol, are used
with much less frequency. In fact, there are zero instances of petrol being used as a fuel source.

In the funnel chart, the most common lifestyle among respondents is "Traditional," mentioned by
68 individuals. This suggests that a majority of the local people surveyed adhere to a traditional
lifestyle. Following this is "Mix of Tradition and Modernity," mentioned by 23 respondents.

View on Impact of Tourism by Local People

90
78
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 13
10 2 5
0
Positive Neutral Negative Not Sure

In the column chart, the most common view among respondents is "Positive," mentioned by 78
individuals. This suggests that a majority of local people surveyed view the impact of tourism
positively. Following this are "Neutral" and "Negative" views, both mentioned by 13 respondents.
Additionally, 5 people are "Not Sure" about the impact of tourism.
The sunburst chart indicates that solar energy is the primary source of electricity for homes,
followed by the national grid. Diesel generators are mainly used for businesses, while wind energy
is minimal. For home lighting, electric appliances and solar bulbs are predominant. Wood is the
most common fuel source for cooking and heating, followed by gas. Diesel and petrol generators
are used less frequently.
The sunburst chart shows household characteristics in Saint Martin, Bangladesh. Most houses
are single-storey (97.3%). Tin is predominantly used for roofing (90%). Walls are mainly made of
brick (32%) and tin (29.3%), while floors are mostly concrete without foundations (50.7%).
Bamboo is the preferred material for fences (41.3%).

Respondent’s inhabiting Para

Uttar para
Purba para
31%
Maddham Para
4%
4% Paschim para
15%
Kona para
1%
0%
3%
50% 7% Golachipa
Pug Kata Bonia
Dakshin para

The pie chart illustrates the population distribution among various areas of Para. Uttar Para (31%)
and Paschim Para (50%) are the most populated areas. The other areas, including Purba Para
(4%), Maddham Para (15%), Kona Para (4%), Dakshin Para (4%), Golachipa (7%), and Pug Kata
Bonia (3%), have significantly lower population densities.
 LAND USAGE & OWNERSHIP

2
72

Land Ownership
14
Land Usage
3
58

RESIDENTIAL NON MIXED

RESIDENTIAL

the chart shows Land usage is most frequent for residential (72), followed by mixed-use (14) and
non-residential (14). This suggests the area is primarily residential with some commercial and
mixed-use development.
Land ownership is most frequent for residential (58), followed by mixed-use (14) and non-
residential (3). This suggests that most of the land is residentially owned, with some mixed-use
and non-residential ownership.

Alternate Energy source during

natural calamities

18% 11%
9% Diesel Generator
Petrol Generator
Rechargeable Battery
62%
Wind Turbine

The pie chart shows the usage of alternative energy sources during natural calamities.
Rechargeable batteries are the most used at 62%, followed by diesel generators at 18%. Wind
turbines account for 11%, and petrol generators are used by 9% of respondents.

Household Location
Center of Island
13%

At Shore
17%

Between shore
and center
70%

The pie chart indicates the distribution of households on the island. Most households are situated
between the shore and the center of the island, making up 70%. Households at the center and on
the shore are relatively equal, comprising 13% and 17%, respectively.
Source of Drinking Water
70
60
60
50
40
30
20
8
10 4 3
0
Tube Well Well Pond Rainwater Harvest

The column chart indicates that tube wells are the most frequent source of drinking water in St.
Martin, with 60 people relying on them. This is followed by wells used by 8 people, ponds by 4
people, and rainwater harvest by 3 people.

Water Purification Methods

Others 29

Straining 7

Boiling 19

Sedimentation 20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

The data reveals a diverse range of water purification methods in use across St. Martin, with no
single method dominating. Sedimentation is employed by 20 respondents, boiling by 19, straining
by 7, and others by 29 individuals.

Source of water for Domestic Usage

57
60
50
40
30
11
20 6
1
10
0
Tube Well Well Pond Rainwater
harvest
The column chart depicts the prevalence of water sources for domestic use in St. Martin. Tube
wells emerge as the predominant choice, followed by wells, ponds, and rainwater harvest.

Distance of Water source from the

household
59

60
40 13

20 2
0 1
1-20m
20-40m
40-60m
More than 60m

The area chart portrays the distribution of water source distances in St. Martin. Most households
have their water sources within 1-20 meters, with the majority of respondents falling within this
range. Additionally, smaller proportions of households report water sources within 20-40 meters,
40-60 meters, and more than 60 meters from their dwellings.

