30/08/2025, 15:51 Magazine - Wikipedia

Magazine
A magazine[1] is a periodical publication, print or digital,
produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of
subject-oriented textual and visual content forms. Magazines are
generally financed by advertising, purchase price, prepaid
subscriptions, or by a combination of the three. They are
categorised by their frequency of publication (i.e., as weeklies,
monthlies, quarterlies, etc.), their target audiences (e.g., women's
and trade magazines), their subjects of focus (e.g., popular science
and religious), and their tones or approach (e.g., works of satire or
humor). Appearance on the cover of print magazines has
historically been understood to convey a place of honor or
distinction to an individual or event.

Term origin and definition Harper's Monthly, a literary and

political force in the late 19th
century

Origin
The etymology of the word "magazine" suggests derivation from the Arabic makhāzin (‫)مخازن‬, the
broken plural of makhzan (‫ )مخزن‬meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse);
that comes to English via Middle French magasin and Italian magazzino.[2] In its original sense,
the word "magazine" referred to a storage space or device.[2]

Definitions
In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of written articles; hence, magazine
publications share the moniker with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder,
artillery and firearm magazines, and in French and Russian (adopted from the French, as
магазин), retailers such as department stores.[3]

The difference between magazines and journals are their audience, purpose, and publication
process. Journal articles are written by experts for experts, while magazine articles are usually
intended for the general public or a demographic. Journals contain recent research on specific
areas, while magazines aim to entertain, inform, or educate a general audience on a wide range of
topics. Journals are published by academic or professional organizations, and may be peer
reviewed, while magazine articles are typically shorter and more accessible than journal articles,
often written in a journalistic style.[4][5]

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Distribution
Print magazines can be distributed through the mail,
through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors,
or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations.
Electronic distribution methods can include social media,
email, news aggregators, and visibility of a publication's
website and search engine results. The traditional
subscription business models for distribution fall into
three main categories.

Paid circulation German print magazines

In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price,

either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and
issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics.[6][7]

Non-paid circulation
This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers,
on airlines, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving
issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed,
and not who reads them.

Controlled circulation
This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to
qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g.,
printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free
copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled
circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as a
member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate
purchasing authority, as determined by job title). This allows a high level of certainty that
advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience,[8] and it avoids wasted printing
and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the World Wide
Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of
computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, and in
finance, Waters Magazine. For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge
International.

History
The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and
philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany.[9] The Gentleman's Magazine, first
published in 1741 in London was the first general-interest magazine.[10] Edward Cave, who edited
The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term

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"magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse,[11] the quote

being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine".[12]
Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News
was the first illustrated weekly news magazine.[10]

Britain
The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots
Magazine,[13] which was first published in 1739, though multiple
changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90
years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward
Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; although its online platform is
still updated daily, it has not been published as a printed magazine
since 2013, when it ended print publication after 274 years.[14]
Front cover of 1 October 1892
issue of The Illustrated London
News France
Under the Ancien Régime, the most
prominent magazines were Mercure
de France, Journal des sçavans, founded in 1665 for scientists, and
Gazette de France, founded in 1631. Jean Loret was one of France's
first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance
and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called
a gazette burlesque, assembled in three volumes of La Muse
historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation
behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy,
while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the
middle and working classes.[15]

Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris. They

were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church
La Gazette, 26 December
abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy 1786
and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution.[16]
During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as
propaganda organs for various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) was the most prominent
editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the
enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon
reimposed strict censorship.[17]

Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized
literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of
political crisis they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were
major elements in the changing political culture.[18] For example, there were eight Catholic
periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they
reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July
Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon
kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in
terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state.
Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M.

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Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch
and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source
of political authority.[19]

Turkey

General
The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of
Mahmud II. It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at
the expense of the Sublime Porte. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur
Universel. It was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a
translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish. After having been edited by former Consul for
Denmark "M. Franceschi", and later on by "Hassuna de Ghiez", it was lastly edited by Lucien
Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s.[20]

Satire
Satirical magazines of Turkey have a long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was
Diyojen which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones
are Penguen (70,000 weekly circulation), LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz. Historical examples
include Oğuz Aral's magazine Gırgır (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and
Marko Paşa (launched in 1946). Others include L-Manyak and Lombak.

