–
(O − E)!
χ! = #
E
𝛘𝟐
Ei
(Oi − Ei )
(O# − E# )!
(%! &'! )"
'!
…
)
(O# − E# )!
χ! = #
E#
#*+
(,&+)- "
𝜒! = .#"
𝜎/!
𝝌𝟐
𝑅0 × 𝐶0
𝐸=
𝑁
)
(O# − E# )!
χ! = #
E#
#*+
χ! a
a a
χ! χ!
χ! 𝜒1!
χ! 𝜒1!
‘ ’
∑% 3454!5465!754658!54954+54:5!3 49/
= = = 36
) +/ +/
(%&')"
'
(%&')"
∑ =
'
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 16.33
'
!
χ
χ!
χ!(/./8,:)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,:)
ᵢ ᵢ ᵢ (𝑂ᵢ − 𝐸ᵢ)²
𝐸ᵢ
!
× 556 =
!"#"#"$
#
× 556 =
!"#"#"$
#
× 556 =
!"#"#"$
$
× 556 =
!"#"#"$
∑ 𝑂ᵢ ∑
(&ᵢ )*ᵢ)²
=
*ᵢ
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 0.3315
'
χ!
χ!
χ!(/.+/,4)
χ! < tabχ!(/.+/,:)
(%&')"
'
(%&')"
∑ '
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ '
= 1.444
𝐶𝑎𝑙χ!
χ! χ!(/./8,!)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,!)
𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑁𝑛=$ 𝑝> 𝑞,&>
f(r) = 3200 × 5?% (0.5)@ (0.5)8&@
f(0) = 3200 × 5?# (0.5)/ (0.5)8&/ = 100
f(1) = 3200 × 5?& (0.5)+ (0.5)8&+ = 500
f(2) = 3200 × 5?" (0.5)! (0.5)8&! = 1000
f(3) = 3200 × 5?' (0.5)4 (0.5)8&4 = 1000
f(4) = 3200 × 5?( (0.5)3 (0.5)8&3 = 500
f(5) = 3200 × 5?) (0.5)8 (0.5)8&8 = 100
(O − E)!
E
(%&')"
∑ '
=
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 63.2
'
χ!
χ!
χ!(/./8,8)
χ! > tabχ!(/./8,8)
∑ AB /×!65+×9!5!×3954×+/53×3
=
C +8/
𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑁𝑛=$ 𝑝> 𝑞,&>
f(r) = 150 × 4?% (0.33)@ (0.67)3&@
f(0) = 150 × 4?# (0.33)/ (0.67)3&/ = 30.27
f(1) = 150 × 4?& (0.33)+ (0.67)3&+ = 59.55
f(2) = 150 × 4?" (0.33)! (0.67)3&! = 44
f(3) = 150 × 4?' (0.33)4 (0.67)3&4 = 14.45
f(4) = N − {f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3)}
= 150 − {30.27 + 59.55 + 44 + 14.45} = 1.73
(O − E)!
E
(%&')"
=
'
(%&')"
χ! = '
= 0.656
χ!
χ!(/./8,!)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,8)
∑ AB /×!++5+×:/5!×+:54×853×/
=
C 4!8
E*+ F% E*#.(( /.33%
f(r) = N × = 325 ×
@! @!
E*#.(( /.33 # /.933×+
f(0) = 325 × /!
= 325 × +
= 325 × 0.644 = 209.31
E*#.(( /.33&
f(1) = 325 × = 92.10
+!
E*#.(( /.33"
f(2) = 325 × = 20.26
!!
E*#.(( /.33 '
f(3) = 325 × 4!
= 2.97
f(4) = N − {f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3)}
= 325 − {209.31 + 92.10 + 20.26 + 2.97} = 0.36
(O − E)!
E
(%&')"
∑ =
'
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 0.06879
'
χ!
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,8)
χ!
χ!
(O − E)!
χ! = ∑
E
𝑅0 × 𝐶0
𝐸=
𝑁
+
+
+ + + + +
HI×?I
C
Type equation here.
χ!