Type of Medical Service Center

Mid wife Facility

Homeo Clinic

Health Clinic

Pharmacy

Hospital

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Govt. (%) Non govt. (%)

The stacked bar chart displays the types of medical service centers in St. Martin and their
government affiliation.
All hospitals are government-run, while pharmacies are exclusively non-government.
Most health clinics and homeopathic clinics are government-run, with a smaller portion being
non-government.
All midwife facilities are government-run.
 DISTANCE FROM HOUSEHOLD
MID WIFE FACILITY 6 59 10

HOMEO CLINIC 7 51 17

HEALTH CLINIC 8 57 10

PHARMACY 6 56 13

HOSPITAL 12 44 19

Near Far Very Far

The stacked bar chart reveals the proximity of medical facilities to households on St. Martin.
Nearby: Most households have medical facilities nearby, with pharmacies being the most
accessible, followed closely by health clinics and midwife facilities.
Far: A significant portion of hospitals are located farther from households, while pharmacies are
less common in distant areas.
Very Far: Hospitals are the least accessible, particularly in very remote areas, followed by
pharmacies and health clinics.

Source of Cultivation
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Self -Production Buying Both Self -Production
and Buying

The column chart illustrates that buying is the most frequent method of cultivation used in
agriculture on St. Martin, reported by 52 respondents. This is followed by a combination of self-
production and buying, mentioned by 14 respondents, and self-production only, indicated by 9
respondents.

The pie chart displays the distribution of cultivated crops, vegetables, and fruits on St. Martin,
based on percentage values.
Crops: Rice represents 36.4% of cultivated crops, followed by a tie between Betel leaf and Other
Crops at 16.7% each.
Vegetables: Tomatos comprise 34.5% of cultivated vegetables, followed by Pumpkin at 32.1
Fruits: Watermelon accounts for 35.8% of cultivated fruits, followed by Coconut at 30.2%.

Source of Protein derivation

60
50
40
53
30
20 4
18
10
0
Self -Production Buying Both Self-
Production and
Buying

The column chart depicts the sources of protein consumption among households on St.
Martin.18 households reported self-producing protein,53 households purchase protein from
markets or stores and 4 households utilize both self-produced and store-bought protein sources.

Marine Fishes

13% Tuna
29%
Mackerel
32% 5% Crabs
21% Shrimps
Shellfish

The pie chart illustrates the distribution of marine fish consumption on St. Martin.
Tuna comprises 29%, making it the highest, followed by shrimps at 32%, crabs at 21%, shellfish
at 13%, and mackerel at the lowest 5%.

Brackish water Fishes

Catfish
Other Brackish 16%
water fishes
23%

Katla
26%

Rui
35%

The pie chart depicts the predominant consumption of brackish water fish.
Rui accounts for 35%, followed by Katla at 26%. Other brackish water fishes represent 23%,
while catfish makes up 16% of consumption.

Livestock
0

11.7 Chickens
34.5 Ducks
20 Goats
Cows
Rabbits
33.8

The pie chart illustrates the distribution of livestock on St. Martin.

Chickens lead at 34.5%, closely followed by ducks at 33.8%. Goats account for 20%, while cows
represent 11.7%. Rabbits are not present in the data..
 Chapter-7: Dynamics of Shoreline, Disaster Vulnerability and
Adaptation Strategy
1. Satellite imagery extraction from USGS gov
2. Satellite Imageries:
a. 2014-2024 Landsat 8 Level 2 imagery
b. Highly used bands: Band 3 and Band 6
c. Band 3= Green radiation, Band 6= Short wave Infrared radiation (SWIR)
3. To determine shoreline change, MNDWI was used
The Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) uses green and SWIR bands for the
enhancement of open water features. It also diminishes built-up area features that are often
correlated with open water in other indices. MNDWI = (Green - SWIR) / (Green + SWIR)
4. Extract the shoreline for the GOLACHIPA area for 2014, and 2016,2018,2020,2022,2024
separately. Which was so much time consuming
5. The shoreline analysis main part began with DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System)
Satellite imageries are corrected geometrically and radiometrically to help the investigation
process of coastline change rates. The three DSAS statistical models: Linear Regression Rate,
End Point Rate, and Net Shoreline Movement were used to assess the shoreline change rate.
6. After analyzing the Linear Regression Rate, DSAS occurred an error. I copy and search about
that error code. The results said that it is a worldwide error problem. So many people faced this
error. And the sad part is: that DSAS is a Country IP-based. It regularly shows errors outside of the
USA.
7. So further research postponed. Time to represent what I analyzed till that.
8. I have made a visual presentation with the ARC map of every year's shoreline delineation. And
in a picture, I plotted all the year's delineations.
9. We have to assume the change. It will be a qualitative analysis and description.
Due to the error of DSAS, we can't be able to describe that with quantitative and numerical
perspective.
 Vulnerability

Employment source
2.7
18.7

78.7

Farming Non - Farming Both

The main source of employment for respondents indicates a notable preference for non-farming
activities, with 78.7% involved in such roles. Farming is the occupation for 18.7% of respondents,
while a small percentage of 2.7% are engaged in both farming and non-farming activities.