United States

Colonial America
Publishing was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed
imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor road system
hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing
within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one
of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the General Magazine and Historical
Chronicle. The Pennsylvania Magazine, edited by Thomas Paine, ran only for a short time but was
a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War. The final issue containing the text of
the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776.[21]

Late 19th century

In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to
begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion.[22]
Unlike newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with entertaining
stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were Harper's and The
Atlantic, which focused on fostering the arts.[23] Both Harper's and The Atlantic persist to this
day, with Harper's being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events.
Early publications of Harper's even held famous works such as early publications of Moby Dick or
famous events such as the laying of the world's first transatlantic telegraph cable; however, the
majority of early content was trickle down from British events.[24]

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The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate,
moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers.[23] The increased time
between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided a forum for public arguments by
scholars and critical observers.[25]

The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late
1800s.[25] Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals
were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and
events.[23]

Progressive era: 1890s–1920s

Mass-circulation magazines became much more common
after 1900, some with circulations in the hundreds of
thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in
the 1920s. It was an age of mass media. Because of the
rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell
sharply to about 10 cents.[26] One cause was the heavy
coverage of corruption in politics, local government and
big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were
journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose
social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on
their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers
often worked to expose social ills and corporate and
political corruption. Muckraking magazines–notably
McClure's–took on corporate monopolies and crooked
political machines while raising public awareness of
chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and
social issues such as child labor.[27]
The Olympic Number of Life, 10 July
The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, 1924. Issues of general interest
corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local magazines focused on a specific subject
level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand were referred to as "numbers" and
Whitlock. Others, including Lincoln Steffens, exposed featured cover art relevant to the given
topic, in this case the 1924 Summer
political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went
Olympics.
after John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. Samuel
Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in
many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how
meat was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of
the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they
were not being helpful by raking up all the muck.[28][29]

1930s–1990s

21st century
According to the Research Department of Statista, closures of magazines outnumbered launches in
North America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches
outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.[30] Focusing more

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narrowly, [Link] found that 93 new magazines

were launched during the first six months of 2014, while
only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which
produced the most new publications was "Regional
interest", of which six new magazines were launched,
including 12th & Broad and Craft Beer & Brewing.[31]
However, two magazines had to change their print
schedules. Johnson Publishing's Jet stopped printing
regular issues, making the transition to digital format,
though still printing an annual print edition.[32] Ladies'
Home Journal stopped their monthly schedule and home
delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-
only special interest publication.[33]

According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription

levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to
2013, with just Time, Glamour and ESPN The Magazine
gaining numbers.[34] However, by 2024, some titles, Actress Fatima Rushdi on the cover of Al-
notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in Kawakeb magazine, 12 September 1932
popularity.[35]

Women's magazines
The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are
Ladies' Home Journal, Good Housekeeping, McCall's,
Woman's Day, Redbook, Family Circle, and Better Homes
and Gardens.[36] Some magazines, among them Godey's
Lady's Book and Harper's Bazaar, were intended
exclusively for a female audience, emphasizing the
traditional gender roles of the 19th century. Harper's
Bazaar was the first to focus exclusively on couture
fashion, fashion accessories and textiles.[37] The inclusion
of didactic content about housekeeping may have increased
the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of
women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion
magazine.[21]

Full scan of the January 2009 issue of

Types State Magazine, published by the United

States Department of State

There are many types of magazines. While some zero in on

topics such as niche trade journals, cutting-edge research, or women’s mags, others include topics
like religion and pop culture. These may include deliciously satirical, dead serious, or a laugh-out-
loud funny.

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Categories

Based on periodicity
Magazines are often categorised by their frequencies of publication (i.e., as weeklies, monthlies,
quarterlies, etc.).[38]

Based on target audience and subject

Women's fashion
The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers was published in 1852.[39] In the
1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and
advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The
glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" –
what Americans called the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and
an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports,
and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones.[40]

Parenting
Other women's magazines have influenced views of motherhood and child-rearing through the use
of advice columns, advertisements, and articles related to parenting.[41] Mass-marketed women's
magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such,
magazines targeting women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about
motherhood and child-rearing.[41]

Religion
Religious magazines have a long and varied history. In the United States, religious magazines are
among the first magazines to appear, and their content helped shape the early Republic's literacy,
morals, and political events. But during the past 150 years, their influence has lessened.[42]

Celebrity gossip, human interest

Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been
a popular format in the United States.[43] In 2019, People Magazine ranked second behind ESPN
Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million.[44]

