Population

Important definitions
1- Crude Birth rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1000 people in a year.
a. Formula: Total no. of Births/Total Population (of the area you are calculating
birth rate) * 1000.
2- Crude Death rate (CDR)/Mortality rate: The numbers of deaths per 1000 people in
a year.
a. Formula: Total no. of Deaths/Total Population (of the area you are calculating
birth rate) * 1000
3- Infant Mortality Rate: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (before
1st birthday)/Total live births * 1000.
4- Life expectancy: The number of years that a person is expected to live, mostly
calculated at birth.
5- Dependency ratio: The ratio of the number of non-working people to the number of
working people in the country.
6- Natural increase: Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate= N.I or It is also known as
Natural Population Change.
7- Net migration: The number of people coming into the country less (minus) the number
of people leaving it.
8- Population growth: The result of natural increase and net migration.
9- Sustainable Population growth: A population size that can be supported by available
resources.
10- Sex ratio: The number of males for every 100 females in the population. Pakistan’s sex
ratio is 106.010 means there are 106 males for every 100 females.
11- Population distribution: The way in which people are spread over an area.
12- Population density: The numbers of people living in a unit area of land e.g., /sq.km
13- Over population: A situation in which there are more people to fully exploit the
resources of a country.
14- Under population: A situation in which there are fewer people to fully exploit the
resources of a country.
15- Census: A survey of population or a selected group to find out sex, size, ages,
occupations, etc. at a given period of time.
16- Developing countries: The poorer countries in which many economic developments
continue to take place, and which are likely to be in debt to the World Bank, IMF, and
foreign countries.
17- Economic Development: The ways in which a country creates its wealth.
18- Urbanization: The increase in the proportions of a country’s population that lives in
its urban areas.
19- Internal migration: The movement of people within the country.
20- Planned migration: The movement of people that is encouraged and organized by a
government.
21- Rural-Urban migration: The movement of people from villages to cities.
22- De-population: The reduction or decline of population in a geographical area.
23- Emigrant: A person who has left his/her country and settled in another country.
24- Immigrant: A person who comes to live in a foreign country.
25- Open unemployment: A person is willing to work and educated or skilled but is unable
to get a job or work. It occurs due to lack of opportunity.
26- Under employment: When a person is employed but below his or her qualifications
and experience. Underemployment is a measure of the total number of people in an
economy who are unwillingly working in low-skill and low-paying jobs or only part-
time because they cannot get full-time jobs that use their skills.

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 Reasons of High Birth Rate in Pakistan
Q: Explain the reasons for high birth rate in Pakistan? [4]
• The practice of early marriages increases the span of re-productivity for women.
• Joint family system. Tradition of large families is regarded as a power because these
children can financially help the parents as agricultural and industrial labour.
• Polygamy (more than one marriage).
• Belief in God is ‘Raziq’ i.e., the provider.
• Low infant mortality rate because of better medical facilities.
• Lack of awareness about the impact of overpopulation on development and economy
of Pakistan.
• High illiteracy rate thus people are unaware of family planning methods.
• Desire for sons among the parents.
• Contraceptives are not available in remote areas and are expensive. These are un-
Islamic.
Effects of high Birth Rate
Q: Describe the effects of population growth on the economy and development of
Pakistan? [6]
Pakistan since inception has the higher growth rate.
• Population growth and lack of well-developed human resource i.e., education, skills,
training, etc. resulted in lack of economic development.
• Illiteracy leads towards high unemployment which in return leads towards poverty and
low standard of life in the country.
• Less housing facilities lead to Kachi Abadi (slums) in the cities.
• Increased population results in more consumption of resources which leads the govt. to
import so that the food shortages can be overcome, and this becomes the burden on the
govt.
• More imports will lead to negative balance of payment.
• High population growth with proper education facilities can lead to economic
development of the region.
• Pakistan has more than 50% youth which means we have energetic, career oriented
human resource to take our country to progress.
• More capital will be available in tax revenue to fund public service.
• It will boost no. of people willing to work.
• The demand of products and services will rise which will encourage specialization.

Decline in Birth Rate in recent years in Pakistan

Q: Explain some measures which can be taken to reduce the high birth rate in
Pakistan?[4]
• Cost of raising children is high.
• Education is more widely available even in rural and remote areas.
• Educated people pay more attention to quality of life of their children rather than their
quantity.
• In urban areas more girls are being educated, entering in higher education, and entering
in career-oriented jobs that delay their marriages ages. Thus, late marriages reduce the
span of productivity.
• More youngsters are entering higher education and start working later.