C(JK&LM)"
χ! = (J5L)(M5K)(J5M)(L5K)
"
CN|JK&LM|&CP Q
χ! = (J5L)(M5K)(J5M)(L5K)
!
(𝑂 − 𝐸)! (T&U)"
(R0×=0) U
S
´ (20 − 3.:!6
22.2)! = =
!!.!
!.76:
´ =
+9.97
´
´
´
´
´
´
´
(T&U)"
∑ U
=
Calχ! ≤ tabχ!(#,%&) , We accept H0
(%&')"
Calχ! > tabχ!(#,%&) , We reject H0, We accept H1
χ! = ∑ '
= 15.995
𝛘𝟐
χ!
χ!(/./8,3)
χ! (15.995) > tabχ!(/./8,3)
"
CN|JK&LM|&CP Q
χ! = (J5L)(M5K)(J5M)(L5K)
!
"
89N|+/´3&!9´+9|&89P!Q 89(|3/&3+9|&!6)" 89(479&!6)" 89×+!++/3 976+6!3
= = = = = = 12.07
49´!/´!9´4/ 89+9// 89+9// 89+9// 89+9//
!
χ = 12.07
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! > tabχ!(/./8,+)
R0×=0 (𝑂 − 𝐸)! (T&U)"
S U
´
´
´
´
´
´
(T&U)"
∑ =
U
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 17.43
'
χ!
χ!(/./8,!)
χ! > tabχ!(/./8,!)
S(VW&XY)² 4//(78×:8&+/8×!8)²
(V5Y)(X5W)(V5X)(Y5W) +//×!//×+6/×+!/
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! > tabχ!(/./8,+)
C(|JK&LM|&C/!)² !3(|+!&9/|&+!)²
(J5M)(L5K)(J5L)(M5K) 6×+9×+!×+!
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,+)
R0×=0 (T&U)"
𝐸=
S U
(T&U)"
∑ =
U
(%&')"
χ! = ∑ = 14.642
'
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! > tabχ!(/./8,!)
S(VW&XY)² 7/(!/×+8&8×4/)² 7/(4//&+8/)² 7/×!!8// +878///
(V5Y)(X5W)(V5X)(Y5W) 8/×!/×!8×38 ++!8///
= ++!8///
= ++!8/// = 1.4
χ!
χ!(/./8,+)
χ! < tabχ!(/./8,+)
µ
𝜎/!
𝜎 ! = 𝜎/!
𝜎/!
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! = 𝜎/! 𝜎/!
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! ≠ 𝜎/! 𝜎/!
𝜎/!
(,&+)\ " ,- "
𝜒! = 𝑜𝑟𝜒 ! =
.#" .#"
!
𝑠
𝑆!
a
!
𝜒]VX a
𝜒! 𝜒! 𝜒! 𝜒!
+
𝑆 ! = ,&+ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥 )!
+ (∑ ^)"
𝑆 ! = ,&+ c∑ 𝑥 ! − d
,
+ (∑ ^)"
𝑠 = e,&+ c∑ 𝑥 ! − d
,
+ (∑ W)"
𝑆 ! = ,&+ f∑ 𝑑! − ,
h = -
∑^
𝑋 =𝐴+
,
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! = 36
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! ≠ 36
,- " ++×3" +79
𝜒! = .#"
= 9"
= 49
= 4.89
!
𝑠
a
!
𝜒(/./8,+/) = 13.307
! !
𝜒 𝜒(/./8,+/)
∑ 𝑥 = 73
∑ 𝑥 ! = 785
+ (∑ ^)" + 74"
𝑆 ! = ,&+ c∑ 𝑥 ! − d = 7&+ c785 − d = 3.95
, 7
!
𝜎 = 4.5
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! = 4.5
𝐻/ : 𝜎 ! ≠ 4.5
(,&+)- " (,&+)×4.:8"
𝜒! = .#"
= 3.8
= 5.27
a
!
𝜒(/./8,9) = 12.592
! !
𝜒 𝜒(/./8,+/)
% %
%
“ ” “ ”
%
©
[email protected] | SUDIP KHANAL
©
[email protected] | SUDIP KHANAL
