Chapter 9 Ray Optics Thtroduction b= electrommagne Re radiation belonging to specturn OF * Ligh! A= HOO HM - ASONmM + Proper hes Gy ng speed oF c= 3x108 ps” G) travels YO Straight Vine \ * Poth of light - ray Bondle oF TOYS -beam Resection oF light Aca meirrors x Reflection — bouncing baci oF night Wnts) the’ same pnedium aFter being \naident on reFlechng surface - % Laws of reFleclion: a. 45> by dent ray vertected ray and normal to the 2- Inu Wr OF NUdence norrnat rerlecting surface ak the pov Vie in the Same plane inadenr roy &® Normal is Vine yer, centre oF curvalvre OF poirror +o pn oF inddence Calong vadius) mirror * Sign comvenhion! AN distances are Obyechom ek Mure Veeosured Frorn Whe hla tnewtentygit pale oF Irirror OF me optical contre oF Lens Distances against ineident hight seas nnegative onwards Dista: negative tances alony * teident light ositive% Focal \ength oF spherical roirrors | = Paroxial vays ~ inadent at pbs close to pole P of roirror & make small angles with principal axis. Pineal Focus — F ~ pnk ahere verlected rays converge For concours & diverge from Jor convex => Focal phine — iF Ue paraxial beam coere inadent makin some angle with prinapal axis, the yeFlected rays usould converge | diverge Fron © pnt in plane Yhrough F normal to prinapal axis + —> Focal \ergtn —dis blu F& & P @ FIGURE 9.3 Focus of a concave and convex mirror. —y We must prove foot FER: R-radius oF Curvature. Bs Let c be 4re centre oF corvolure OF Mirror.” Consider & YOY Vet to pring pat ams Striking arM cM porpendicalar Yo roirror ak M & - orge oF Wadence Mb — yorpenciellsy From Mon principal axis -ond LMEFP = 26 Lmcp = & Now» sane = MP , *xOn2G = MP cD FD For small & + ANG BE « FAN B26 + @=Mb_ ,26 = MD eb > 2(“ =MD_ +h u p 4 The _noirror equalton: where rays emanating From & pnt —> Tage — pe + after vetlechon lrefrachon. race! Gra “Wes: (AY Real ing? rays comverge to the pnt (B) Virtual Wrage — FAYS don't meet bwt appear to diverge Fors he por vohen produced backwards - - Prk = pn Correspondence Fo bj WageYTave 2 rays emanting from a pnt on objeck- We can dhoase any Wes oF the Following rays: G) tay We! 40 prinapal axis = reflected Fay goes through F ay voy throvgh ¢ 2 reflected ray retraces the path. Gn) Yay through Fo verlected ray 1s NE to prindpal axis Gv) ray ynadent ak PS reflected ray Follows laws oF verlection- —» Consider the Following vay diagrarn Yor concave mirror. Let AB be the image oF chyect AB. Consider the ABBE and AMPF are sinmilar > BA = BF PM FP > BA oBE C pm=ns) — © BA P AKBP Y SABP ao LAPB = LAPB > BA see —@ be oP From © and @, Breer FP OBP > BP-FP = BP (magnitude of distance) : Ses fFUsing sign convention , BPo-V>e FR F -« BP ee So, we have Worm the tagnitude of distance Formula, -Vai = -v “=F =U V-Ray . Ao) Mavevo 3 Vi =lty + vu : UO SA =a Comirror equato L = 141. Conirror eqoation) Ke linear magnification (rm) Ws, meh) h Th ans P and AABP Bal = BP > N= BB BP hn abi apasp h Vv —> For cornex mirror * let AB be the virtual mage oF the object AB- Apep ~ AA'BP Baz er -O© BA BP AA ~ OP BC BA'= Be _@ BR BCFrorn @ ond @: wp. ee BP BC =~ B'p = Pc- PB' Br BPa Po By Using Sign convention, BP =V BP =-U Pork ~UaR As F=R > R= 2F 2 od = 2f-v 2w-U vu -v(2f-v)= V (2e-v) —oveé +uv = 20F -Ww 2uv = 2uF +2vF Dwide by QovE on both sides 