Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
Assignment No:3
Title: Write a procedure and function that takes in a zip code, city, and state and inserts the
values into the zip code table. It should check to see if the zip code is already in the database. If
it is, an exception should be raised, and an error message should be displayed. Write an
anonymous block that uses the procedure and inserts your zip code.
Problem Statement: Create a procedure and a function that accept a zip code, city, and state as
input and add these values to the zip_code_table. The function should verify if the zip code
already exists in the database. If it does, an exception must be raised, displaying an appropriate
error message. Additionally, write an anonymous block to demonstrate the use of the procedure
by inserting a sample zip code.
Objective: • To acquire knowledge of database query languages.
Outcome: Implement different SQL and PLSQL operations using suitable databases.
Tools Required: Ubuntu OS, Mysql.
Theory:
1. Introduction to PL/SQL
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is an extension of SQL developed
by Oracle Corporation. It combines the power of SQL for data manipulation with procedural
constructs such as loops, conditions, and exception handling, enabling the development of robust
and scalable database applications.
PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming languages.
PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.
It offers extensive error checking.
It offers numerous data types.
It offers a variety of programming structures.
It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
It supports object-oriented programming.
It supports the development of web applications and server pages.
1.1 Advantages:
SQL is the standard database language and PL/SQL is strongly integrated with SQL.
PL/SQL supports both static and dynamic SQL. Static SQL supports DML operations and
transaction control from PL/SQL block. In Dynamic SQL, SQL allows embedding DDL
statements in PL/SQL blocks.
PL/SQL allows sending an entire block of statements to the database at one time. This
reduces network traffic and provides high performance for the applications.
PL/SQL gives high productivity to programmers as it can query, transform, and update
data in a database.
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Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
PL/SQL saves time on design and debugging by strong features, such as exception
handling, encapsulation, data hiding, and object-oriented data types.
Applications written in PL/SQL are fully portable.
PL/SQL provides high security level.
PL/SQL provides access to predefined SQL packages.
PL/SQL provides support for developing Web Applications and Server Pages.
1.23 Syntax:
Declarations: This section starts with the keyword DECLARE. It is an optional section and
defines all variables, cursors, subprograms, and other elements to be used in the program.
Executable Commands: This section is enclosed between the keywords BEGIN and END and it
is a mandatory section. It consists of the executable PL/SQL statements of the program. It should
have at least one executable line of code, which may be just a NULL command to indicate that
nothing should be executed.
Exception Handling:This section starts with the keyword EXCEPTION. This optional section
contains exception(s) that handle errors in the program.
Syntax Example
DECLARE DECLARE
<declarations section> message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, Golu!’;
BEGIN BEGIN
<executable command(s)> dbms_output.put_line(message);
EXCEPTION END; /
<exception handling>
END;
2. PL/SQL Basic:
2.1 Local and Global variables
Local variables − Variables declared in an inner block and not accessible to outer blocks.
Global variables − Variables declared in the outermost block or a package.
DECLARE
-- Global variables
num1 number := 95;
num2 number := 85;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable num1: ' || num1);
dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable num2: ' || num2);
DECLARE
-- Local variables
num1 number := 195;
num2 number := 185;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable num1: ' || num1);
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable num2: ' || num2);
END;
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Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
END;
/
2.2 Assigning SQL Query Results to PL/SQL Variables
You can use the SELECT INTO statement of SQL to assign values to PL/SQL variables. For
each item in the SELECT list, there must be a corresponding, type-compatible variable in the
INTO list.
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' || c_sal);
END;
/
2.3 Loop
Basic loop structure encloses sequence of statements in between the LOOP and END
LOOP statements. With each iteration, the sequence of statements is executed and then control
resumes at the top of the loop.
Syntax : Example
LOOP DECLARE
Sequence of statements; x number := 10;
END LOOP; BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
IF x > 50 THEN
exit;
END IF;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
/
2.4 IF statement
The IF statement associates a condition with a sequence of statements enclosed by the keywords
THEN and END IF.
IF (a <= 20) THEN
c:= c+1;
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Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
END IF;
2.5 WHILE LOOP
A WHILE LOOP statement in PL/SQL programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax: Example:
WHILE condition LOOP DECLARE
sequence_of_statements a number(2) := 10;
END LOOP; BEGIN
WHILE a < 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
a := a + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/
2.6 FOR LOOP
A FOR LOOP is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that
needs to execute a specific number of times.
DECLARE
a number(2);
BEGIN
FOR a in 10 .. 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
END LOOP;
END;
/
3. PL/SQL Procedure
A PL/SQL Procedure is a named block of PL/SQL code that performs a specific task. It is
stored in the database and can be reused multiple times. Procedures allow for modular
programming, improve code reusability, and simplify maintenance.
3.1 Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN
OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;
Key Components of a Procedure
1. Header: Contains the procedure name and parameter list.
o IN: Passes a value to the procedure.
o OUT: Returns a value to the calling program.
o IN OUT: Passes a value to the procedure and returns an updated value.
2. IS/AS: Indicates the start of the procedure body.
3. Declaration Section: Declares variables, cursors, etc.
4. Executable Section: Contains SQL and PL/SQL statements.
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Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
5. Exception Section: Handles runtime errors.
3.2 Example
DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
findMin(a, b, c);
dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);
END;
/
4. PL/SQL Function
A PL/SQL Function is a named block of code that performs a specific task and returns a single
value to the calling program. Functions are commonly used to encapsulate logic that computes
and returns a value, making them reusable and efficient.
4.1 Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN
OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN return_datatype
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];
function-name specifies the name of the function.
[OR REPLACE] option allows the modification of an existing function.
The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the parameters. IN
represents the value that will be passed from outside and OUT represents the parameter
that will be used to return a value outside of the procedure.
The function must contain a return statement.
The RETURN clause specifies the data type you are going to return from the function.
function-body contains the executable part.
The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a standalone function.
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Subject Name- DBMS Lab Class/Branch: SY-BTech Computer Engineering
4.3 Example
DECLARE
a number;
b number;
c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number) RETURN number
IS
z number;
BEGIN
IF x > y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
Z:= y;
END IF;
RETURN z;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
c := findMax(a, b);
dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c);
END;
/
Conclusion:
We have successfully implemented procedure and function that takes in a zip code, city, and
state and inserts the values into the zip code table..
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