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 • Family planning and welfare programs such as Women’s association, Behbud
association, green star Clinics, child welfare association, etc. effectively implemented.
• Contraceptives are available in remote areas.
Reasons of Decline in Death Rate in Pakistan
• Education on health matters.
• Women are better educated on infant care. Welfare centres for mothers and children are
widely available.
• Improved personal hygiene.
• Availability of more food through cash crop farming.
• Better transport to reach to medical centres.
• Improved facilities for the care of old people.
• Awareness through media for the safety measures and health care.
• Foreign aid given by international organizations for health programmes in Pakistan i.e.,
US Aid, WHO programs.
• Availability of medicines and lifesaving drugs.
• More medical facilities in remote areas e.g., mobile clinics.
• Free treatment in government hospitals.
• Initiative of health cards in KPK and Punjab.
Q: Why is growth rate of Pakistan high? [5]
Q: Explain the causes of the population increase in Pakistan? [5]
The major reason for this is the High birth rates and low death rates. The subsidiary
reasons are;
o Longer life expectancy is one of the reasons which is due to better medical
facilities and better care of elderly people.
o Better sanitation facilities and clean drinking water lead to fewer diseases.
o Illiteracy in Pakistan leads to less or no awareness among the people about the
economic distress in the country caused by high population.
o Family planning methods are not being used.
o Islam permits polygamy through which large families are created and thus
population increases.
Dependency ratio
• The ratio of non-working people to working people
• The ratio of dependents (below school leaving age i.e., 14 and retired i.e., 60) to
independents (who are in working age (15-60)).
Problems of high dependency ratio
• High dependency ratio means more people to look after.
• Less schools
• Less hospitals and clinics
• Less accommodation
• Adaptation for old
• More unemployment
• More pensioners which increase the burden on treasury
• More pressure on government/services
• More stress on workers
• Inflation/Price hike
• Child labour

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Q: Read the following two views
The population growth The population growth rate
rate is best reduced by is best reduced by increasing
family planning literacy for all particularly
programmes. females.
View A View B
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to examples you have studied
from Pakistan to support your answer.
A: Family Planning
• The policy of family planning is better in other countries such as China which has one
child policy but there is a drawback for the same because one child will affect balance
of the family in a negative way.
• In Pakistan it can be introduced by the initiative of Govt. and NGOs such as the
department of Behbud-e-Abadi, green star clinics, and children’s welfare association.
• Cheap contraceptives can be provided by the Govt. to the people.
• Religious practices emphasize more on polygamy which encourage having large
families and do not support family planning.
B: Education
• Literate people are more aware of the problems created by the high growth rate.
• Half the population of Pakistan is female which lead the country to having greater
chances for high growth rate. Thus, by educating the females, an awareness would come
to them, and they will concentrate more on materialism i.e., careers and will marry late
which would decrease the span of re-production.
• More education and skill will generate income to our country and thus burden on the
govt. to facilitate high population will be reduced.
• Educational facilities are important for females in the rural areas, but it is not easy to
develop such facilities because of the opposition of tribes in tribal areas.
Thus, I would more agree with point B because Family Planning (point A) is also dependent
on the better education.
Demographic Transition Model
The process of change in population growth in a country or region due to birth or death rate is
called demographic transition model.
1- Study Fig. 5.1, which is a diagram of the Demographic Transition Model.