Professional
Professional magazines, also called trade magazines, or business-to-business magazines are
targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically cover industry
trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with
membership in a professional association. Professional magazines may derive revenue from
advertisement placements or advertorials by companies selling products and services to a specific
professional audience. Examples include Advertising Age, Automotive News, Broadcast, The
Bookseller, and The Stage.[45][46][47][48][49]
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Based on tone or approach

Magazines can be categorised by their tone or approach,
e.g., as with periodical works of satire or humor.[50]

Cover
Being on the cover of a magazine is sometimes considered
an honor, or even historic;[51] examples are one-time
common statements to the effect that an individual had
"appeared on the cover of Time" or of the Rolling Stone,
etc.[52][53]

The English Wikipedia presents a number of List-type

articles that survey subjects and individuals appearing in
the covers of specific magazines; see for example:
An example of professional magazine is
List of stories on the cover of National Geographic; Broadcast, targeted towards readers in
List of individuals on the cover of Rolling Stone; radio and television broadcast industry in
United Kingdom
List of people/stories on the cover of Time magazine;
List of individuals on the cover of U.S. Vogue.

See also
History of journalism Music magazines
Automobile magazines News magazines
Boating magazines Online magazines
British boys' magazines Pornographic magazines
Business magazines Pulp magazines
Computer magazines Science fiction magazines
Customer magazines Scientific journals
Fantasy fiction magazines Shelter magazines (home design and
Fashion journalism decorating)
Horror fiction magazines Sports magazines
Humor magazines Sunday magazines
Inflight magazines Teen magazines
Lifestyle magazine Trade journals
Literary magazines Video game magazine
Luxury magazines Video magazines
Zines

Lists
List of 18th-century British periodicals List of avant-garde magazines
List of 19th-century British periodicals List of computer magazines
List of amateur radio magazines List of environmental periodicals
List of architecture magazines List of fashion magazines
List of art magazines List of food and drink magazines
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List of gadget magazines List of music magazines

List of health and fitness magazines List of online magazine archives
List of horticultural magazines List of political magazines
List of lesbian periodicals List of pornographic magazines
List of LGBT periodicals List of railroad-related periodicals
List of literary magazines List of satirical magazines
List of magazines by circulation List of science magazines
Lists of magazines by country List of travel magazines
List of manga magazines List of teen magazines
List of manga magazines published outside List of video game magazines
of Japan List of wildlife magazines
List of men's magazines List of women's magazines

Categories
Periodicals
Religious magazines
Satirical magazines
Wildlife magazines

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48. Tobitt, Charlotte (10 June 2024). "Informa closes two B2B news brands covering TV business"
([Link]
axing-two-tv-titles/). Press Gazette. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
49. Maher, Bron (14 February 2024). "The Stage and Bookseller shift resources towards digital
future" ([Link] Press
Gazette. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
50. Trott, Vincent (1 January 2022). "Humour, neutrality, and preparedness: American satirical
magazines and the First World War, 1914–1917" ([Link]
War in History. 29 (1): 104–136. doi:10.1177/0968344520944205 ([Link]
968344520944205). ISSN 0968-3445 ([Link]
51. "Time's Person of the Year: Not always an honour, but often historic" ([Link]
time-s-person-of-the-year-not-always-an-honour-but-often-historic-1.3885040). CBC. 7
December 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
52. "WYEP's Rolling Stone Covers Day" ([Link]
eps-rolling-stone-covers-day). 91.3 WYEP. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
53. "Time Magazine's "Man of the Year" | The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education
Institute" ([Link] Stanford, The Martin
Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Retrieved 23 June 2025.

Further reading

General
Angeletti, Norberto & Oliva, Alberto (2004). Magazines That Make History: Their Origins,
Development, and Influence ([Link]
Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813027661. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
This work, by two Vogue magazine historians, also covers such magazine titles as Der Spiegel, ¡Hola!, Life,
National Geographic, Paris Match, Reader's Digest, People, and Time.
Thacker, Andrew & Brooker, Peter (2009). The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist
Magazines. Volume I: Britain and Ireland 1880–1955 ([Link]
[Link] 12/14
30/08/2025, 15:51 Magazine - Wikipedia
KAQAACAAJ) (edited volume). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 9780199654291. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
Buxton, William J. & McKercher, Catherine (1988). "Newspapers, Magazines and Journalism in
Canada: Towards a Critical Historiography" ([Link]
s://[Link]/[Link]/Acadiensis/article/view/10835). Acadiensis:Journal of the
History of the Atlantic Region. 28 (1, Autumn). Chapel Hill, NC: Journalistic, Inc.: 103–126.
Archived from the original ([Link]
on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2025. The foregoing journal and archive links are to the
journal abstract page, where PDF or HTML viewing cna be chosen. See also JSTOR 30303243 ([Link]
[Link]/stable/30303243) or this archived link ([Link]
g/stable/30303243), (registration required)
Cox, Howard & Mowatt, Simon (2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine
Publishing in Britain ([Link] Oxford, England:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199601639. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
Würgler, Andreas (26 November 2012). Wilke, Jürgen (ed.). "National and Transnational News
Distribution 1400–1800" ([Link] European History Online
(EGO). Translated by Reid, Christopher. Mainz, Germany: Leibniz Institute of European History
(IEG). Retrieved 8 January 2025.