The most frequent income category is 20001-40000, at 38 occurrences. This suggests that a
significant portion of the population falls within this income range. Following this is 10001-20000
at 26 occurrences, and Less than 10000 at 8 occurrences.
The upper income categories, 40001-60000 and More than 60000, have much lower frequencies.
There are only 2 occurrences in the 40001-60000 range and only 1 occurrence in the highest
income category.
Overall, the data suggests that the majority of people surveyed in St. Martin have a monthly
income between 20001 and 40000.
 Source of Skill
40 37
35
30 27
25
20
14
15
10 6
5
0
Handcraft Technical Agriculture Hazard
Prevention

Handcraft: This category likely refers to skills learned through traditional methods or passed down
through generations, such as sewing, weaving, or carpentry. The data shows 6 occurrences for
skills learned through handicraft methods.
Technical: This category refers to skills learned through formal training or education, such as
mechanics, engineering, or computer programming. The data shows 14 occurrences for skills
learned through technical sources.
Agriculture: This category refers to skills related to farming and agriculture, such as crop
cultivation, animal husbandry, or soil management. The data shows 27 occurrences for skills
learned in agriculture.
Hazard Mitigation: This category likely refers to skills learned specifically to prepare for or reduce
the risks of disasters, such as first aid, emergency preparedness, or shelter building. The data
shows 37 occurrences for skills learned in hazard mitigation.

Purpose of achieving skill

Commercial
1%

Self –
demand
99%
The pie chart shows the purpose of achieving a skill, 99% falls under self-demand and 1% falls
under commercial. This pie chart suggests that most people develop skills to meet their own
needs and interests rather than for commercial purposes.

Support for achieving skill

1%

Govt.
Non-govt.

99%

The pie chart emphasizes the pivotal role of government support in skill acquisition, with 98.7% of
respondents benefiting from such assistance. Non-governmental support stands at a significantly
lower 1.3%, highlighting the prominence of governmental initiatives in skill development.

Number of students in Respondent’s

house
35
30
30 28
25
20
15
10
10 6
5 1
0
One Two Three More than None
three

The most frequent category is "Two" with 30 occurrences, which means that 40% of the
respondents have two students living in their house. This is followed by "One" with 28
occurrences (37.3%).
 Methods used by students for going to
Educational Institution

None 1

Others 1

Boat 0

Trawler 1

Cycle 13

Walking 59

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

The most frequent method used is "Walking" with 59 occurrences (78.7%), which suggests that a
significant majority of the students walk to school. This is followed by "Cycle" with 13
occurrences (17.3%).

Road Condition
50
45 43
40
35
30
25 21
20
15 11
10
5
0
Pucca Semi- Pucca Kachha

Pucca: This refers to a metaled or paved road, in good condition. The data shows 21 occurrences
for pucca roads.
Semi-Pucca: This refers to a road that is partially paved, but may have loose gravel or uneven
surfaces. The data shows 43 occurrences for semi-pucca roads.
Kachha: This refers to an unpaved road, often made of dirt or sand. The data shows 11
occurrences for kachha roads.
 Transportation Mode Type
70 64
60

50

40

30

20
10
10
1
0
Motorized Non – Motorized Both

Motorized: This category includes any transportation method powered by a motor or engine, such
as cars, buses, trucks, or motorcycles. Respondents reported using motorized transportation in
64 instances.
Non-Motorized: This category includes transportation methods not reliant on motors or engines,
such as bicycles, rickshaws, or walking. Respondents reported using non-motorized
transportation in 10 instances.
Both: This category likely represents individuals utilizing a combination of motorized and non-
motorized transportation. Respondents reported this scenario once.

Mode of Transport

Own
28%

Rented
72%
The pie chart illustrates transport vehicle ownership among respondents.72% utilize rented
transport, while 28% own their vehicles.

Transport Vehicles
Bicycle
0.4 Van
Easy Bike
18.3 19
Motorbike
1.1 Rickshaw
3
Country Boat
4.9 Engine Boat
2.3 20.9
Ship
0.8 9.5 Ferry

19.8 Walk
Other Transport

The pie chart illustrates the usage of various transport [Link] account for 19%, while
vans represent 20.9%, indicating a reliance on personal and rented transportation.

Transport vehicle usage purpose

4.2 12.2 Fishing
10.4
Tourist
purpose
7.1 12.5 Local
Emergency
Agriculture

Education
15.2
16.4 Medical
Purposes
Shopping
12.8 9.2

The pie chart depicts the distribution of vehicle usage purposes.

The remaining 23% comprises several smaller categories, including local emergency services
(12.5%), agriculture (4.2%), education (7.1%), medical purposes (15.2%), shopping (16.4%), and
fishing (10.4%).

Sanitization condition

Hygienic
24%

Unhygienic
76%

The pie chart depicts the cleanliness of a house. Most of the house (76%) is categorized as
"unhygienic." The remaining area is divided between "hygienic" (24%).

