1. INTRODUCTION 2.

ROAD TRAN S P ORT N ETWORK

GEN ERAL B ACKGROU N D  P h ilippin es h a s 80% o f d o m e s ti c p a s s e n g e r t r a ffic

P h ilippin es a s a m em ber of ASE AN a n d 60% o f fre ig h t t r a ffic u sin g t h e r oa d
 Is a n a r ch ipela go of m or e t h a n 7,100 is la n d s  Abou t 75% o f g o v e rn m e n t e x p e n d itu re s on t r a n spor t
 Tot a l la n d a r ea of a bou t 300,000 s qu a re k ilo m e te rs in fr a st r u ct u r e goes t o t h e r oa d syst em
 Con sist in g of 81 p ro v in c e s ,136 c itie s , a n d 1,494  Th e cou n t r y h a s a t ot a l r oa d len gt h of a bou t 161,000
m u n ic ip a litie s kilom et er s, a ver a ge r oa d den sit y of 0.53 k m /s q . k m or
2.35 k m . p e r 1,000 popu la t ion
 H a s a bou t 80 m illio n p o p u la tio n , gr owt h r a t e of 2.2% p e r
a n n u m , den sit y of a bou t 227 p e rs o n s p e r s q. k m  Th er e a r e a bou t 11,500 brid g e s m ea su r in g a t ot a l
len gt h of 335,000 m et er s wit h a bou t 1,700 of t h e
 Met r o Ma n ila is t h e sea t of P h ilippin e gover n m en t a n d
n u m ber cla ssified a s t em por a r y br idges
pr im a r y bu sin ess cen t er
 Met r o Ma n ila h a s r oa d 4,800 k m . ro a d le n g t h , m a n y
 Met r o Ma n ila h a s 16 c itie s a n d 1 m u n ic ip a lity
of t h ese r oa ds r ea ch ed ca pa cit y t h a t t h e a ver a ge speed
 la n d a r ea o f 636 s q. k m , 10.4M p o p u la tio n , gr owt h
is a bou t 14 k p h wit h a bou t 1/3 of t r a vel t im e wa st ed a s
r a t e of a bou t 3%, den sit y of 16,000 p e rs o n s p e r s q. k m . idle t im e

3. R OAD -B AS ED M OD E OF TRAN S P ORTATION

I N TERS ECTION TRAF F IC CON TROL S YS TEM AN D
TRAF F IC EN GIN EERIN G IN THE P HILIP P IN ES

 J eepn ey, ca r , va n , t a xi, bu s, t r u ck, t r icycle,  t r a ffic en gin eer in g pr a ct ice in t h e P h ilippin es is st ill n ew
m ot or cycle, ca leza , a n d t r a in in few a r ea s a r e r oa d -  In Met r o Ma n ila m ost of t h e u n sign a lized in t er sect ion s a r e
ba sed m ode of t r a n spor t of t h e P h ilippin es con t r olled by STOP or Yield sign s
 Regist er ed veh icles by LTO a s o f 2002  Ou t side Met r o Ma n ila , m a jor it y of u n sign a lized in t er sect ion s
 749,553 pr iva t e ca r s h a ve NO CONTROL
 1,554,619 jeepn eys(UVs)  In t h e ea r ly 1977 Tr a ffic E n gin eer in g a n d Ma n a gem en t (TE AM)
P r oject im plem en t ed a n a r ea t r a ffic con t r ol syst em
 97,695 SUVs ( va n , t a xi, jit n eys )
 Cr ea t ion of Tr a ffic Con t r ol Cen t er (TCC) la t er r en a m ed a s
 257, 774 t r u cks
Tr a ffic E n gin eer in g Cen t er (TE C) in 1977 wit h t h e ff. fu n ct ion :
 33, 915 bu ses  Im plem en t t r a ffic en gin eer in g a n d m a n a gem en t m ea su r es

 1,470,383 m ot or cycles a n d t r icycles su ch a s sign a liza t ion , geom et r ic im pr ovem en t s et c.

