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Chapter six

Single phase AC circuit analysis

By : Getnet Baye
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After the completion of this chapter, the students able to know’

What is Single phase AC Circuit Analysis?

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Single phase AC Circuit Analysis

 After the completion of this chapter, the students able to know.
● Sinusoid and Phasors
● Phasor Relationships for circuit Elements.
● Impedance and Admittance
● Single phase power
● Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
Node and Mesh Analysis
Source transform
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem

Introduction

Both AC and DC describe types of current flow in a circuit.

 In DC: the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction.
 The circuits excited by constant or time-invariant sources.
 It has zero frequency.
 Electric charge in (AC), on the other hand, changes direction periodically
 The circuits excited by time-varying sources
 The frequency of the AC is generally between 50 or 60 Hz.
 AC is more efficient and economical to transmit over long distances,
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Alternating (AC) Waveforms

 The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two
prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

 Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time;

denoted by the lowercase letters (v1, v2).

Cont …

Peak amplitude: The maximum value of the waveform as measured from its average
(or mean) value, denoted by the uppercase letters Vm.

 Period (T): The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform.

 Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

 Frequency: (Hertz) the number of cycles that occur in 1 s

 The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected
by the response characteristics of R, L, and C elements.

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Sinusoid

 A SINUSOID is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.

 The sinusoidal current is referred to as AC.

 Circuits driven by AC sources are referred to as AC Circuits.

(a) As a function of t. (b) As a function of t .

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Cont …

consider a sinusoidal voltage of v(t)= Vmsint.

Sinusoid….

 If the sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds; thus, T is called the period of the
sinusoid.

 From the two plots in Fig. above we observe that ωT = 2π,

 The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is shown by replacing t by t + T

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Sinusoid….

Phase
 Sinusoidal waveform is an alternating quantity that can be presented
graphically in the time domain along X-axis.

 The fraction of time period (T) that elapses in achieving certain instantaneous
value is known as the phase of alternating quantity.

 It is expressed in angles (degree or radian),

Circuit Theorems Eastern Mediterranean University 12 /

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Phase of Sinusoids
Leading: a waveform is ahead of another wave with the same frequency and
.

Lagging: a waveform is behind another wave with the same frequency.

Phase of Sinusoids
Let us examine the two sinusoids,
.

 which have the same frequency,

 they do not need to have the same amplitude.
v1(t) = Vm sin ωt and
v2(t) = Vm sin(ωt + φ) what will happen?

• v2 LEADS v1 by phase φ.
• v1 LAGS v2 by phase φ.
• v1 and v2 are out of phase.

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Cont …
If φ ≠ 0, we also say that v1 and v2 are
.

out of phase. They will not reach their minima

and maxima at exactly the same time.

If φ = 0, then v1 and v2 are said to be

in phase; they reach their minima and maxima
at exactly the same time.

Phase of Sinusoids
The cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90°.
.

 The sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90°.

 90 is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms.

A graphical means
of relating cosine and sine:
(a) cos(ωt - 90◦) = sin ωt,
(b) sin(ωt + 180◦) = - sin ωt.

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Comparing two sinusoids

.

A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine form.

When comparing two sinusoids, it is expedient to express both as either sine or
cosine with positive amplitudes.
This is achieved by using the following trigonometric identities:

With these identities, it is easy to show that:

Sine cosine

Examples

1. Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid

2. Calculate the phase angle between v1 = -10 cos(ωt + 50◦) and v2 = 12 sin(ωt -
10◦). State which sinusoid is leading.

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Examples 2: Calculate the phase angle between v1 = -10 cos(ωt + 50◦) and v2 = 12
sin(ωt - 10◦). State which sinusoid is leading.
Solution: Let us calculate the phase in three ways. The first two methods use
trigonometric identities, while the third method uses the graphical approach.

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A cos ωt + B sin ωt =?????,

Example:3cos ωt - 4 sin ωt

PHASORS

A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of

a sinusoid.

A complex number z can be written in rectangular form as

where j = √-1;
x is the real part of z;
y is the imaginary part of z.
it represent a location as in two-dimensional vector analysis

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We notice that z can be represented in three ways:

where r is the magnitude of z, and φ is the phase of z.

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Given the complex numbers

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The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity. In general,

which shows that we may regard cos φ and sin φ as the real and
imaginary parts of ejφ; we may write

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where Re and Im stand for the real part of and the imaginary part of.
Given a sinusoid v(t) = Vm cos(ωt + φ), to express v(t) as

V is thus the phasor representation of the sinusoid v(t)

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Representation of V𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 : (a) rotating counterclockwise, (b) its

projection on the real axis, as a function of time.
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For example, phasors V = Vm<φ and I = Im<- θ are graphically represented in

Fig. 9.8. Such a graphical representation of phasors is known as a phasor
diagram.

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 By suppressing the time factor, we transform the sinusoid from the time domain to the
phasor domain. This transformation is summarized as follows:
.

 The phasor domain is also known as the frequency domain.

 It must be in cosine form with positive amplitude

Phasors
 Differentiating a sinusoid is equivalent to multiplying its
.

corresponding phasor by jω.

 Integrating a sinusoid is equivalent to dividing its

corresponding phasor by jω.

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E XAM PLE
E XAM PLE

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E XAM PLE

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Phasors
 By suppressing the time factor, we transform the sinusoid from the time domain to the phasor domain. This
.
transformation is summarized as follows:
 The phasor domain is also known as the frequency domain.
 It must be in cosine form with positive amplitude

 the derivative v(t) is transformed to the phasor domain as

jωV

 Similarly, the integral of v(t) is transformed to the phasor domain as V/jω

Examples
 1. Evaluate these complex numbers:
.

2. Transform these sinusoids to phasors:

Sinusoidal steady-State Analysis Debre Tabor University 36

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Examples
 3. Using the phasor approach, determine the current i(t) in a circuit described by the integrodifferential
.
equation.

Transform each term in the equation from time domain to phasor domain. we obtain the phasor form of the
given equation as:

Converting this to the time domain,

Sinusoidal steady-State Analysis Debre Tabor University 37

Quiz (5%)

1. Find the amplitude, phase, period, and angular frequency of the sinusoid.

𝑣 𝑡 = 100 sin(𝛚𝑡 + 45°) , at frequency 50Hz.

2. Solve the following sinusoids v1 = -10sin𝛚t and v2 = 10cos𝛚t.

3. Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors: I = (2+j4)(3-j4)*

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