Sanitization type

Modern 6

Semi Paka 23

Slab Latrine 46

0 10 20 30 40 50

Slab Latrine: This denotes the use of a concrete slab for constructing a sanitary latrine or bathing
area. Respondents reported utilizing a slab for sanitation purposes in 46 instances.
Semi Paka: This likely indicates the use of semi-permanent or partially constructed latrines or
sanitation facilities. According to respondents, semi-paka facilities are used for sanitation in 23
instances.
Modern: This category represents well-constructed and well-maintained sanitation facilities,
typically equipped with plumbing and proper waste disposal systems. Respondents reported
using modern sanitation facilities in 6 instances.

Sanitization Water Flows

Canal 13

Pond 5

Sea 20

0 5 10 15 20 25

Sea: This denotes the utilization of seawater for sanitation, such as flushing toilets or washing.
According to respondents, seawater is used for sanitation purposes in 20 instances.
Pond: This indicates the usage of small bodies of standing water for sanitation. Respondents
reported using pond water for sanitation in 5 instances.
Canal: This pertains to the use of man-made waterways for sanitation purposes. According to
respondents, canal water is used for sanitation in 13 instances.
Others: This category encompasses various other water sources utilized for sanitation, not
explicitly mentioned. Respondents reported using other water sources for sanitation in 37
instances.

Types of Waste Disposal

70 65

60
50
40
30
20
8
10
1 1
0
Landfill Incineration Vermicompost Others

Landfill: This method stands out as the most common way of waste disposal, mentioned by 65
respondents.
Incineration: This approach is utilized for a smaller proportion of waste disposal, mentioned by 8
respondents.
Vermicompost: This technique, employing worms to compost organic waste, is employed in a
very limited number of instances for waste disposal, mentioned by 1 respondent.
Throw into the environment: This is likely the least favored method of waste disposal, with 26
respondents reporting its occurrence.

Food Waste Disposal

34.7

61.3

Landfill Vermicom-posting Throw into Environment

the pie chart shows the percentage of food waste disposal methods. Landfill is the most common
method, accounting for 61.3% of food waste. Vermicomposting, which is the process of using
worms to compost food scraps, accounts for 4% of food waste. The remaining 34.7% of food
waste is thrown directly into the environment.

FOOD PACKAGE WASTES

Paper
13% Tin
3%

Plastic
84%

the pie chart shows the breakdown of food package waste in Saint Martin Island. Plastic makes
up the largest portion of food packaging waste at 84%, followed by paper at 13% and tin at 3%.
 Adaptation Strategy

Concern regarding Physical Vulnerabilities

80 75
70
60 53
46
50
40 32 33
30 22 21
20
10
0

.
In the bar chart, the most common concern among respondents is Limited Emergency Services,
mentioned by 53 individuals. This indicates that a significant portion of the population is worried
about the adequacy of emergency services in St. Martin. Following this are Climate Change and
Sea Level Rise, as well as Government Response and Policy, both mentioned by 75 respondents.
These three categories represent the top concerns among those surveyed.
Looking at the remaining categories, there is a range of concerns with lower frequencies. Some of
the least frequent concerns include Human Settlement Patterns, mentioned by 22 respondents,
and Insufficient Evacuation Routes and Shelters, mentioned by 21 respondents.

Govt. to improve factors

Increase post disaster economic support 7

Ensure Govt and Non - Govt supplies 13

Constructing Dams 15

Ensure adequate food and fresh water

16
supply
Increase Quality and number of Medical
22
Services

Increase number of Cyclone Center 25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
In the bar chart, the most common request among respondents is for the government to increase
the number of Cyclone Centers, mentioned by 25 individuals. This indicates a significant portion
of the population feels there is a need for more cyclone shelters. Following this, "Increase Quality
and number of Medical Services" is mentioned by 22 respondents. While the remaining
categories have lower frequencies, they are still important concerns. For instance, 15 people
mentioned Constructing Dams, and 13 people mentioned Ensuring Government and Non-
Government supplies.

Road Network

Very Bad 0

Bad 24

Moderate 55

Good 33

Very Good 2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

In the bar chart, the most common condition reported by respondents is "Moderate," mentioned
by 55 individuals. This indicates that slightly more than half of the road network in St. Martin is in
moderate condition. "Good" follows with 33 mentions, and "Bad" with 24 mentions. There were
very few instances of "Very Good" conditions, with only 2 respondents mentioning it, and none of
the roads were classified as "Very Bad".

Educational Institution Availability

90 81
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
8 9
10
0
Enough Not Enough No Comment
In the column chart, the most common response is "Not Enough," with 81 respondents indicating
that they believe there are insufficient educational institutions in St. Martin. Following this, "No
Comment" appears 9 times, while "Enough" is mentioned by 8 respondents.