 a bou t 40% a r e r egist er ed in Met r o Ma n ila  TE C wa r r a n t u sed ba sed on m odels of U.S.Dept of
 In Met r o Ma n ila t h er e a r e a bou t 330 bu s ro u te s , Tr a n spor t a t ion a n d H igh wa y Adm in ist r a t ion
600 je e p n e y ro u te s  As of 1994 t h er e wer e 444 s ig n a lize d in te rs e c tio n s a n d 76
u n s ig n a lize d in Met r o Ma n ila
 jeepn eys cover a bou t 610 km r oa ds, 350 km r oa ds
 6. MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPING
5. T RAN S P ORTATION AN D TRAF F IC PROFESSION OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
EN GIN EERIN G P RACTICE
 1904 - traffic survey methods were being employed
 Tra n s p o rta tio n En g in e e rin g – is t h e field or br a n ch of
civil en gin eerin g th a t dea ls with t h e a pplica tion of  1907 – pedestrian islands were used in San Francisco
t ech n ology a n d scien tific prin ciples t o th e pla n n in g,  1908 – the first driver’s license law was adopted
fu n ct ion a l design , opera t ion , a n d ma n a gemen t of fa cilities  1911 – white-painted pavement center lines were first applied
for a n y m ode of t r a n spor t a tion in or der to pr ovide for t h e  1915 - origin-destination(OD) studies and accident spot maps
sa fe, ra pid, com for t a ble, con ven ien t , econ omica l, a n d were first used
en vir on men t a lly com pa t ible m ovem en t of people a n d goods.
 1916 – speed and delay study was first made by observing
traffic from a high building; pedestrian regulation and NO
 Tra ffic En g in e e rin g - is t h a t ph a se of t r a n spor t a tion LEFT TURNS were prescribed; curb parking was prohibited
en gin eerin g t h a t dea ls with t h e pla n n in g, geomet ric to facilitate traffic movement
design , a n d t ra ffic oper a tion s of r oa ds, st r eet s a n d
h igh wa ys, t h eir n et works, ter min a ls, a bu t tin g la n ds, a n d
r ela t ion sh ips wit h ot h er m odes of t r a n spor t a t ion .

7. D EVELOP MEN T OF TRAF F IC S IGN AL 2. T RAF F IC MANAGE ME NT

GE NE RAL BACKGROUND
 1868 – fir st t r a ffic sign a l in Gr ea t Br it a in ( illu m in a t ed  Tra ffic Ma n a g e m e n t – is a t er m u sed t o em body t h e
by ga s ) a ct ivit ies u n der t a ken by a h igh wa y t r a n spor t a t ion a gen cy
 1910 – m a n u a lly oper a t ed sem a ph or e sign a ls t o im pr ove r oa dwa y syst em sa fet y, efficien cy, a n d
 1922 – idea of t im in g sign a ls for pr ogr essive m ovem en t effect iven ess for bot h pr ovider s a n d con su m er s of
t r a n spor t a t ion ser vices.
 1926 – fir st a u t om a t ic t r a ffic sign a ls in Gr ea t Br it a in
 Tw o d is tin c t ty p e s o f tra ffic m a n a g e m e n t :
 1927 – ea r liest kn own a pplica t ion of t im e-spa ce dia gr a m
for coor din a t ion of t r a ffic sign a ls * u t ilizin g t r a dit ion a l t r a ffic en gin eer in g t ools or
 1928 – fir st t r a ffic-a ct u a t ed sign a ls sim ple devices t o r egu la t e a n d con t r ol t r a ffic.
 In 1930 t h e In st it u t e of Tr a ffic E n gin eer s ( ITE ) * r elyin g m or e on a dva n ced t ech n ology t h r ou gh t h e u se
wa s fou n ded wit h k ey r ole in pr om ot in g t r a ffic of In t elligen t Tr a n spor t a t ion Syst em ( ITS ).
en gin eer in g pr ofession t h r ou gh a dva n ce t r a in in g,  Tra ffic Re g u la tio n s
r esea r ch st u dies, st a n da r diza t ion , la ws, a n d a pplica t ion * dr ivin g is n ot a r igh t bu t a pr ivilege
of t r a ffic en gin eer in g t ech n iqu es .
* t r a ffic r egu la t ion s m u st cover a ll a spect s of con t r ol
T RAF F IC RE GULATIONS CONTINUE D …………
T H RE E E LE ME NTS OF TH E ROAD SYSTE M CONTINUE D