Agrarian Industria Urbaniz Stationary

lization ation Age

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 i- Add a suitable label for line Z on Fig. 5.1. [1]
Natural increase
ii- Describe the changes that occur in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition
Model in Fig. 5.1.
• Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly / overall slight decrease;
• Death rate falls (rapidly);
• Natural increase is at its highest / steeply rises / increases;
• (Total) population grows / increases (rapidly).
iii- Suggest three reasons for a high and fluctuating death rate in Pakistan
during Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.
• High infant mortality rate / children die from disease;
• High maternal death rate;
• Spread of diseases such as diarrhoea / cholera / malaria;
• Food shortages / lack of food / traditional farming methods / unreliable rainfall /
drought;
• Poor hygiene facilities / lack of sewage disposal / lack of sanitation;
• Little development of medicines / drugs such as antibiotics / statins / limited
availability of treatments for disease / vaccinations;
• Limited hospital / medical facilities / doctors / access to health facilities;
• Use of traditional practitioners / medicines;
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes / floods / mudslides;
• Insufficient knowledge on healthy diets / healthy living / exercise / health hazards
of smoking;
• Unsafe / polluted drinking water.
Population Distribution and Population Density
Population distribution: The way in which people are spread over an area.
Population density: The numbers of people living in a unit area of land e.g., a square km.
Reasons for high density of population
• Availability of fertile alluvial soil for good agriculture.
• Large industrial centres would attract skilled and unskilled labour force and hence rural-
urban migration would take place.
• High birth rate and low death rate because of better medical facilities.
• Better infrastructure, educational and health facilities.
• Availability of flat lands where agricultural machinery can be used.
• Availability of water for irrigational, domestic, and industrial purposes.
• More barrages and perennial canals extracted from these barrages.
• Commercial and industrial activities provide better opportunities for employment.
• Good network of road and railways.
Q: Explain how each of the 3 factors given below contributes to a high density of the
population in the areas of Upper Indus Plain.
Relief Rainfall Rivers
Flat land Monsoon/high rainfall Indus and its tributaries
So good for cultivation, Plenty for Barani farming or So good for irrigation
mechanization, roads, domestic of industrial use or
buildings, etc. better air quality
Reasons for low density of population
• Poor soil which is not suitable for agriculture.
• Mudflats and swampy areas where irrigation or other commercial activity is not
possible.

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 • Lack of infrastructure i.e., electricity, hospitals, schools, etc.
• Less industrial and commercial activity which leads to unemployment or under-
employment.
Population Pyramid

Q: The changing shape of the population pyramid affects Pakistan’s workforce both now
and for the future. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the changes. [6]
Advantages
• Narrow base means, there will be fewer children to look after so there will be surplus
money for development.
• Larger bars in the middle means there will be more work force available in the future
which will lead to generate more income.
• More young population means, there will more zeal, zest, innovation, and creativity in
the work.
• Less old people and less children means there will less dependents for the young people
and hence they would have more chances to use the resources on development.
Disadvantages
• Less old people mean there would be less people to advice the young.
• A large work force will cause the problem of unemployment in the country.
• The middle-aged people would migrate to other countries because of fewer
opportunities will cause the problem of brain drain (shortage of educated and skilled
workers).
Advantages and disadvantages of improved transport and telecommunication facilities
Advantages
• It will promote trade by giving an access to markets for local products e.g., Gwadar
port to Iran, Afghanistan, and China.
• Local people will have access to education and health facilities.
• It will help build more industries and hence more job opportunities will be created.
• It will link distant areas which will improve security, trade, and industry.
• The buyers would have a direct contact with the manufacturers.
• It will help distance learning (those who live in remote areas will have access to
learning) and hence literacy rate will be improved.

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 • Tourism will be flourished which will help in positive balance of payment.
• Ports will be connected to inland areas which will automatically improve economic
growth of the country.
Disadvantages
• The developments will cost high cost of construction and maintenance.
• Lack of funds for development.
• Lack of will of the Govt.
• If there will be more opportunities in the urban areas than there will be more rural-urban
migration.
• Tribal leaders of areas such as Baluchistan can disrupt such improvement schemes as
they do not want the people of their region to be developed.
Reasons for the variation in population density in Pakistan
Q: Suggest reasons for the variation in population density in Pakistan? [5]
• Natural topography affects the population density e.g., flat land would be thickly
populated as compared to steep and rugged mountains.
• Areas with moderate temperatures have more density of population.
• Areas with better alluvium would be thickly populated as compared to the lands with
saline soil.
• Areas near rivers will be thickly populated as compared to the lands with no or less
rivers e.g., the difference between Punjab and Baluchistan.
• Areas with better transport system would be thickly populated.
Low and high population densities in different regions
Low High Low population High population Low
population population density in Indus near Indus River population
density of density of delta density in
Baluchistan Quetta Thar desert
Low rainfall Provincial Difficult to farm Water available for Very hot in
capital of because of saline irrigation so summer
Baluchistan soil and flooding irrigational
schemes, Sukkur
barrage, Kotri
barrage
Extreme Electricity Swamp/marsh – It attracts more Very low
temperatures in facilities through difficult to settlements because amount of
summer and QESCO build/poor of better living rainfall so
winter foundations conditions lack of water
for
agriculture/dr
y/arid
Lack of fresh International Mangrove trees Main roads like Temperature
water for airport, so there – lack of Indus highway too high for
agriculture and will be in ease of farmlands agriculture
industrial use movement
Sandy soil of Dry port, so Tropical Main railways Lack of
Kharan desert better trade cyclones are which link Karachi infrastructure
opportunities dangerous to Punjab and areas e.g., roads
in Hyderabad e.g. Areas of semi
cement industry –soil/not
due to availability suitable for
agriculture