Hazard Caused Impact

22

78

Yes No

The pie chart shows the distribution of people who have and have not experienced a hazard-
caused impact. 78% of the people surveyed said they had experienced a hazard-caused impact,
while 22% said they had not.

The injuries caused by hazards are predominantly reported by respondents. Diarrhea leads with
62 instances, followed by Common Cold with 69 instances, and Cuts with 42 instances. These
three categories constitute the highest number of reported injuries.
In contrast, the remaining categories exhibit a mix of injuries with lower frequencies. Some of the
least frequent injuries include Sinusitis with 4 instances and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with
14 instances.
 Health Preparedness

16%
31%
Yes
No
No Idea

53%

The pie chart shows that health preparedness. 31% of the people represented in the pie chart say
they have health preparedness, 53% say they don’t, and 16% are unsure.

Psychological Impact caused by Hazards

No Idea
17%

Yes
39%

No
44%

The pie chart shows the psychological impact caused by hazards. An equal amount of people
(44%) reported experiencing negative emotional impacts. 17% of people said they have no idea
how hazards affect them emotionally.
 Mental Support availability

No Idea
18% Yes
19%

No
63%

The pie chart shows the availability of mental health support according to a survey. A very small
percentage of people (19%) reported having mental health support available, while 63% said no
support is available, and 18% were unsure.

Relative Distance of Infrastructure by

Respondent’s perspective (km)

No Idea 8

More than 1 64

0.5 - 1 25

0 - 0.5 17

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

The bar graph shows the relative distance of infrastructure by respondent's perspective (km).
Most respondents live within 1 kilometer of infrastructure, with the largest group (64) living more
than 1 kilometer away. This suggests that infrastructure is generally accessible in this area, but
some respondents may have limited access.
 Affected by Water borne Diseases

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Most of the time Very Often No Idea

The column chart shows that the most common response is "Very Often," with 51 respondents
indicating they are frequently affected by waterborne diseases. "Most of the time" follows closely
with 45 respondents. Additionally, 18 respondents said they have "No Idea" if they are affected by
waterborne diseases. This suggests that a significant portion of the population is frequently
affected by waterborne diseases.

Network System
70
58
60

50

40
33
30
21
20

10
2 0
0
Very Good Good Moderate Bad Very Bad

The column chart shows that the most common network system condition is "Moderate," with 58
respondents indicating this. This suggests that slightly more than half of the network systems
experienced moderate conditions. "Bad" follows with 33 respondents, and "Good" with 21
respondents. There were very few instances of "Very Good" conditions, with only 2 respondents,
and none of the network systems were classified as "Very Bad."

Psychological Impact caused by Hazard

No Idea 19

No 50

Yes 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

The bar chart shows that the most common response is "No," with 50 respondents indicating they
did not experience any psychological impact. "Yes" follows closely with 45 respondents,
suggesting a significant portion did feel a psychological impact. Additionally, 19 respondents
answered "No Idea," indicating some uncertainty about the psychological effects.

Mental Support availability

No Idea 20

No 72

Yes 22

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

The bar chart indicates that the most common response is "No," with 72 respondents indicating
they did not have access to mental health support. This is followed by "No Idea," with 20
respondents unsure about the availability of such support. The least frequent response is "Yes,"
with 22 respondents, suggesting that mental health support was not widely accessible.

Adequate Number of Hospital

Enough
No Comment 2%
9%

Not enough
89%

The pie chart shows that a very small percentage (2%) of the population believes there are
enough hospitals in their area. A much larger portion (89%) says there are not enough hospitals,
and 9% have no comment.

Cyclone Center(km)
70 64
60

50

40

30 25

20 17
8
10

0
0 - 0.5 0.5 - 1 More than 1 No Idea

The chart indicates that the most frequent response is "More than 1 kilometer," followed by "0.5-1
kilometer" and "0-0.5 kilometer." A significant number of respondents also indicated having "No
Idea" about the distance.
 Affected by Water borne Diseases
No Idea
16%

Most of the time

39%

Very Often
45%

The pie chart shows the percentage of people affected by waterborne diseases. According to the
pie chart, a very large portion (45%) of people are affected very often by waterborne diseases. An
additional 39% are affected most of the time. Only 16% of people are not affected by waterborne
diseases.

Network System
Very Bad Very Good
0% 2%

Good
18%

Bad
29%

Moderate
51%

The pie chart shows how people rate their network system. The largest slice (51%) represents
people who consider the network to be moderate. Those who view the network as very bad
account for 29%, while 18% think it’s good. Only 2% consider the network very good.
 Cost of Living

Not Expensive 0

Less Expensive 7

Moderate 29

Expensive
78
0
20
40
60
80

The bar chart shows that the most common response is "Expensive," with 78 respondents
indicating that the cost of living in St. Martin is high. This is followed by "Moderate," with 29
respondents, and "Less Expensive," with 7 respondents. There were no responses for "Not
Expensive." This suggests that St. Martin is perceived as a relatively expensive place to live.