of bot h veh icle ( r egist rat ion , own ersh ip, m ech a nica l fit n ess,
a ccessor ies, size, weigh t ) a n d dr iver ( a ge, a bility t o opera t e
specific t ype of veh icles, fin a n cia l r espon sibilit y ).  In t er a ct ion of t h e t h r ee elem en t s of t h e r oa d syst em
 Tr a ffic r egu lat ions m ust be r eason a ble a nd effect ive (
t h r ou gh ca r efu l st u dy wit h fa cts t h a t m ust be sou gh t Roa d/
t h r ou gh t h e condu ct of t r a ffic st udies, a cciden t a n a lysis, E n vir on m en t
keepin g dr iver s r ecor ds a n d ot h er da t a .
 Tr a ffic r egu la t ions ar e depen den t upon t h e la ws of t h e
st at es a nd loca l gover nm en ts, especia lly cit y or m u n icipa l
or din a n ces.
THREE ELEMEN TS OF THE ROAD S YS TEM Veh icle
Human/
Dr iver
 Th e ROAD

 Th e VE H ICLE

 Th e DRIVE R

11. T R AF F IC CON TR OL D E VICE S 12. V E H ICLE AN D R OAD U S E R S CH AR ACTE R IS TICS

 Regu la t or y Devices – h a s t h e a u t h or it y of la w R OAD U S E R S /H U MAN F ACTOR S

 Wa r n in g Devices – in for m a t ion on ly
 Gu idin g Devices – t o in for m r ou t e, dest in a t ion et c. o E DU CATION – in clu de skills a n d go h a n d in h a n d
wit h la ws a n d en for cem en t s, RA 4136 et c.
F OU R E LE ME N TAR Y R E QU IR E ME N TS OF o P E RSON ALITY AN D E N VIRON ME N T
TR AF F IC CON TR OL D E VICE S
 P er cept ion -r ea ct ion – t im e r equ ir ed is 2 t o 3 sec
o It sh ou ld com pel a t t en t ion . defin ed a s t h e t im e r equ ir ed fr om wh en t h e dr iver
r ecogn izes a n object or h a za r d on t h e r oa dwa y t o
o It sh ou ld con vey a sim ple clea r m ea n in g a t a gla n ce. t h e t im e h e a ct u a lly a pplies t h e br a k es.
o It sh ou ld a llow a dequ a t e t im e for ea sy r espon se.
 Volit ion – per cept ion , iden t ifica t ion a n d em ot ion
o It sh ou ld com m a n d t h e r espect of t h e r oa d u ser s for on st im u li en cou n t er ed
wh om it is in t en ded.
13. V EHICLE AN D ROAD U S ERS 14. V E H ICLE AN D R OAD U S E R S
CHARACTERIS TICS CON TIN U ED …. CH AR ACTE R IS TICS CON TIN U E D ….

 D e c is io n a n d Re s p o n s e In itia tio n Tim e – t h e  B ra k in g Re a c tio n – t h e in st a n ce wh en t h e dr iver

a m ou n t of t im e for t h e dr iver t o decide on t h e pr oper st eps t h e br a k e a ft er per cept ion of h a za r d or object .
m a n eu ver t o be t a ken a n d t o in it ia t e t h e r equ ir ed Br a k in g Dist a n ce (d 2 ) is t h e dist a n ce n eeded t o
a ct ion . br in g t h e veh icle t o a com plet e sa fe st op a ft er br a k es
 Ma n e u v e r Tim e – t im e r equ ir ed t o a ccom plish a
h a ve been a pplied .
veh icle m a n eu ver  If S S D = St oppin g Sigh t Dist a n ce t h en SSD=d 1 +d 2

 D e te c tio n a n d Re c o g n itio n Tim e – t h e a m ou n t of wh er e d 1 = vt a n d d 2 = Vo2 – Vf2 /2g(f+G).

t im e r equ ir ed for a dr iver t o det ect a n d r ecogn ize o D e c is io n S ig h t D is ta n c e – dist a n ce r equ ir ed for a
t h a t a n object or h a za r d is bein g a ppr oa ch ed. dr iver t o det ect a n u n expect ed object , in for m a t ion
sou r ce or h a za r d in t h e r oa dwa y a n d t o r ecogn ize
t h em , select a ppr opr ia t e speed a n d pa t h a n d in it ia t e
a n d com plet e sa fet y m a n eu ver .