2Quv- = Wwe + 2vF uvF Quvf = QuvF i AN ¥ v Uirror qu)Refrochon %* Refrachon — beam of Night When encounters another romsparent Mediues » park of We gets reflected back to Frst medium, while the rest enters 4he other rnediwnn pagation oF obliquely \nadent (o' ve mornnal > demer to yarer. *” Dns 1 Mar * N32 = Da X Oa* Lateral shift -— perpendicular dis blu inadent & emergent rays after a Night ray has passed through ‘ans parent enedion - IF we take a yectangular glace slab vrefracton ocewrs ak 2 sur Faces (air -glass > glass - air) Then W= ta pre emergent Fay ME" fo inadent ray. Medium ~ (Glass) 4% Bottom of a tank Filled with cwaker appears to be raised We a Conseque OF yetrackon. Here Dw = ha = real depth apparent depth - ~+ perceived depth Observer us Real depth + -Total Internal Reflechon % VR — When light travels From denser to rarer mediurn at the interface «IF 16 partly reflected back into gare medium & partly refracted to second medium. Water-air D o, interface Totally reflected ray Partially reflected rays, @ *ATIR- When the Zi ws Increased SHI Further that refrachon totally reflected 1s ob possible & the incadent ray 16 — Yhere 15 no Manspnission oF Light © is called the crical angie Je — the ange oF madenc chon Yor am AC" orgie of retra: When bale or 290" IMIG May FS siNte = Par SINA0 For 1 vie syhere 1 00 yetrachon & only TIR- * Then Do =_! sinic. Mulhple TVR ee Dereonetralion OF “Tis Refrachon WR f turbid waler ol* TIRAID Nature & techno! GQ) Fist — = bend Night by AO" or 180° by THR — can be used to Invert Irneiges without changing thor Sze. he B 1S" t = + * y | iy 2 te _| a x 4 5 Bie 9 » ¢ A t r o (2) oplical Fibres - used to Hansmit audio video or hight signals Fhrough \ distances > Fabricated with high quality con posite glass (quartz bres - — Each Fibre consists OF Core & cladding ith Noore YF Nctadding = Requirement = Ahere should be very lHle adsorphon OF Nighk over long dis iW rhe Hbre. can be achieved by Spedal preperator Ard porificalton - Sica glass Hibres can Aransmik A5/. OF light over a Rbre oF Um. > Ex: Night Vipe to examine ‘ynternal organs + ake coralion, . Low n High n=r Rocess | Light 1 dwecled Frorn one end in svitable angle Gviey v Light undergoes THR & hriWes the inner sides of bre v As vd Yte 1 TNR Continues & light Comes ovt ak other end — Even if Rbre Is bem yk can eoaly travel bargor dis - ~athere 16 no appreciable loss oF intensity Refraction at Spherical surfaces _& by lenses 4. Refrachon af spher ical surface Consider Forrnaon of inmage TE OF an object O OF the parapet axe oF sphencal surFace with conker oF corvatere & and vadws oF curvature R Raye ore jnadent Froro medium of reFrachve wwdex m to another OF hm Let the aperoture of the surface be small compared, Jo other drekances + CATING craait angle appoxirnaber jan ZNOM = MN om fan ZNCM = MN mc fan ZWIM = MN MITh ANOC, 1 is the exterior angle 3 dis 2Nom 4 2Nem -© In ANCI, ZNCM is the exterior angle ~ 2NCM = 2r4 2NIM ~@® From © + by small angle approxnnation, 2NOM = MN » 2NCM>= MN » 2NIM= mn om mc ML Sub these ‘in @® and @. 