Banking Service
70 65

60

50

40
32
30

20 17

10

0
Yes No No Idea

The column chart shows that the most common response is "Yes," with 65 respondents indicating
they have access to banking services. This is followed by "No" with 32 respondents, and "No
Idea" with 17 respondents. This suggests that while banking services are widely available, a
portion of the population either lacks access or is unsure about their availability.

Bank
Sonali Bank Agrani Bank
0% 0%

No Idea Islami Bank

27% 40%

Dutch Bangla
Bank
33%

Based on the pie chart, the bank with the most accounts is Islami Bank at 40. There is a significant
portion (27%) who said they have no idea which bank they use. This could indicate that many
people don't have a bank account, or they may not be aware of which bank they use.

Microcredit Utilization

17 16

Yes
No
No Idea
67

The pie chart shows that 16% of the people surveyed said they use microcredit, while 67% said
they don’t. The remaining 17% said they have no idea if they use microcredit or not.
 NGO activity

No Idea
25%

Yes
53%

No
22%

The pie chart shows the results of a survey on NGO activity. 25% of the people surveyed said they
have no idea what NGO activity is, 53% said yes they are engaged in NGO activity, and 22% said

NGO activity amount

80
72
70

60

50

40
30
30

20
12
10

0
Yes No No Idea
no.
The column chart reveals that the most common response is "No," with 72 respondents indicating
a lack of NGO activity in most cases. "No Idea" follows with 30 respondents, showing uncertainty
about NGO involvement. The least frequent response is "Yes," with 12 respondents, suggesting
that NGO activity was not widespread.
 Anyone Migrated
No Idea
15%

Yes
44%

No
41%

The pie chart indicates that 44% have migrated. Another 41% stated they had not migrated, while
15% were uncertain.

Migration Purpose

11
Education
17 Job
Hazard
9
66 Others
11 No Idea

The pie chart illustrates the primary reasons for migration. The largest segment, 66%, represents
individuals who are uncertain about their purpose for migrating. This is followed by those seeking
employment at 17%, education at 11%, escaping hazards at 9%, and other reasons at 7%.
 Thought about People Living Outside the Island
Negative
4%

Neutral
33%

Positive
63%

The pie chart shows that most respondents have a positive outlook (63%), the highest, with
32.5% being neutral, and a minority being negative.

Respondent’s Suggestions
Provide better economic
support for island dwellers

Medical Facility should be

9 improved
14 33
Island as well as inland
transportation should be
21 improved
Infrastructure Development
37