Dilemma Zones Two Decisions in Dilemma Zones

 Is a zone at signalized intersections wherein a driver  Clearing the Intersection- the vehicle must travel in
is in a state that he must select one among the at least ( x + w + L ) prior to the onset of red that will
alternative course of actions available of which include yellow or amber time, otherwise it can’t clear
neither of them is advantageous to him. the intersection. A successful Clearing maneuver is
L when: (x+w+L-voδ1) < vo (λ-δ1)+1/2a1(λ-δ1)2. The
Stopping line
Clearing line right side of the equation is the distance traveled
voδ1 from an initial speed Vo at a constant acceleration a 1
vo during the time (λ-δ1 ), that is subsequent to the
perception-reaction time and before the onset of red.
x w
Two Decisions continued....... Two decisions cont.....
where: xa = distance corresponding to maximum
The left side of the equation is the distance available comfortable acceleration rate.
for the clearing maneuver. δ1= perception-reaction a1* = maximum COMFORTABLE
time, Vo = approach speed and λ = amber or yellow ACCELERATION for clearing maneuver. A
duration, a1 = 2x/(λ-δ1)2 +2(w+L-voλ)/ (λ-δ1)2. Graph critical value obtain by equating the
of a1: differential of a1 to zero.
a1
xo = the maximum distance between the
vehicle and the stopping line from which
the vehicle can clear the intersection
a1* WITHOUT ACCELERATING.
(xa,a1*)
xo = vo λ - (w+L) ; δ1= perception-reaction time
x
xo

Two decisions cont..... Two decisions cont.....

 A successful STOPPING maneuver is when: Graph of a2 vs. x

(x-voδ2) > vo2 /2a2 a2 a2* = comfortable acceleration
where: voδ2 = perception –reaction distance (deceleration in stopping. Ranges
from 8 to 12 ft/s2 when passengers
x = total distance from vehicle to stop line are seated and 4 to 5 ft/s2 when
standing.
vo = approach speed
a2= acceleration required for successful Xc = min dist for which the vehicle
a2 ( xc, a2*) can be stopped comfortably.
stopping.
δ2 = perception-reaction time
x
a2 = vo2 / 2(x-voδ2)
xc
Two decisions cont.....
Dilemma Zone
 Then; - Can be eliminated either by changing the
if xc < xo , the driver can execute either stopping speed limit which in certain location s maybe
or clearing maneuver no matter where the undesirable or by selecting an appropriate
vehicle is located at the onset of amber.
minimum duration for amber signal that will
if xc > xo , dilemma zone of length xc - xo exists. result to xc = xo thus

If a vehicle approaching the intersection at legal

speed limit is located within the dilemma zone at the - λmin= δ2 + vo/2a2* + w+L/vo ,minimum amber
onset of amber, it can execute neither stopping or duration
clearing maneuver safely, legally and comfortably.

Sample Problem
Solution
A driver traveling at the speed limit of 30 mi/hr was λmin= δ2 + vo/2a2* + w+L/vo=1.5+44/20+65/44 = 5.18sec
cited for crossing an intersection on red. He claimed greater than 4.5 sec therefore the driver claim cannot
he was innocent because he said the duration of the be dismissed, its correct and the length is Xc – Xo
amber display was improper and, consequently, a (solve this using formulas given before)= 29.8 ft
dilemma zone existed at that location. Using the dat
below, determine whether the driver’s claim is
correct. Amber duration= 4.5 sec, perception-
reaction time= 1.5 sec, comfortable
deceleration=10ft/s2, car length=15 ft, intersection
width = 50ft.
 Visual
SampleAcuity – refers to the sharpness with which a personpage 2
Problem: • NIGHT DRIVING requires artificial illumination of signs
can see the object.
A driver with 20/20 Onevision
measure can of visual
read acuity
a sign fromis a either by permanent fixtures or by reliance on the vehicle
recognition
distance of 90 acuity
ft. Ifobtained
the letterusing
size isSNELLEN
2 inches,CHART
how close headlights.
measurement of which are categorized as
would a person of 20/50 vision have to be in order to befollows:
• visual acuity decreases with increasing visual angles.
1) able
Normal Vision
to read the–same
means that in a well-lit environment, a
sign?
♦ most clear vision occurs with a cone of vision in the
person can recognize
For the given definition a letter
of of aboutvision,
normal 1/3 inch in height
calculate vicinity of 3o
at aheight
the distance of 20
of the ft. A person
lettering with acuity
that a driver lesservision
with 20/60 than
the normal must be closer to the display in order to ♦ the clarity of vision fairly good up to approximately 10 o
can read from a distance of a) 90 ft b) 36 ft
recognize same letter. Normal vision is known as the beyond which lies the region of peripheral which
SOLUTION: may extend up to 160o .
20/20 vision. 2) Relative measure like 20/40, 20/60, etc
1. Dist
are X from
also used.the 20/40location
visionofisthe sign canorbeitscomputed
½(20/20) acuity is ♦ for traffic design, signs should be placed within 30 o to
by simple ratio and proportion as follows:
just half the normal vision, 20/60 means 1/3(20/20), X/20/50 = etc. 10o range.
90/20/20; X = 36 ft, dist a person have to be in order to
read the sign .