SYED TAQI KARAMAT 7

 of limestone in
Ganjo Takkar
Lack of Agricultural Lack of roads – Very alluvium soil High rate of
agriculture valley e.g., difficult to move evapotranspir
apricots/apples around ation
Lack of health, Educational Fishing in
education, and institutions e.g., decline due to
telecommunica Baluchistan pollution/mangr
tion facilities. University oves dying
Lack of Cantonment area Lack of
infrastructure have better industries
e.g., roads, infrastructure therefore no jobs
electricity, etc. e.g., roads.

Evapotranspiration: Water loss caused by the evaporation of moisture from the soil surface.
Q: With the help of examples, explain why the population density varies considerably
within NWFP.
Low Density Moderate Density High Density e.g., Peshawar
Mountainous Minor defence sites Provincial capital
Steep slopes Villages with tourist Main business centre
attractions
Area of permanent Areas with pastures Better infrastructure e.g., electricity, natural
snow gas, roads, etc.
Very cold in winter Areas with Flat areas of the valley of Peshawar as
unmetalled/Kacha suitable for agriculture due to easy use of
roads machinery e.g., sugar cane
Developed industrial areas so more jobs e.g.
sugar mills
Better educational institutions e.g.,
Peshawar University
Better health facilities available in private
and government hospitals

Employment/Unemployment

Unemployment: A situation where a person is willing and able to work at existing wage rate,
but he/she is unable to find the work.
i- Disguised unemployment: A situation where no. of people working in an
organization after an extent is not needed. (More than needed in an org.)
ii- Seasonal unemployment: The situation where a person loses job in a certain
season. For example, tour guides would lose jobs in winter.
iii- Open unemployment: Same as unemployment
iv- Underemployment: When a person is employed but below his or her
qualifications and experience.
Q: Why is there unemployment in rural and urban areas of Pakistan?
• More people, less resources due to overpopulation
• Rural – urban migration
• Mechanization in agriculture
• Use of IT in offices
• More use of machinery in secondary industry

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 • Lack of training/skills
• Political instability
Q: Why do rural people find it difficult to get jobs in urban areas?
• Lack of jobs in urban areas due to limited resources
• Illiteracy
• Lack of skill
• May not have relatives in urban areas to help them
Different sectors of occupations
Primary 50% of employed Secondary 10% Tertiary 40%
Farming Sugar mills Drivers
Mining Cotton textile Tourist guides
Fishing Steel industry Doctors, Teachers
Forestry Cottage industry Civil servants
Shop keepers, Lawyers
Q: Why there is maximum no. of employment in primary industry?
• Traditional/inheritance
• Illiteracy so cannot work in other sectors
• Most of the people live in rural areas where agriculture is the main profession
• Many areas of Pakistan are suitable for farming e.g., Indus Plain due to their alluvium
soil and flat land
• Irrigation scheme like link canals and perennial canals
• Cotton is the main export
• Most of Pakistan’s economy is agro-based i.e., cotton textile so raw cotton required
• Growing population of Pakistan needs more food
• Pakistan is rich in many minerals like rock salt and limestone so many miners
• Wood is used in wood-based industries like sports goods and furniture thus people work
in forestry profession
• Many inland reservoirs like rivers promote fishing
• Similarly, coastal areas of Pakistan promote fishing
Q: Why is the number in agriculture decreasing?
• Mechanization (if 10 worked, now 5 needed)
• Water logging and salinity
• Flooding
• Rural – urban migration due to urban attraction and better employment
• Better literacy so more people qualify in secondary/tertiary sector
• Higher wages in other sectors
Q: Why is the number of people in tertiary sector increasing?
Q: Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas
than in rural areas?
Q: Why is there more expansion of tertiary sector in urban areas than rural areas?
• Rural – urban migration as tertiary is well expanded in cities.
• Improved standard of living so more services in demand
• Improved education so people want to use their skill in tertiary sector
• More wages in tertiary sector i.e., banking.
• Extension of road network so more drivers.
• Growing population, more children so more teachers and doctors are needed
• Expansion of shops and other services due to growing population
• IT/usage of more and more computers
• Growth of services / more demand in cities

