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Ch-9: Pipe Appurtenances,
Operation and maintenance
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BY: Madan Gorathoki
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IOE Pulchowk
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Valves and Purposes
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Valves are essential components used to:
• Control the flow of water (start/stop/regulate).
• Maintain or relieve pressure.
• Prevent backflow.
• Isolate sections for maintenance.
• Drain lines for flushing or repair.
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Valves and Purposes
Types of Valve
1. Sluice Valve (Gate Valve):
• Used to completely stop or allow flow in pipelines.
• Operates by lifting or lowering a gate.
• Used in main lines for isolation during maintenance.
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Valves and Purposes
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2. Reflux Valve (Check Valve):
• Allows flow in one direction only.
• Prevents backflow that could damage pumps or contaminate sources.
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Valves and Purposes
3. Safety Valve:
• Automatically releases water when pressure exceeds safe limits.
• Protects pipelines, pumps, and fittings from overpressure
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Valves and Purposes
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4. Air Relief Valves
Removes trapped air at pipeline summits to prevent air locks that block
water flow.
• Water in pipe → Float rises → Closes valve (seals outlet).
• Air in pipe → Float drops → Opens valve → Releases air.
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Valves and Purposes
4. Pressure Sustaining Valve
• Maintains minimum upstream pressure in a pipeline by restricting
flow when pressure drops below a set value.
• Ensures downstream systems receive consistent pressure even during
low demand.
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Valves and Purposes
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4. Butterfly Valve
A circular disc mounted on a rotating shaft inside a pipe.
When turned:
Open (0°) – Disc aligns with flow → Full water passage
Closed (90°) – Disc blocks pipe → Stops flow
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Valves and Purposes
4. Drain Valve
• A simple on/off valve installed at low points in pipelines to remove
water or sediment.
• Also called a "washout valve" or "blow-off valve".
• Usually manual (hand-operated).
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Why is it Used?
• Drains stagnant water (prevents freezing/contamination)
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• Cleans pipes (flushes out dirt, rust, debris)
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• Maintenance access (for repairs or inspections)
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
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Purpose of Fittings
• Connect pipes of different sizes/materials
• Change flow direction (e.g., bends, elbows)
• Split/merge flow (e.g., tees, wyes)
• Regulate/control flow (e.g., valves, reducers)
• Allow maintenance (e.g., couplings, unions)
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
Types of Fitting
• Coupling – Joins two straight pipes
• Union – Allows easy disassembly (threaded/nut-based)
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• Adapter – Connects different pipe types (e.g., PVC to metal)
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
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• Bends (Elbows): Used to change the direction of flow (commonly 45° or
90°).
• Reducers: Used to connect pipes of different diameters.
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
• Tees: Allow water to branch off in a T-shaped configuration.
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• Mechanical Couplings: Connect pipes securely, allowing some flexibility
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(e.g., Dresser coupling).
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
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• Expansion Joints: Accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of
pipes.
• Dismantling Joints: Facilitate easy removal of valves and equipment for
maintenance.
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Fittings: Purpose and Types
• Stop Cocks: Used to stop water flow at particular points, typically in
service lines.
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• Water Taps: Outlet devices used for drawing water.
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Flushing Arrangements
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Reservoirs:
• Flushed periodically to remove settled silt and sludge.
• Uses scour pipes or drain valves at the bottom.
Transmission Mains:
• Flushed using washout valves or blow-off chambers at low points.
• Ensures removal of accumulated solids in long pipelines.
Distribution Lines:
• Flushed through fire hydrants or flushing taps at dead ends.
• Maintains chlorine residual and prevents microbial growth
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Break Pressure Tank – Purpose & Construction
Purpose
• Reduces Excess Pressure in gravity-fed pipelines (e.g., from
hills/reservoirs).
• Prevents Pipe Bursts by dissipitating hydraulic surges.
• Maintains Safe Flow by stabilizing pressure between elevation drops.
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Break Pressure Tank – Purpose & Construction
Construction:
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Tank Structure:
• Material: Concrete (most common), steel, or HDPE.
• Shape: Cylindrical or rectangular.
• Size: Designed based on flow rate & pressure drop needed.
Inlet & Outlet Pipes:
• Inlet: High-pressure water enters from the elevated pipeline.
• Outlet: Releases water at controlled, lower pressure.
Overflow/Spillway:
• Prevents tank overfilling during high flow.
Vent Pipe:
• Releases trapped air to avoid airlocks.
Access Hatch:
• For inspection and maintenance.