FIGURE 1: Cone of Vision

Sample Problem:
A driver with 20/20 vision can read a sign from a
distance of 90 ft. If the letter size is 2 inches, how close
would a person of 20/50 vision have to be in order to be
Peripheral able to read the same sign?
For the given definition of normal vision, calculate
the height of the lettering that a driver with 20/60 vision
can read from a distance of a) 90 ft b) 36 ft
SOLUTION:
1. Dist X from the location of the sign can be computed
by simple ratio and proportion as follows: X/20/50 =
Peripheral
90/20/20; X = 36 ft, dist a person have to be in order to
read the sign .
2) 90 ∕ 20/20 = 90∕20/60 ; h= (2”)60/20 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
2” h
h = 6”, letter height of sign for a 20/60 vision can see  when approaching an object located near their paths,
base on the definition above for normal vision (note: 90 ft drivers show a tendency to displace laterally away from
at 2” for 20/20 to see clearly) the object even though it may not be on their direct path.
36∕20/50 = 36∕20/60 ; h = (2”)60/50
2” h  The narrower the pavement and the closer the object to
h = 2.4” , letter ht. for 20/60 vision can see base on the pavement edge, the greater the magnitude of lateral
the definition above of normal or 20/20 vision ( note: 36 ft displacement. In this case, speed reduction become
at 2” for 20/50 to see clearly). apparent.

l = a cot ǿ get derivative

FIGURE 2: Lateral displacement
dl/dt = - a csc ǿ dǿ/dt, dl/dt = -v & csc2 ǿ = (a2 +l2)/a2
therefore dǿ/dt = va/(a2 + l2)
ǿ = visual angle, l = longitudinal distance
dǿ/dt = rate of change of the visual angle
Sample Problem
A vehicle travelling at 40mph was observed to displace
laterally when it was located 300 ft away from a bridge
abutment placed 6 ft to the right of its path. At what
longitudinal distance from the sameabutment would you
expect the same driver to displace laterally when travelling
at 60 mph.
 OTHER VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
SOLUTION:
 Turning Radius ( review your GE 43)
dǿ/dt = va/(a2 + l2) = 0.0039 rad/sec when v= 40mph
 Vehicle Speed ( Review ES 62 and GE 43)
when v = 60mph = 88ft/sec
 Vehicle kinematics (review ES 62)
then 0.0039 = (88)(6)/62 + l2 , l = 368 ft, answer
 Air Resistance (Fa ) = 0.0006Av2
where A = cross sectional area of vehicle
v = vehicle speed in mph
 Tire Friction ( ST) =( Vv – VT)/Vv
Where Vv = vehicle speed, VT = circumferential speed of
tire in ft/sec

TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS cont........

 TYPES OF FLOW  Flow or Flow Rate: number of vehicles passing a point

1) Uninterrupted Flow – vehicles are not required to during a specified period of time; often referred to as
stop by any cause external to the traffic stream. VOLUME when express in vehicle per hour (veh/hr)
2) Interrupted Flow – vehicles are required to stop by measured over an hour. If N cars cross a line in time T,
cause outside the traffic stream such as traffic sign, the flow is q = N/T.
or signal.  Time Headway: time interval between passage of
 3 Most important Characteristics of Traffic consecutive vehicles. Headway and Flow are related as
1) Flow/Flow Rate/Volume follows: q=N/T = N/∑hi = 1/1/N/ ∑hi=1/h
2) Speed
3) Concentration/Density
TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS cont........ TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS cont........