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 • Economic prosperity / people have more money to spend
• Expansion of multinationals in urban areas e.g., Pizza Hut
Q: What is informal sector of employment?
• It means the people who are self-employed in privately owned small industries,
business, or services.
• It provides industrial goods to meet the requirement of the market. So creates a balance
between demand and supply and thus prices of such commodities do not rise.
• This sector contributes to making domestic raw material which will lessen the burden
of imports.
• It is labor intensive, so machines are less used, and work is mostly done by hands e.g.,
footballs in Sialkot.
• Most of these small businesses are not registered so they do not pay taxes.
• They do not have the regular timings or certain specific salaries.
• Work is mostly done at home.
• Mostly provides employment to women and children.
Q: Explain advantages and disadvantages of informal employment?
Advantages:
• It meets the local demands and thus creates a balance between demand and supply of
market.
• Provides employment to a large no. of people.
• It provides the raw material for industries so lessen the burden on imports.
• Industrial waste can be utilized to produce more goods.
• This sector provides for poor families.
• This sector does not involve imported machinery or high technology so both expense
and expertise on technology is not required.
Disadvantages
• The businesses are not registered, so they do not pay taxes and hence no benefit to the
govt.
• It provides uncertain and unreliable employment.
• The sector provides sub-standard goods because of its low cost.
• Limited potential for growth because of low investment and most reliance on human
resource than machines.
• It encourages child labor.
• Low wages are paid to workers.
• Working environment is poor.
Q: Why is there a high illiteracy rate in Pakistan?
• Poverty.
• Lack of budget for education.
• Shortage of schools in rural areas i.e., ghost schools.
• Shortage of trained teachers.
• Education is not free in government schools.
• Private schools are expensive.
• Many people prefer child labour.
• People in rural areas sometimes do not send girls to schools due to tradition.
• Landlords do not allow their tenants to get education.
Q: Why is illiteracy rate high in females than males?
• Traditional attitude as it is believed by many that women’s place is at their homes.
• Patriarchal society or male dominating society.
• Misogynist attitude.

SYED TAQI KARAMAT 10

 • Pardah system.
• Shortage of ‘only girls’ schools.
• Many people are reluctant to send their daughters to co-education.
Q: How does the high illiteracy rate effect the secondary and tertiary industries of
Pakistan?
• Illiterate workers may damage machinery.
• Slow work so less output.
• Low quality of output.
• Unskilled management.
• Illiterate bosses do not plan properly.
• Discourages foreign investment to invest.
• Cheap labour available for loading unloading.
Q: Explain why it is vital for Pakistan to improve its education/literacy standard for
different sectors of the economy.
• Illiteracy holds back their development.
• Engineering skills are required for mining/manufacturing.
• Professional skills are needed in education/health.
• Better use of machinery in agriculture if literate.
• Farmers will follow the instruction of modern methods of agriculture e.g., HYV seeds,
chemical fertilizers, etc.
• Use of Information Technology.
Migration
Net migration: The number of people coming into the country less (minus) the number of
people leaving it.
Internal migration: The movement of people within the country.
Planned migration: The movement of people that is encouraged and organized by a
government.
Rural-Urban migration: The movement of people from the rural areas of a country to its
urban areas.
Emigrant: A person who has left his/her country and settled in another country. (Moving away
from a country)
Immigrant: A person who comes to live in a foreign country. (Moving into a country)
Reasons for rural – urban migration
Push Factors Pull Factors
Lack of jobs in rural areas due to Better education
mechanization in agriculture
Farmland is reducing due to growing More jobs/well – paid
population
Flooding More health facilities
Lack of services in villages/markets Better housing
Lack of recreational facilities Better transport facilities
Poverty due to subsistence farming Better telecommunication
Oppressive landlords
Effects of Rural-Urban migration
Q: What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? [4]
• loss of educated people/young people
o Shortage of working population as most able-bodied men migrate
§ Thus, loss of agriculture
o More women in rural areas so unbalanced gender ratio
o Government pays less attention to rural areas