Improve electric supply

The pie chart shows how to improve life for island dwellers. Top suggestions are medical facilities
(37%) and economic support (33%). Transportation (21%) and infrastructure (9%) are also
important.
 Chapter 8: Environmental Challenges and Issues of the Study Area
Saint Martin's Island, a unique and ecologically significant part of Bangladesh, faces several
environmental challenges and issues that threaten its biodiversity and sustainability. Here are
some of the major environmental challenges and issues:
1. Coral Reef Degradation
• Coral Bleaching: Rising sea temperatures due to climate change cause coral bleaching,
where corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, leading to coral death if
stressful conditions persist.
• Physical Damage: Tourism-related activities, such as anchoring boats and trampling by
snorkelers and divers, physically damage the delicate coral structures.
2. Coastal Erosion
• Natural Erosion: The island's low-lying topography makes it susceptible to erosion from
waves and currents.
• Human Activities: Construction and sand mining can accelerate erosion, destabilizing
beaches and coastal areas.
3. Pollution
• Marine Pollution: Plastic waste, oil spills, and other pollutants from boats and mainland
sources contaminate the marine environment.
• Solid Waste Management: Inadequate waste management practices lead to littering and
accumulation of garbage, which affects both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
4. Overfishing
• Fish Population Decline: Overfishing depletes local fish stocks, affecting marine
biodiversity and the livelihoods of local fishing communities.
• Destructive Fishing Practices: Methods like blast fishing and use of fine-mesh nets
damage coral reefs and capture juvenile fish, disrupting the ecological balance.
5. Tourism Pressure
• Overcrowding: During peak seasons, the influx of tourists overwhelms the island's
infrastructure and natural resources, leading to habitat degradation and pollution.
• Unregulated Development: Rapid and unplanned development of hotels, resorts, and
other tourist facilities can lead to habitat destruction and increased waste.
6. Climate Change
 • Sea Level Rise: As a low-lying island, Saint Martin is vulnerable to sea-level rise, which
can lead to increased flooding, loss of land, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater
resources.
• Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of storms and cyclones due
to climate change pose significant risks to the island's infrastructure and ecosystems.
7. Freshwater Scarcity
• Limited Resources: The island has limited freshwater sources, primarily relying on
rainwater harvesting and a few freshwater wells, which can become scarce, especially
during the dry season.
• Saltwater Intrusion: Over-extraction of groundwater and rising sea levels can lead to
saltwater intrusion, making freshwater sources saline and unusable.
8. Habitat Loss
• Deforestation: Clearing of vegetation for construction and agriculture reduces habitat for
native wildlife and increases soil erosion.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Habitat loss due to human activities leads to a decline in native
species and disrupts the ecological balance.
9. Invasive Species
• Non-Native Species: Introduction of invasive species, either accidentally or intentionally,
can outcompete native species, alter habitats, and negatively impact the local ecosystem.
Addressing the Challenges
1. Sustainable Tourism Practices:
o Implementing guidelines and regulations to manage tourist numbers, control
waste, and ensure environmentally friendly practices.
o Promoting eco-tourism initiatives that focus on conservation and education.
2. Conservation Programs:
o Establishing marine protected areas to conserve coral reefs and marine
biodiversity.
o Initiating coral reef restoration projects and community-based conservation
efforts.
3. Pollution Control Measures:
 o Enhancing waste management infrastructure and encouraging recycling and
proper disposal practices.
o Implementing strict regulations to prevent marine pollution from boats and coastal
activities.
4. Fisheries Management:
o Enforcing sustainable fishing practices and setting quotas to prevent overfishing.
o Educating local fishermen on the importance of marine conservation and
sustainable fishing methods.
5. Climate Adaptation Strategies:
o Developing and implementing plans to mitigate the impacts of sea-level rise and
extreme weather events.
o Investing in infrastructure that is resilient to climate change impacts.
6. Community Involvement:
o Engaging local communities in conservation and sustainable development
initiatives.
o Providing education and training to promote environmentally friendly practices and
alternative livelihoods.
Addressing these environmental challenges requires a coordinated effort involving local
communities, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and tourists to ensure the
sustainable management and preservation of Saint Martin's Island.
 Chapter 9: Water Quality Analysis
Water sample collection and testing on Saint Martin Island involve specific steps needed to
address the island's unique challenges and needs. Here’s an overview of the process:
Water Sample Collection:
First of all, we need some materials and instruments to collect water from the source in a
scientific way.
Materials Needed: Sterile sample bottles, gloves, labels, markers, ice chest or cooler,
preservatives (if needed), and a GPS tracker to trace the absolute location of the place.
Identify Sampling Points:
If we want to collect and test water, we should fix the location first. We were divided into small
groups and collected different sources of water from Saint Martin Island. We collected water from
ground water (well, tube well), surface water like canal river bodies, ponds and finally collected
water from different sea beaches of Saint Martin.
Collection Steps:
At first, we rinsed the bottle from which we had collected water. Then filled up with the water
sample. The bottle should not have any free space or bubble. Then put the cap on the bottle. Then
the cap of the bottle with tape so that the collected water would not fall down.
Labeling and Preservation:
The water sample we collected needs to be labeled and preserved as it may be needed for other
research purposes. And data, if labeled there, is no chance to mix with others. Label each bottle
with the date, time, location, and sample ID.
Water Sample Testing:
We define the parameters of the water with a pH meter. Firstly, we wash the meter and then rinse
the meter with collected water. Then put the meter into a sample and define temperature, color,
odor, pH, DO, TDS, and EC.
Data Interpretation:
Compare results against local, national, or international water quality standards to determine if
the water meets the required criteria for its intended use.
Reporting:
Prepare a detailed report including methods, results, and any recommendations for corrective
actions if contaminants are found.
Water Sample Analysis:
Temperature pH EC TDS
28.4 7.2 2.6 1440.2
 Chapter 10: Summary, Conclusion and Way Forward
The study combines secondary and primary data sources to assess the baseline conditions of the
study area, St. Martin's Island. It covers physical and human features, vegetation, ecology, and
socio-economic conditions. Uncontrolled tourism is damaging the island's environment,
particularly through waste mismanagement and habitat destruction. Protection measures for
sand dunes and Keya plants are crucial. Local communities should benefit from tourism, and
socio-economic conditions need improvement.
The study provides a comprehensive overview of St. Martin's Island, highlighting its unique
geographical features and socio-economic challenges. Rapid tourism growth has led to
environmental degradation, necessitating urgent action. Environmental ethics principles should
guide management efforts, with community involvement essential. Geological factors affect the
island's aquifers, demanding proper waste disposal and water management. Coral depletion and
pollution pose significant threats, requiring government intervention and public awareness. Strict
enforcement of laws and sustainable tourism practices are vital for the island's future.
To address the identified issues, key stakeholders must collaborate to preserve St. Martin's
Island's environment. Proposed steps include limiting visitor numbers, implementing proper
waste disposal, establishing maritime boundaries, responsible land use, public awareness
campaigns, and enforcing strict regulations and guidelines.
 10.1 Summary of the study
• The information on the baseline condition of the study area has been collected from
secondary and primary data sources through literature review, field investigations,
observations, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and questionnaire survey.
• The study has been established in respect of physical and human features, vegetation,
ecology, and environmental and socio-economic conditions. All the data collected were
analyzed and the results were briefly stated in this report.
• Unplanned and ecologically unfriendly practice of tourism including waste management
to structures use for accommodation, day by day decreasing the environmental condition
of the island.
• Destruction of Keya and sand dunes has accelerated the erosion process in the island. So,
sand dunes and Keya should be protected in the area.
• Unregulated tourism is inspiring the tourists to make the island dirty unintentionally. Local
people should be the beneficiary of the tourism scenario of the island.
• To summarize the findings of the analysis, there is a clear need for improvement of the
existing socio-economic conditions in the project area.
 10.2 Conclusion
As a geography student, this fieldwork was very challenging. Through this work, the details of the
Physical and Socio-economic profile of St. Martin's Island have been explained. The unique
features and plants have been known through this. People in this area were very friendly and
helpful. A special thanks to them.
This work has been successful in the efforts of a group of new geographers and some wise
teachers. In conclusion, this report depicts the Man-Environmental condition and impacts on St.
Martin's Island.
Saint Martin’s island is not a typical coral island, rather it is a submarine hill, similar to the Teknaf
range, on top of which it bears some coral records of Holocene origin. Saint Martin’s Island is the
only coral-bearing island in Bangladesh.