44> MN + MN Lie MN 4 MN om Meo 5, om Me Mano de = pay Or —-m = 22-1 _-O BI Dh Dea For a Ahin lens. Bh =D) Gre + o-* m swe} (3 -m2 = Me d DI, OB Be BL ph Dew = 2 - 92 + dade = mom (2 Bal A eI, bi, of pL Bor Boo » Bh ee sie) ) 2 * 1) a @ oB DI BC Der i 13Suppose the ob) ak in Finity, OR =o . DI =F ™s * | (@a-o1) >is meni} ena ase ¥ Ber Der By sign COMVENHKON , BOS Ri: DO=—-Re et Sia ») = ae ee e “Bi es: €/ Sera) “Ws 3s called the lens maver’s Formula. For concone lens « Ri Concave / Convex lens have 2 Foci F & FY that are coy vict From optical conte » ; Focus on side oF Night source — First Focal pnt s! “opp side - second Focal pat. 4 stank—= For Finding the image For a lens we meaty chose any 'wo OF the Following rays’ Q) Ray Ue" 40 prinapal carts > retracted ray passes throegh Fi (convex) Or diverge From F (concave) W) Ray passing Hhroegh F (conver) 2 retracted vay 11S! to Pring pal CAKIS © Ray apprearing to yeast at F! (concave\ =r refracled ray Ne! Xo prindpal a1 Gi) Ray passing through opheal contre =y retracted ry ernerges caithook demia lio 2. ower oF lens ax Power oF lens — measure OF convergence oF divergence oF light Falling On a — Jonge’ oF the angle by ashich tf Converge or diverges A pear OF ght We! to prna pat axis Faling ak unit dis Horn opacol conte + & Shorter Focal Jength =p bends Night more he more Cooncave). CONEXIS Cupmvex) « dwexgence * yan 8 = b ¥ se he) & For Srnoll angles a z 4eS\ uit = Troplre + ps tron! Ss) ator (7 NG] — Converging lens LL -ve = div erging \ens 1s1). Combination of thin lenses _ih_conbacl Consider tuo lenses A & B of focal length Fi & fa placed. Ww contact with each other. Let the object O be placed beyond Fi of A- v Th is real wage of A Shot w virtual object oF RB v Tis she Rnal Amage by B For wnage Ts by A )o-e= + -—-® Va Vv si For image I by B Ao a Se), ACW as Aading ® anda © aati at WGN Mn ) Yt Ft F5. > 1 GANS + 1 WOT fn FN = A [4 ~ equivalent sys: focot \ength). en SY In generat For senyeral thin lenses in contact \ i rors = * a * OG ok De Fe 4 Shem, Pe Prd Pak Pa + GPS PHT M- % Cormbinaron oF lens se used For optical ynsiwurments 7 CAMNETAS: ~x belpe oblain diverging or converging tens oF deswed reagni Realton . > enhances shor pness OF Image: ‘6Retrachorn through a Prism Consider a. triangular pristy uth the face ABC 4i- angle OF INAdence Face AB CFrom air —r glass) zr- one F yefrackon Lia - angle of inadence Le —angle oF emexgence $- angle & deviation Cangle blu ernergent & Inadent g 9 g & ray Face Ac (from glass airy Tn quadrilateral ASNR LQ+ZR=180" Co 4Q=90 & 4R 290°) Then ZA+ LanR=\80 —© Tn 4ENR Lr +Lr2 +Lane=o —® Om cornparing © and © 2h + LONR = Lh +lhe + ZONR = uA=2n+Ln —® she total deviakon § 18 Summ oF deviations ot the two faces . ga crn) (e-%) = Lixle- (in +L) $ =Lixte- La (by @) LG Ak wim desiation Dm, reftecked Yay inside the pristn Ve Ne" to its base Then, S=dm , Hele , Ln=Ly qhen @ S 2A = 22h > Lr=2b 2shen © becomes De= 221-A > L= Arde 0 = s g a ‘ 5 oo he refractive index of prism is 3 MmieOa =5In 4 20 aS. ize m sin lr a0 na = in (A+Pm) ot Go oe © ee panies Angle ofineidence (0 Zz Sin AL z For srmall angie prisra thin pristo) , Drnis small Mas AxDo ae Bu = 3 nas A*xDro A =a Dm A > (paz de. Me deviate rauch Night ye thin prisms don ical =Instruroents ps = Vial Siro ple, —> Microscope LL cormpound astronomical — Telescope LL terrestrial Human eye + binoculars , periscope - Raleidoscope ee ve 1gA. MICROSCOPE %& Also called magnifer * Converging \ens of Snail Focal length + lens 1s held Near the