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Public Stand Post
Design & Construction
Components:
• Tap Outlet:
• Stainless steel or brass (rust-resistant).
• Self-closing to conserve water.
• Drainage:
• Concrete apron (sloped 2–5% toward a soak pit).
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• Gutter/channel to direct runoff.
• Structure:
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• Material: Concrete, masonry, or prefabricated steel.
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• Cover: Roof or shade to protect users.
• Water Flow:
• Supply: Fed by gravity/piped network (min. 5 m pressure).
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• Capacity: 10–20 liters/minute per tap.
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Public Stand Post
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Provides safe, equitable water access to communities without private
connections.
Location Guidelines
• Proximity:
• ≤ 50 meters from users (WHO standard).
• Central to clusters of 10–20 households.
• Site Selection:
• Elevated to avoid flooding.
• Near drainage to prevent stagnant water.
• Accessible to all, including disabled users.
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Purpose of Pump
A pump is a mechanical device used to move fluids (liquids or gases) from
one place to another by increasing their pressure or flow rate.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
Types of Pumps
1. Centrifugal Pump
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• Most commonly used in water supply systems.
• Works by converting rotational kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy.
• Uses: Lifting water from sumps, wells, and clear water reservoirs.
Working
• Water enters through the eye of the impeller.
• The impeller rotates, driven by an electric motor.
• Centrifugal force pushes water outward toward the casing.
• Water's kinetic energy increases as it moves outward.
• The volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy.
• Pressurized water exits through the discharge outlet.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
2. Submersible Pump
• Entire pump and motor are submerged in water. It pushes water to the
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surface.
• Use: Pumping water from deep tube wells or boreholes.
• Advantages: Quiet operation, high efficiency, no need for priming.
Working Principle:
• The motor and pump are sealed in a waterproof casing and placed
underwater.
• When powered, the motor drives the impeller, which rotates.
• Rotation creates centrifugal force, pushing water from the impeller to the
pump outlet.
• This motion converts mechanical energy into kinetic and pressure energy,
lifting water to the surface.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
3. Reciprocating Pump
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Working Principle: Uses piston or plunger to displace water.
Use: Accurate dosing of chemicals (like chlorine) in water treatment.
Advantages: Precise, positive displacement.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
Types of Pumps
4. Vertical Turbine Pump
• Working Principle: A vertical shaft connects the motor at the top to
impellers submerged in water.
• Use: Deep river intakes or high-lift situations.
• Advantages: Suitable for large flow and high head.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
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5. Jet Pumps
• A jet pump is a type of centrifugal pump that uses the Venturi effect to lift
water from deeper sources than a regular centrifugal pump can. It combines
a surface-mounted centrifugal pump with a jet assembly (nozzle + Venturi
tube) located in the well or water source.
• It is especially useful for shallow to moderate-depth wells (up to 50–60
meters), where a normal suction pump can't reach.
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
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Pumps- Types and Purpose
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6. Air-Lift Pump
Working Principle: Compressed air is injected into the pipe, which lifts
water by reducing its density.
Use: Groundwater extraction from wells with sand or silt.
Advantages: No moving parts in the water; good for dirty water.
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Pump Curve
A pump curve is a plot showing the relationship between:
Head (H) – vertical distance the pump can raise water (in meters or feet)
Flow Rate (Q) – amount of water the pump can deliver (in L/s, m³/hr)
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Operation of water supply System
Opening/closing valves, scheduling pumping.
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Monitoring water levels in tanks.
Ensuring supply continuity and quality.
Detecting and controlling leaks.
Maintaining records of flow, pressure, and complaints.
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Maintenance
Necessity:
• Ensures system reliability, reduces breakdowns, and prolongs infrastructure
life.
Types:
• Regular Maintenance: Routine tasks like valve operations, lubrication, and
meter readings.
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• Preventive Maintenance: Scheduled inspections, cleaning tanks, and
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checking pressure.
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• Emergency Maintenance: Immediate repair of bursts, leaks, or pump
failures.
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Roles and Responsibilities in Water Supply Management
Federal Government:
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• Policy formulation, guidelines, large-scale funding, and major infrastructure
development.
Provincial Government:
• Coordination and support to local bodies.
• Regulation and capacity development.
Local Government (Municipality/Rural Municipality):
• Planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of water supply schemes.
• Tariff setting and enforcement.
• Local regulation and community coordination.
User's Committee:
• Community-level operation and management.
• Collection of user fees, minor repairs, and awareness.
• Liaison with local government and NGOs.
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