 SPEED 2) Space Mean Speed, us ( Harmonic mean Speed) =

2 PRINCIPAL AVERAGE SPEED average speed of vehicles occupying a given length of
road at an instant of time. Considering n cars in a road
1) Time Mean Speed, ut (Spot Speed) – arithmetic mean
length of D then the average travel time is:
of the speeds of vehicles passing a point during a given
interval of time, the common practice is to report spot tave= 1/n(D/u1+D/u2+....+D/un)= 1/n ∑D/ui
speed for a given location. If n cars are traveling at The space mean speed is computed as
constant speeds u1, u2,.....un then us = D/tave=n/ ∑1/ui
ut = 1/n(u1+u2+.....+un)  DENSITY, k – number of vehicles per unit length of road.
With a unit of veh/km, pcu/km etc.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE 3 TRAFFIC

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TRAFFIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS cont….

q = ku , (1) relationship of Flow, Speed and Density

 q = ku, where u can be us or ut.
Speed-Density Relation ( u-k)–the Greenshield’s Model
Speed, u
by Ratio and Proportion
uf uf / kj = (uf-u)/k, simplifying this result to:
u = uf (1-k/kj ), (2) Greenshield Model
u

density, k
k kj
Traffic Flow Characteristics cont…..
Traffic Flow Characteristics cont…..

Substituting (2) to (1) Graph of q-k relation

Flow and Speed Relation, Graph
q=kuf(1-k/kj)=uf(k-k2/kj) q
or q-u relation: u
then dq/dk=uf(1-2 k/kj) Solving (2) that is k in terms
Equating dq/dk=0 of u substitute to (1) result
to:
uf ≠ 0, 1-2k/kj = 0 uf
q=ukj(1-u/uf)=kj(u-u2/uf) um
km=kj/2 kj = jam qm
Then getting dq/du equate to q
density zero um = uf /2
qm
and uf = free flow speed km k j k

Traffic Flow Characteristics cont…..

Methods of Obtaining Flow, Speed and Density

Maximum Flow: Spacing:  THE MOVING OBSERVER METHOD

qm = kmum = (kj/2)(uf/2) Spacing, s  the most popular method of obtaining information on flow,
or qm = kjuf/4 speed and density.
qm ranges from 1800 to FIGURE: Section of length L
2000 pcu/hr and um so
ranges from 40 to 45
speed, u
kph

so = 1/k

L
 The Moving Observer Method cont…
The Moving Observer Method cont…

 uc = speed of observer moving with the traffic stream

Notations:
 ua = speed of observer moving against the stream
 t = mean travel time of traffic stream
 tc = travel time of observer moving with the traffic stream
 u = mean speed of traffic stream
in section length L.
 x = total number of vehicles met by the observer
 ta = travel time of observer moving against the traffic
moving against the traffic stream
stream in section length L.
 y = net number of vehicles that pass the observer while
moving with the traffic stream ( the number of vehicles
that pass the observer MINUS the number of vehicles ASSUMPTION: There are no intersection within section L.
he or she passes )
 L = length of section

The Moving Observer Method cont… The Moving Observer Method cont…

Two Cases During Observations Using Moving Observer

 Observer Moving With the Traffic Stream
Method:
 Observer Moving Against the Traffic Stream
u
L
u
Observer u c , tc
L
Observer ua, ta
The Moving Observer Method cont… The Moving Observer Method cont…

Then: EXAMPLE: SOLUTION: u = L/ tave

q = (x+y)/(ta+tc) L = 600 m y = 1-5 = -4 = 600/ 141.26 x 3.6
Let tave = average travel tc = 36 sec q = (x+y)/(ta+tc) = 15.29 kph
time ta = 43 sec = { (7)+(-4) }/(36+43) k = q/u
tave = tc – y/q x=7 = 0.038veh/sec or = 136/15.29
u = L/ tave No. of vehicles that passes 136veh/hr = 8.95 veh/km
k = q/u the observer = 1 tave = tc – y/q
No. of vehicles that the = 36+4/0.038
observer passes = 5 = 141.26 sec.