U.S. magazines
Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt
and text search ([Link] Archived ([Link]
eb/20221229162427/[Link] 29 December 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010)
531 pp.
"A Magazine Master Builder" ([Link]
Archived ([Link]
0/books/[Link]) 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine Book review by Janet Maslin,
The New York Times, 19 April 2010
Damon-Moore, Helen. Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies' Home
Journal and the Saturday Evening Post, 1880–1910 (1994) online ([Link]
ary/102491415/magazines-for-the-millions-gender-and-commerce-in) Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20161119183456/[Link]
millions-gender-and-commerce-in) 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Elson, Robert T. Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (1968);
vol. 2: The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960 (1973), official corporate
history
Endres, Kathleen L. and Therese L. Lueck, eds. Women's Periodicals in the United States:
Consumer Magazines (1995) online ([Link]
cals-in-the-united-states-consumer) Archived ([Link]
ps://[Link]/library/3425396/women-s-periodicals-in-the-united-states-consumer) 19
November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Haveman, Heather A. Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Community, and
Print Culture, 1741–1860 (Princeton UP, 2015)
Johnson, Ronald Maberry and Abby Arthur Johnson. Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary
Politics of Afro-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century (1979) online ([Link]
[Link]/library/1991169/propaganda-and-aesthetics-the-literary-politics-of) Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20161119183549/[Link]
esthetics-the-literary-politics-of) 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines (five volumes, 1930–1968), detailed
coverage of all major magazines, 1741 to 1930 by a leading scholar.

[Link] 13/14
30/08/2025, 15:51 Magazine - Wikipedia

Nourie, Alan and Barbara Nourie. American Mass-Market Magazines (Greenwood Press,
1990) online ([Link]
Archived ([Link]
345/american-mass-market-magazines) 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Rooks, Noliwe M. Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture That
Made Them (Rutgers UP, 2004) online ([Link]
es-african-american-women-s-magazines) Archived ([Link]
001/[Link]
zines) 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Summer, David E. The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900 (Peter Lang
Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th
century and analyzes the form's current decline.
Tebbel, John, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. The Magazine in America, 1741–1990 (1991),
popular history
Wood, James P. Magazines in the United States: Their Social and Economic Influence (1949)
online ([Link]
-economic) Archived ([Link]
brary/393437/magazines-in-the-united-states-their-social-and-economic) 19 November 2016 at
the Wayback Machine
Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792–
1995 (Greenwood Press, 1998) online ([Link]
opular-women-s-magazines-in-the-united) Archived ([Link]
748/[Link]
united) 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine

Magazine cover-art related

Mauney, Anna Claire (4 May 2021). "A Brief History of Magazine Cover Illustration" ([Link]
[Link]/slideshows/brief-history-magazine-cover-illustration). Art & Object. Chapel
Hill, NC: Journalistic, Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
The Saturday Evening Post Staff (8 January 2025). "Norman Rockwell Biography" ([Link]
[Link]/norman-rockwell-biography/). The Saturday Evening Post.
Retrieved 8 January 2025. This work discusses the history behind the 322 cover illustrations, generally
painted, that Rockwell created for this magazine, through November 1963, before turning to another decade of
painting illustrations about civil rights, poverty, and space exploration for Look magazine, en route to his 1977
Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to American portraiture.
MoMA Staff (8 January 2025). "Dennis Wheeler / American, born 1935" ([Link]
g/artists/6333). [Link]. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Retrieved
8 January 2025. This work presents images of the seven cover graphic arts illustrations that Wheeler created
for Life magazine, throughout 1963, originals and other materials related to which are now a part of this
museum's collection.

External links
Media related to Magazines at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of periodical at Wiktionary
The Magazine Rack Collection ([Link] at the Internet
Archive

Retrieved from "[Link]

[Link] 14/14