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 o Shortage of health and education facilities
o Lack of infrastructure like roads
• Urban areas
o Overpopulation due to lack of resources
o Lack of education and health facilities
o Unemployment
o Traffic problems
o Air pollution
o More slums/lack of accommodation
o More crime rates
• Loss of workforce/only the old and young left
Q: How can people be encouraged to stay in rural areas?
• Land reforms as many farmers have small land holdings.
• Electricity supply for raising living standard
• More schools to increase literacy rate
• Cottage industries for employment
• Better Communication i.e., Radio for education/entertainment
• Tourism for employment source
• Government schemes
• Irrigation schemes
Q: Why do many Afghanis migrate to Pakistan?
Push factors
• War in Afghanistan
• Political instability
• So low agricultural output because of drought
Pull factors
• Religious ties
• Relatives in Pakistan
• Open border
• Better job opportunities
Q: What problem does the arrival of large no. of refugees create for infrastructure
and services? [4]
• Water and sanitation to be provided to each family which is not an easy task.
• Medical services to be provided to mothers and children.
• Schools are needed for refugee children.
• The local labor force would be affected as the refugee would search for the jobs as well.
• Social problems can be created by arrival of refugees such as smuggling, drug
trafficking, theft, and beggary.
Q: Why do some people emigrate from Pakistan?
• For jobs
• Higher wages abroad
• Lack of opportunities for professionals in Pakistan e.g., doctors
• Terrorism/lack of security
• To join their families abroad
• For higher education
• For better health facilities abroad
• To send income to their families (remittances)
Q: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for Pakistan
people.

SYED TAQI KARAMAT 12

 Advantages
• Can earn higher income
• Remittances sent home
• Jobs for educated e.g., doctors, engineers, etc.
• Jobs for construction in Middle East
• Better living conditions abroad e.g., housing, sanitation, etc.
• Social benefits e.g., education and health care
• Religious freedom
• Better food
Disadvantages
• Brain drain- loss of educated workers e.g., doctors.
• Qualifications may not be accepted.
• Language problems.
• So different culture.
• High cost of living abroad.
• Prejudice e.g., thought to be extremists.
• Need for permits e.g., to enter or work in the country.
• Exploited by traffickers.
• Poor working and living conditions.
• Home sickness.
Q: Why do some people make seasonal migrations in Pakistan?
• To avoid severe climate
• People in mountains come to plains in winter for jobs and return to valley floors in
summer for farming
• Farmers practice transhumance in mountain areas and go up to the mountain in summer
and return to valley floor in winter
• Nomadic people keep on moving from one place to another with their livestock in
search of water/food
• Many workers in sugar mills return to their farms for cultivation when the mills are
closed as they are seasonally operated.
Q: What are self-help schemes?
These are small scale projects which allow local people to use their skills to help improve
their local area. The Government provides materials such as bricks, cement, and glass to
enable residents to improve their own homes.
Q: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self – help schemes.
Advantages
• Reduces poverty
• Healthier environment/less diseases
• Encourages people to better themselves
• Can build better housing so less slums
• Better care of the area
• Removes unwanted people
Disadvantages
• High cost/lack of finance.
• Corruption/money goes elsewhere.
• Takes time to achieve.
• High risk of failure in Pakistan.
• Lack of resources to do this.
• Shanty towns would be shifted to other areas.

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 • May attract more people so more rural – urban migration.
• Need to educate people which is expensive to do.
Q: If according to the UN report Pakistan’s population may get doubled by 2050, how would
Pakistan increase the food supply for its population? [6]
Efficiencies
• Pakistan can increase production from different sectors such as agriculture, livestock,
fishing, etc.
• More machineries can be used for efficient and timely planting and harvesting the crops
i.e., tractors, threshers, tube well, etc. By timely cultivation of crops, more land can be
made available for irrigation.
• HYV (High yield variety) seeds are to be used to get maximum output.
• More fertilizers to be used as soil of Pakistan is not that organic.
• More pesticides and insecticides are to be used to save the crops from different diseases
and insects.
• A better roads and transport system can help in better distribution of crops.
Deficiencies
• Pakistan lacks capital, education, and experts to overcome this issue.
• Political will is not there to resolve the problem.
• Pakistan has a water shortage and irrigation is dependent upon the water.
Q: Explain why many people get ill in Kacha areas.
• Pool of water encourages mosquitoes.
o Thus, risk of malaria
• Water pollution/lack of clean water
• Lack of sanitation
o Risk of typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, etc.
• Congested
• Flimsy buildings/leaky roofs
o Risk of flu, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.
• Easy spread of diseases due to congestion
• Malnutrition/poor food supply
• No resistance to diseases
• Lack of awareness about diseases
• Poverty so cannot afford medical facilities

SYED TAQI KARAMAT 14