In the last decade, St. Martin Island has become a great tourist attraction spot in Bangladesh.
Lately, it has turned into a fast economic growing spot due to the tourism business. Consequently,
the natural environment and ecosystem are continuously deteriorating at an alarming rate.
Therefore, the government and local authorities have already adopted some policies and plans
but defective implementation hinders it. Moreover, a lack of awareness among local people and
tourists is a great barrier to implementing all the planned policies and laws. However, introducing
and practicing environmental ethics concepts viz. non-anthropocentrism, biocentrism,
ecocentrism, Rolston’s seven values, social judgment, land ethics, deep ecology, Confucianism
and Daoism can minimize adverse impacts and conserve natural ecosystems. Therefore, we
consider the application of environmental ethics as the best tool for managing this historically
unique Island. However local community people's involvement in management programs and
their benefits must be confirmed.

Holocene sea-level changes in the Bengal basin had affected St. Martin’s island which is
confirmed by the presence of concretion and coquina bed. Different phases of environmental
change were found in rock sequences. The bedrock Bokabil formation dips to the east resembling
a monoclinal structure that has a long tectonic history. Indo-Burma plate collision during Neogene
led to the formation of the Indo-Burman range where the Chittagong-Tripura fold belt is also a
westward extension of the Indo-Burman range. This event resulted in the upliftment of marine
rock sequences enforcing the passive remnant ocean basin to be consumed between the
convergence of the Indo-Burman plate collision.

Most of the aquifers occur in the sand layers above the Bokabil formation. High sodium and bi-
carbonate concentrations characterize the aquifer which is detrimental for consumption. Saline
intrusion and bacteria contamination pose a threat to the quality of the aquifer. Environmental
pollution on the island is another factor that is creating a serious threat to the inhabitants. Poor
waste disposal systems in the island is polluting the beach environment which is dangerous to
marine organisms. Most of the locals, those we visited to collect water samples, have their
sanitary latrine near the tube well or dug well. We recommend the establishment of a sanitary
latrine far from the tube well at least 30 m away from it. Government organizations should take
strict action on environmental law violators. Heavy plantation is required for both stabilization of
the island and aquifer recharge. To save the marine organisms, awareness among the people is
necessary and tourists should act responsibly while visiting the island.

The increasing rate of unplanned tourism has been resulting in increased disturbances hampering
the natural processes in the island making it vulnerable. The coral population has been decreasing
remarkably over the years, and currently, it has reached an alarming level. The coral collection,
overfishing, lack of enforcement of laws, movement of tourist ships and improper waste
management are identified as the reasons for coral depletion. Environmental condition is still
found suitable to support the growth and existence of the coral community. Government
intervention.
 10.3 Way Forward
On the basis of four days trial and observation, this report has come up with many problems.
Tourism, locals, and other stakeholders should actively participate in preserving St. Martin's
Island's environment. For the welfare of this area, the following steps need to be taken:
• Limit the number of visitors.
• Proper garbage disposal practices.
• An island ought to have a maritime boundary.
• Appropriate use of land.
• Raising awareness among the public.
• Strict law enforcements & guidelines.
 Reference
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Annexure
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