ob) & eye 15 positioned. close to 4he lens on the other side xhelps get erect + vragnified & Virtual image OF object &% D=25cnq ~hear por OF human eye Gi) Sirnple microscope T- Linear magni caon For innage Formed ak near pnt D Is: mevevir—2| Ra 2% Vv a F. v Vv cee — + By sign convention verb 2 ra =l+D_ 3 5. Angplor rragnificalton For Wage Formed ak INANIY h- height oF object When Hhe aby we at Be ik ve clearly Visible asithouk Se ——. any \ens o Jon Go = h_ #6» Pp Now the angle subtened ak eye by wenage eonen aby 15 oF © Ys ton i= bi -vme biz vy kee 0 ht oi vi Us So. fan = —bh_ 8G v Angle avbtended by ob] at ¥ =-F is os h F Then to angular rcagni fication) = 6 Go ae F a BD Irm=D_ wa sinnple FOIE TOScOpe is Vimited tO max: rragnificahon Jube length q & Frst Focal pnt oF eyepiece 20Linear raagnih cakon due to objechve 1s Mme =h! h From jne construchon cf She apical system, tanp=h= op fo L aa h Yo The Thek mage \ neor the Focal pnt oF eyepiece whic jnverted inage s the ohyect of the eyepiece. 1+ Bo 4 inmage ak DB Me = fe Dd 1 Yrnage ak oo fe 21Herne .we have rn = Mo Me = L (i i L(1.B) svmage ar > Lip eee virnage ak 0 So, +0 achieve \arge roagnificalon OF small Obj vobjectve & eyepiece should have Small Focal lengths - B TELESCOPE = provides angviar magnificaion OF Aistant objects - —> hos objects ath large Focal length & aperatere & an eyepiece: > \ignt From distant object enters obyjechve y real nage v6 Formed. in the tobe ak is secomd Focal pre ¥ Lee” rrognites His Wage v produces nal mverted rage . Objective #—— fs——> Eyepiece Je! Sr— Magnifying power ro = angle sobtended at eye by Final Image angle sublended at lens by objeck =f ot Now: ton BoB = bh te tan x sx=h Fo = = aes, “Fe rl| gle Here L = fore > Terrestrial telescopes have in addihon a pair oF hover hig lenses YO THate the Tnal troage erecl- a> Retrackng elescopes — can be Used For both terrestrial & astronomical observalons -> Ackronorarcal telescope’: % Consideralions a) Light gpthenng power — depends On area of objec hve lens: > larger Aiarnebers =) Fanter Objecls can be observa a) Reselving power 1 Resolvhon — ali iy to obsene, two ebjechs dislindtly in same direc. —allee depends on dhameter oF objechve Optical telescopes “shovid have objechve of larger Hiameler - 23% Yer¥s observatory + Wisconsin usa has largest objechve lens ith cliameter HO inch (~~ 1-02m) - »® Liroitalions of large lens: — yequire supper by edges due to Jpeavy eeight baal expenswe —difficuit to get rid of chromatic abberrakions and clis torhions, = Retleching telescopes: % have concove Mirror ds objective 4% NO Ohromalic abberrations - 4 requires less mechamical support os it can be Supported on its enkre back. %*& buk Ik Focusses Nigh} Inside the telescope yobe - Sol: — Viewer sits near Whe Focal pk oF the Mirror Ww A srnall cage Ex. Mt: Palomar telescope + California (200 inch Aiarmeler objechve mirror) —rdetlec! tight by another Secondary COMVER irFOr Yo Yous the wadent light that passes Fhroog h a bole iD primary objecle mirror = Cassegrain telescepe |—> largest reflechng Aelescope in the world — pair OF Reck telescopes Im Hauer, USA — \Orm diameter yetlechor - Note: Largest — thas 2-349 diameter Yelescope Im “India 15 In Rovalur » Tarn) Nadv - veFrleching Cassegrain yelescope. —vused by TIA Bangalore -